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This paper studies environmental policy integration (EPI) in eco-city/island, building an empirical model to quantify EPI levels based on decoupling analysis. EPI integration levels have been highlighted but have seldom been quantitatively probed in existing academia. It attempts to identify whether EPI, especially its prioritization, is approached in Chongming eco-city/island and identify the factors for it to be achieved. The four-quadrant decoupling model is applied and further operationalized temporally and spatially. Results show that Chongming had a strong prioritized EPI in four consecutive years in the examined years of 2012–2018 despite fluctuations in integration levels. Spatially in its 18 towns, 7 towns have prioritized EPI and one has strongly prioritized EPI, indicating optimistic empirical evidence for an eco-city/island. Contributing factors are discussed, such as EPI levels embodied in the distributed spatiality and time intervals, isolated bounded spatiality and functional symbiosis, and offsetting high costs with multi-level support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a unique dataset of clean energy and collects firm-level green innovation data that matches it with provinces and cities. Then, this paper executes quasi-natural experiments on green innovation to examine the effects of China's emission trading policy on green innovation. Further, this paper introduces the interactive terms of the pilot time and pilot area dummy variables into the spatial Durbin model (SDM) and spatial dynamic panel model (SDPM) to construct quasi-natural experiments to examine the spatial effect. The findings confirm a negative association between the 'policy treatment effect' and green innovation. The results also indicate a significant negative association between the emissions trading policy and clean energy. Besides, the empirical results reveal a positive correlation between clean energy and green innovation; clean energy promotes green innovation in the region and the surrounding areas. This paper complements existing research and provides empirical evidence and policy implications for developing clean energy, promoting green innovation, and improving the emission trading policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate change has caused a series of environmental problems, green technology innovation is necessitating strategic responses, but the impact of low-carbon city pilot policy on urban green technology innovation is unclear. Based on panel data from 285 Chinese cities during 2005–2022, this study employs the Difference in Difference method to examine the impact of low-carbon city policy on urban green technology innovation. The results show that (1) The low-carbon city pilot policy promotes urban green technology innovation. (2) The low-carbon city pilot policy promotes urban green technology innovation through government green input and public engagement. (3) New infrastructure enhances the impact of low-carbon city pilot policy on quantity of green technology innovation. (4) Compared with the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the low-carbon city policy has a greater influence on urban green technology innovation in the Yellow River Basin.The findings provide policy insights for the construction of low-carbon pilot cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollution control effect of seasonal environmental regulation policies in developing countries still lacks empirical evidence. In 2017, China implemented its first Atmospheric Environmental Policy in Autumn and Winter (AEPAW) to coordinate efforts among cities in reducing air pollutant emissions. Taking the daily panel data of 174 cities in northern China from July 2017 to July 2020 as samples, this paper empirically examines the pollution control effect of the AEPAW using a difference-in-differences model, a difference-in-difference-in-differences model, and a regression discontinuity design. The results show that the AEPAW significantly improves air quality in autumn and winter, with the air quality index decreasing by 5.6% on average by reducing PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO 2 , and O 3 emissions. However, the AEPAW only creates a short-term "policy-induced blue sky", and there exists a phenomenon of "retaliatory pollution" after the AEPAW ends. Besides, the pollution control effect of the AEPAW is moderated by the heterogeneity of the national "Two Sessions" and the Central Environmental Protection Inspection. The implementation of the AEPAW also has a significant spillover effect on air pollution control in surrounding areas. The net benefit from the AEPAW is estimated to be approximately US$ 670 million per year. These findings not only have practical significance for strengthening the comprehensive control of air pollution in China, but also give some important references for other developing countries. • We examine the pollution control effect of the Atmospheric Environmental Policy in Autumn and Winter (AEPAW). • We take the daily panel data of 174 cities in northern China as samples. • We find that the AEPAW significantly improves air quality in autumn and winter. • The AEPAW only creates a short-term "policy-induced blue sky". • The AEPAW has a significant spillover effect on air pollution control in surrounding areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US Clean Water Act of 1972 required cities to build secondary wastewater treatment plant capacity to improve the environment and protect public health. The expansion of the Southeast Pollution Control Plant in San Francisco's Bayview-Hunters Point, a historically Black neighborhood, illustrates how planners employed rational-comprehensive approaches as the bases for their decision-making, worsening the community's environmental burdens. This occurred even as the community used recently adopted environmental policy frameworks to mitigate the plant's consequences. The Clean Water Act should be evaluated on clean water objectives and in terms of how communities were harmed to achieve these environmental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of urbanization has brought new challenges to the ecological environment, and the promotion of green technology innovation and development is widely recognized as an essential method to achieve cities' economic benefits and environmental protection. This paper examines whether the new urbanization pilot policies (NUP) increase green technology innovation (GTI) from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. This paper examines the impact of new urbanization on GTI by analyzing data from 285 cities in China between 2010 and 2021, using the multi-period DID model with the implementation of NUP as an exogenous policy shock. The study results indicate that NUP significantly affects GTI, and the conclusion still holds after the parallel trend test, placebo test, and other robustness tests. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the NUP significantly enhances GTI in low environmental pollution, non-resource-based, Medium-sized, and Central Region cities. The test of moderating effect shows that NUP has a "linkage effect" with the government's environmental attention, financial investment in innovation, and regional talent pooling. The findings of this paper provide empirical evidence and decision-making reference for promoting NUP and sustainable development of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and carbon emissions are highly homogeneous and closely correlated. The cobenefit and spillover effects of environmental policies have garnered increasing attention in recent years. This study adopts low-carbon city pilot policies as a policy perspective to investigate the comprehensive effect of reducing air pollution and mitigating carbon emissions. By employing the difference-in-differences model, this study examines the impact of low-carbon city pilot policies on air pollution and carbon emissions across 281 Chinese cities, further analyzing the influencing mechanism and heterogeneity of policy effects. The findings of this study indicated that: (1) low-carbon city pilot policies could significantly mitigate urban carbon emissions (−0.117), while increasing air pollution (0.134), thus resulting in the spillover effect. The benchmark regression results passed a series of robustness tests. (2) The spillover effect generated through three influencing mechanisms: market resource crowd-out, industrial structure lock-in, and environmental policy substitution. (3) The local characteristics of cities, such as economic development, resource endowment, and administrative authority, would inevitably influence the implementation of low-carbon city pilot policies. Eastern cities, resource-based cities, and prefecture-level cities have yielded obvious spillover effects. Consequently, this study proposes several policy implications to coordinate urban planning to curb air pollution and carbon emissions, including exploring policy combinations, guiding resource inputs, considering local characteristics, and establishing comprehensive monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy is a progressive pollution regulation policy. Besides its role in carbon emission reduction, it has a profound impact on green growth performance and green innovation efficiency. Based on the data of 12 pilot cities and 14 non-pilot cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), this study applies the PSM-DID and spatial mediating model to investigate the multi-dimensional policy effects of LCCP policy on green growth performance and green innovation efficiency. First, the direct effect of LCCP policy on green growth performance has reached 1.46%, ever since its implementation in 2017. Second, considering the intercity innovation cooperation in YRD, LCCP policy has influenced green innovation efficiency by an increase of 12.6%. Furthermore, the time-spatial DID model and multiple mediating effect model identify that LCCP policies have significantly improved green innovation cooperation. Such policies act on the industrial structure upgrading path to achieve the ultimate objective of carbon emission reduction and green growth performance. Third, the green innovation cooperation and substantial transformation of industrial structure upgrading played an important role in realizing the LCCP policy's effect, with its mediating effect reaching 33.63%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosaic governance is a concept used in environmental policy, where the basis is the initiation of topics by the civil sector. Active citizens should contribute to creating environmental policies (specifically green infrastructure and waste management in the presented research). The article aims to analyze active citizenship in local environmental policy initiatives using the concept of mosaic governance. Mosaic governance focuses on exchanging resources, discourses, game plans, and experiences between governments and active citizens. Mosaic governance is mainly applied in Western European cities, where the concept originated. In the Central European area, the investigation of mosaic governance is not so strongly widespread. That is why the article's authors investigated the model mentioned in Slovakia. The paper's primary goal is to show the different forms of civic activism involved in environmental policies in selected cities. Since the Slovak Republic has eight self-governing regions, one city was selected from each. The criteria for selecting cities were realized projects in green infrastructure and waste management, a higher rate of the city's transparency index (according to statistical data), the willingness of local government actors to conduct interviews, and financial subsidies used in environmental projects. Each city uses citizen activism differently when creating environmental policies. The authors conclude that several modified versions of mosaic governance and representation of civic activism exist. The basic model, where citizens are involved based on the initiative of self-governing bodies; the optimal model, where citizen activists directly initiate topics; and the adaptive model, where citizen activists are direct decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon pilot city (LCPC) plays a pivotal role in stimulating green innovation among enterprises. However, relying solely on policy often proves less effective, necessitating support from financial development. Yet, current research frequently overlooks the impact of financial development on LCPC policy. Drawing on economic, management, and organizational psychology theories, we investigate the influence of the financial development level on enterprise green innovation in LCPC, utilizing data from listed companies between 2010 and 2018. The main finding is that LCPC facilitates institutional-level green innovation. Concurrently, financial development augments the effectiveness of LCPC policy, further expediting green innovation activities among enterprises in these pilot cities. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that financial development significantly promotes green innovation, particularly among state-owned enterprises, those with myopic management, non-high technology industries, and businesses in the southern region within LCPC. Mechanism tests identify enterprises' financing constraints and R&D investment levels as key pathways through which financial development fosters green economic development in LCPC. This study provides micro-level evidence from China elucidating the effects of environmental policies and offers practical implications for the low-carbon transformation of the manufacturing sector amid peak emissions and carbon-neutral targets. Additionally, it provides valuable guidance for other emerging economies seeking enhanced resource and environmental protection through the implementation of energy-saving and emission-reduction fiscal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's green financial pilot policies (GFPPs) are an important start to build a green financial system in China. It is also an important part of achieving the "dual-carbon" goal. This paper calculates China's total factor energy efficiency (TFEE), analyzes the impact of GFPPs on TFEE, and explores the conduction mechanism. The results show that the relationship between GFPPs and TFEE in the pilot areas is statistically significant. The GFPP mainly improves the TFEE through the green innovation effect and the optimization of the energy structure. The GFPP has a significant effect on TFEE enhancement in eastern coastal cities, non-old traditional industrial cities, and non-resource-based cities with high initial energy. China should continue to deepen the pilot work of green finance, formulate differentiated green finance policies, and ensure green technology innovation. This study provides empirical evidence for further optimization of green finance and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between environmental regulation and labor demand has been mixed. Few research studies have considered the impact of cross-regional environmental regulations on the labor market, even though this is notable. We adopted a geographic regression discontinuity (RD) approach to investigate the labor market impact of the cross-regional environmental regulation "2 + 26" Cities Special Emission Limit Program for Air Pollutants. We found that the policy significantly boosts the labor demand of polluting firms rather than a simple inter-industry transfer, mainly through increasing investment in fixed assets and cost offset mechanisms. Further analysis of the structure of labor demand shows that the increasing workforce is primarily low-quality labor accompanied by wage loss. The government should recognize the risks of welfare loss from low-quality work due to environmental regulation and direct polluting firms to innovate rather than reduce costs by increasing demand for low-quality labor. This facilitates a better understanding of the labor market response to environmental policy from the perspective of cross-regional environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological progress in favor of cleaner production is the key to achieving low-carbon development in China. The Ambient Air Quality Standard (AAQS) issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) in 2012 was an essential policy for the central government to implement vertical environmental regulation. Therefore, based on the city-level panel data, this paper examines the impact of the central vertical regulation on urban environment-biased technological progress using the difference-in-differences method. The results show that central vertical regulation can significantly promote urban environment-friendly technological progress. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the driving effect of the central vertical regulation on urban environment-friendly technological progress is more obvious in the eastern regions, non-resource-based cities, large cities, and high-grade cities. Moreover, the channel analysis shows that the central vertical regulation mainly boosts the urban environmental technology progress toward cleaner production by strengthening government environmental governance, raising public environmental concern, and improving energy structure. The findings provide policy implications for evaluating the effectiveness of macro-environmental policy and promoting green sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot Zones represents a novel endeavor aimed at paving a "bottom-up" pathway for the advancement of green finance and, consequently, holds immense significance in fostering economic growth that is environmentally sustainable. Drawing on data spanning the years 2013–2019 from 278 prefecture-level cities across China, we delve into the influence of the Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot policy on urban Green Total Factor Productivity. We found that: Firstly, the Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot policy has demonstrated a discernible enhancement in Green Total Factor Productivity within the designated pilot regions. Secondly, there is heterogeneity in the promotion effect of this pilot policy on Green Total Factor Productivity. As the geographical advantage and economic development level decrease, this promotional effect gradually diminishes. Thirdly, it is evident that the Green Finance Reform and Innovation Pilot policy primarily elevates Green Total Factor Productivity in the pilot regions by improving resource allocation efficiency, fostering innovation in green technologies, and facilitating the upgrading of industrial structures. This research not only underscores the efficacy of green finance in the context of economic transition but also provides empirical substantiation for the strategic utilization of pilot zones to propel nationwide initiatives aimed at sustainable green development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Energy‐consuming rights trading policy (ECRTP) is an important environmental regulatory policy in China. The study's goal is to determine how trading in energy‐consuming rights and urban innovation status effects also promote ecological civilization and high‐quality development. The purpose of the study examines the relationship between ECRTP and urban innovation quality (UIQ). Using data from 271 Chinese cities between 2011 and 2020, a difference‐in‐difference (DID) model is used to theoretically and empirically analyze the effects of ECRTP on UIQ. The findings of the study are as follows: First, ECRTP showed a significant improvement in UIQ, although a lagged effect. This outcome offers fresh proof that the "Porter hypothesis" holds water in China. Second, mechanism analysis indicated that ECRTP could improve UIQ with industrial structure upgrading (ISU) and capital deepening. Third, analysis of spillover effects indicates that ECRTP has a key spillover impact on UIQ. Analysis of spillover effects indicates a positive influence of ECRTP on UIQ in surrounding cities. Fourth, heteroggeneity analysis further reveals the impact of ECRTP on UIQ is particularly pronounced in resource‐based and large‐scale cities. These findings are significant and also provide a valuable supplement to the existing study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green development evaluation is an important way for understanding the development status of a region. This study focuses on the green development evaluation of China's Yangtze River Economic Belt, which includes 11 provinces across the eastern, central, and western China. The population and gross domestic product of this area both exceed 40% of the national total. We first established a city-level green development evaluation index system, which includes indicators in the ecological, economic and social dimensions, based on complex ecosystem theory. There are two sub-dimensions under each dimension, and there are totally 21 indicators at the bottom layer. Then, we collected relevant data to measure the 21 indicators in three dimensions of the 110 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt area in 2017. Finally, the 110 cities were divided into 6 groups with hierarchical clustering. The green development level and characteristics of each group of cities were compared and analyzed. The results show that the green development levels of cities in China's Yangtze River Economic Belt are quite different and have different characteristics. In particular, some cities are facing dual pressures in the economy and the ecology. This study can support formulating more targeted green development policies and regional collaboration policies for the Yangtze River Economic Belt area. It also has important reference value for the green development evaluation of other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether administrative accountability can successfully reduce policy implementation deviations is crucial for the effective implementation of environmental regulations. This study investigates the effect of administrative accountability pilot policy on corporate environmental violations. Based on panel data of listed firms in highly polluting industries from 2012 to 2017, this paper adopts the difference-in-differences model to examine the effects. The results show that the official accountability policy significantly reduces corporate environmental violations in pilot cities compared to non-pilot cities. The study also shows that improving environmental enforcement is potential channel. Further analysis shows that the policy also helps to correct implementation deviations and improve the environmental transparency of subordinate governments. In addition, this paper finds that the official accountability policy performs better in areas with less pollution dependence and more environmental attention, and firms with a history of violations and state-owned enterprises are also more proactive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance (GF) has emerged as a promising tool to promote low-carbon development, while knowledge is rather limited regarding the underlying mechanism. This article aims to address this void by constructing a city-level GF index covering seven dimensions and identifying the main pathways through which GF can facilitate the low-carbon development of cities. Using a balanced panel data covering 277 Chinese cities from 2010 to 2020, the results show that: (1) China's GF development exhibits an overall spatial differentiation of 'high in the east and low in the west', while the distribution of carbon intensity (CI) displays an overall spatial differentiation of 'high in the north and low in the south'; (2) GF significantly decreases CI of cities, which is robust to employing DID strategies and IV estimations; (3) The role of GF on CI varies with the level of CI whereas not with the level of GF. Specifically, the mitigating effect of GF on CI is significant in both high GF and low GF groups, but only in high CI group; and (4) GF promotes low-carbon transition of cities through mainly on adjusting industrial structure rather than stimulating technological innovation. Despite we also demonstrate green finance enhances green innovation, due to multi-factors, such technology progress it brings may not always translate into a tangible improvement in green productivity. For most developing countries including China, the future policy objective of green finance should focus on enhancing sustainable technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, urbanization in China has been advancing rapidly. The intricate effects of urbanization on vegetation growth in the urban core have been studied and reported. However, the percentage of impervious surfaces in the urban core, as defined in previous studies, was relatively low, and included some pixels containing farmland and water bodies. Consequently, their results may be affected by urbanization processes, such as the transformation of land types. Hence, this paper extracted 100% impervious surfaces from 2000 to 2022 as urban core areas in China using a 30 m resolution China land cover dataset (CLCD), which completely excluded the effect of urbanization itself on the experimental results, obtaining the trend of vegetation change in the real urban core area. Employing the remote sensing imagery of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2000 to 2022, we analyzed the growth of vegetation in 1559 urban cores and the surrounding rural areas in China. The study's findings revealed that the majority of the core areas (85.3%) studied in this paper exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in vegetation, indicating that the various urban greening policies in China have been effective. However, only about 23.7% (369) of the urban core areas showed a faster increase in vegetation than the rural areas. This suggests that for most urban cores (1190), vegetation increase is not as pronounced as it is in surrounding rural areas. Additionally, the EVI rate of change in the urban cores obtained using CLCD versus MODIS land cover data significantly differed. The latter obtained a less pronounced trend of vegetation growth compared to the former, attributable to the disparity in their spatial resolution and the methodology used to define urban areas. The study underscores the importance of vegetation growth and its distribution in various urban core areas to comprehend the dynamics of urban cores' vegetation growth and to offer insights for the subsequent formulation of greening policies. Moreover, data with different resolutions will significantly impact the results, thus highlighting the necessity of employing high spatial resolution data for more comprehensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat pumps (HPs) have emerged as a key technology for reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluates the potential switch to air-to-air HPs (AAHPs) in Toulouse, France, where conventional space heating is split between electric and gas sources. In this context, we find that AAHPs reduce heating energy consumption by 57% to 76%, with electric heating energy consumption decreasing by 6% to 47%, resulting in virtually no local heating-related CO2 emissions. We observe a slight reduction in near-surface air temperature of up to 0.5 °C during cold spells, attributable to a reduction in sensible heat flux, which is unlikely to compromise AAHPs operational efficiency. While Toulouse's heating energy mix facilitates large energy savings, electric energy consumption may increase in cities where gas or other fossil fuel sources prevail. Furthermore, as AAHPs efficiency varies with internal and external conditions, their impact on the electrical grid is more complex than conventional heating systems. The results underscore the importance of matching heating system transitions with sustainable electricity generation to maximize environmental benefits. The study highlights the intricate balance between technological advancements in heating and their broader environmental and policy implications, offering key insights for urban energy policy and sustainability efforts. Switching to air-to-air heat pumps in Toulouse cuts energy use and eliminates CO2 emissions. While efficiency is high, cities transitioning from fossil fuel heating may see increased electricity use, stressing the need for sustainable power sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of significant environmental changes, the urgency of adopting green innovation has become increasingly apparent as a central mechanism for adjusting industrial structures in China. This transition serves not only as a crucial way to address pressing environmental challenges, but also as a fundamental strategy to improve the ecological efficiency of urban areas. Existing research mainly keeps a close eye on the unidirectional relationship between variables such as technological innovation and environmental protection. There is less relevant literature that has researched the cointegration relationship among green innovation, industrial structure, and eco-efficiency of cities. The essential role of green innovation and industrial structure in reaching a higher eco-efficiency of city are discussed in this research and the relationship among these three variables are analyzed by the evidence from cities in China from 2011 to 2019. The fact that the variables are cointegrated in the long run is evidenced by the results for the full sample. The sub-sample results report that in the eastern region, green innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and industrial structure rationalization could improve urban eco-efficiency. However, in Midwest regions where economic development is relatively backward, green innovation's effect on urban eco-efficiency is not in a significant positive way. The results obtained in this paper have implications for different cities in China to formulate corresponding policies on green innovation, industrial structure, and urban eco-efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As major carriers of modern economy and population, cities and towns are vortex centers of pollution migration, and the environmental effects brought about by China's unprecedented urbanization can be imagined, although the specific scale is still a mystery. This paper focuses on the nonlinear response mechanism of urban PM2.5 concentration to the urbanization population scale, considering that China's urbanization development path is dominated by large- and medium-sized cities. The panel data of PM2.5 concentration of Chinese cities observed by satellite during 1998–2016 are used to capture the nonlinear characteristics of panel threshold model (PTM). The estimation results of the double-threshold PTM including the quadratic term of urbanization population show that the U-shaped relationship between urbanization population and PM2.5 concentration is nonlinear adjusted by urban GDP per capita with the two thresholds of 6777 Yuan and 10,296 Yuan at 2010 constant price. When the urban GDP per capita exceeds 10,296 Yuan, the urbanized population at the turning point of the U-shaped curve is 12.967 million people, which only appears in a few super-large cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing. The size matching of urban economy and population is an important follow-up of environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of China's low-carbon city policy on employment using a quasi-natural experiment approach based on microdata from A-share listed companies (2007–2021). The findings indicate a statistically significant positive effect on employment levels, with an average increase of 7.27% in pilot compared to non-pilot cities. This boost in employment is primarily linked to green innovation, improved financing conditions, and increased sales activities. The policy disproportionately benefits high-skilled workers and positively affects employment in sales, research and development, and management while having a lesser impact on low-skilled and production workers. The employment gains are particularly significant in non-polluting sectors, regions with high marketization, and in the eastern areas of China. This study underscores the complex interplay between environmental policies and labor markets, emphasizing the need for skill differentiation in policy frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and its outcomes are complex issues facing communities worldwide. Among policy options to address such issues, existing scholarship focuses mainly on regulatory policies. An innovative market-based policy option is green public procurement (GPP), which may induce private companies to voluntarily switch to more environmentally friendly products. The study examines the adoption and diffusion of GPP practices among local governments under the influence of state governments which may have distinct environmental policies and efforts. By drawing on data from an original national survey and supplemental sources and by employing a multilevel regression approach, this paper highlights GPP as an innovative, yet often overlooked, environmental policy option and strategic management tool. Results suggest a bottom-up, grassroots GPP adoption mechanism, emphasising local initiatives, strategic planning, and vision in sustainability advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's government has launched the innovative city pilot (ICP) policy since 2008 and taken green development as the principle goal of innovative city construction. However, whether or not the ICP policy shapes green development remains largely unknown. Leveraging variation in the timing of the ICP policy implementation across cities, we investigate the causal impact of innovative city construction on green development, as measured by green total-factor productivity (GTFP). Our staggered difference-in-differences (DID) estimator shows that cities which implement the ICP policy experience a 5.3% increase in GTFP. This effect appears one year after the introduction of ICP policy and shows an upward trend over time. Our mechanism analysis further confirms that the ICP policy effect is driven by green innovation effect, which is realized through the support of innovation policy and increased investment in innovation. Finally, substantial heterogeneity is explained by geographic location, environmental constraint, resource endowment, city size and different levels of innovation. Our paper underscores the pivotal role of innovative cities in promoting green development, which warrants nationwide expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on measuring green innovation efficiency (GIE), the regional differences, distribution dynamics and convergences of GIE among 284 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2020 were investigated. It was found that: (1) the GIE showed a decreasing regional difference within and between the eight economic zones and among the whole sample population, with the intensity of transvariation making the major contribution to the differences; (2) the GIE across the country and the eight economic zones appeared to rise slowly, showing a certain level of polarization within the zones, but the gap and polarization tended to narrow gradually on the whole, except for the Northwest Economic Zone; (3) the GIE across the country and among the eight economic zones presented prominent convergences. It was conducive to enrich the research contents and methods of green innovation and provide references for green innovation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over‐urbanization poses important challenges—both for citizen well‐being and quality of life, and for the sustainability of our planet. Traffic, accidents and pollution are just a few of the problems facing people living in cities. The need arises, then, to foster sustainable urban planning and management using, among other elements, smart solutions. In such a context, we would do well to reflect on effective economic, social, and environmental policies aimed at achieving sustainable cities and high quality of life for urban inhabitants. This article presents the most relevant aspects of the #eCity‐Sevilla project, a successful case of a sustainable public‐private innovation ecosystem. To this end, we take the Quintuple Helix Model as our reference, with a view to identify project stakeholders and better understand their relationships and objectives. Our data derives from secondary sources as well as from a set of in‐depth interviews with key informants. In the final section, the main theoretical and practical implications of our study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate change, the low-carbon city pilot policy has become an important strategy to promote green development. Based on the panel data from 257 prefecture-level and above cities in China, this study utilized the Super-Efficiency SBM (Slacks-Based Measure) to measure the land green use efficiency and analyzes the impact of the policy on adjacent non-pilot cities using a difference-in-differences model. The findings indicate that the implementation of low-carbon pilot policies can significantly improve the land green use efficiency in adjacent non-pilot cities, which can be primarily ascribed to the spillover effect and catfish effect. A heterogeneity analysis further revealed the positive effects of the policies in the eastern region and non-resource-based cities. This study provides valuable references for relevant legal provisions on environmental regulation and for continuously monitoring and evaluating the policy effects to achieve sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban green space (UGS) is increasingly recognized as a nature-based solution to achieving urban sustainable development. Under rapid urbanization, greening policies are often the main driving factor behind the restoration or even growth of UGS. In this study, Chengdu, the pioneering "park city" in China, is chosen as a representative region. Based on land use/land cover (LULC) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, indicators that can reflect both UGS quantity and quality are constructed and the spatio-temporal characteristics of UGS in original and expanding urban areas are also explored at different greening policy stages. The findings show that, from 2000 to 2022, the basic trend of UGS reduction during urbanization remained unchanged, despite the greening policies implemented in Chengdu. However, the original urban area has evolved into a new urban area. This has been achieved by integrating the expanded urban area with higher greening rates, resulting in the greening rate in 2022 (44.61%) being restored to the 2000 level (44.21%). The implementation of green policies in Chengdu is primarily reflected in improved UGS quality, especially in the stage of the ecological garden city construction (2008–2018). Specifically, the UGS quality in the original urban area has been improved by 25.25%. Overall, the UGS quality in Chengdu Urban Center has improved, changing from a medium level in 2000 to a medium-high level in 2022. The construction of a national demonstration zone of the park city provides an opportunity for the UGS quantity to increase and quality to improve in Chengdu in the future. However, effectively considering the development positioning of the Tianfu Granary to coordinate the relationship between UGS and high-quality farmland is a huge challenge for urban sustainable development in Chengdu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the impact of transforming resource-based cities (RBCs) through scientific evaluation is a crucial approach to gauge the efficacy of implementation of national locational policies. Drawing upon panel data encompassing 113 RBCs over the period 2006 to 2020, this study employs the difference-in-differences (DID) model to systematically evaluate the impact of location-oriented policies, represented by the "National Resource-Based Economic Transformation Comprehensive Supporting Reform Pilot Zone" (CRPZ), on the trajectory of green transition development (GTD) within RBCs. The results indicate, firstly, that the CRPZ has facilitated the GTD of RBCs, and a series of robustness tests confirm this conclusion, revealing a stimulating effect that evolves from initial suppression to subsequent promotion. Secondly, CRPZ can drive the GTD of RBCs by optimizing industrial structure and enhancing innovation capability, which shows that different marginal utilities are observed in its impact on the GTD of RBCs. Finally, the effectiveness of the CRPZ in promoting the GTD of RBCs is influenced by the degree of resource dependence, with a more pronounced impact on cities with higher levels of resource dependence. The conclusions of this study provide valuable insights for the ongoing evaluation of location-oriented policies and the promotion of GTD in RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green and low carbon transition is a broad and profound economic and social systematic change. Green innovation is a critical way to promote energy saving and emission reduction. Has China continuously promoted a carbon emission trading policy to significantly promote green innovation cooperation? Taking the implementation of the carbon emission trading pilot policy as a "quasi-natural experiment," this study answers this question by exploring the impact of the policy on green innovation cooperation. Based on data on 274 cities from 2008 to 2020, the multi-time difference-in-differences model is used to evaluate the impact of the policy on green innovation cooperation. The results reveal that the carbon emission trading pilot policy significantly improved inter- and intra-city green innovation cooperation through the upgrading effect of industrial structure and the coverage effect of digital finance compared with the non-pilot cities at the city level. In addition, there are significant differences in the policy effects among cities with different degrees of openness to the outside world and command-and-control environmental regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional collaborative governance of the ecological environment is an important way to promote the sustainable development of urbanization, and local government competition is a characteristic institutional factor that is often ignored in the process of regional ecological environmental governance in China. This study selected the panel data of 278 prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2018 in China, and used the spatial convergence regression model and the mediation effect model to analyze the spatial convergence of urban eco-efficiency (UEE) and its mechanism from the perspective of local government competition. The results show several empirical patterns. First, the UEE follows a tendency of convergence that narrows the regional gap of urban eco-efficiency, and spatial interaction factors are the keys affecting the convergence of UEE. Second, local government competition, as a characteristic institutional factor, plays an important role in promoting the spatial convergence of UEE, and the effect of administrative distance proximity competition is stronger than that of geographical distance proximity competition. The UEE increases by 0.114 percentage points when its degree of competitive pressure increases by 1 percentage point. Third, the competitive pressure leads to strict environmental regulation policies, which generally improve UEE and thus narrow its gap with advanced cities. Finally, local government competition has heterogeneous effects on urban eco-efficiency. Specifically, under the pressure of local government competition, the environmental regulations improve the UEE in the east and key environmental protection cities, while the central and non-key environmental protection cities experience the opposite effect. The results of this study suggest that if UEE is further introduced into the administrative performance evaluation index systems of local officials, the regional gap of environmental and economic development could be narrowed through ecological competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: To achieve the targets for carbon peak and air quality improvement, local governments should propose environmental targets and develop realization paths that are tailored to their unique local conditions. They then promote low-carbon development through the implementation of multiple measures. Purpose of the article: As the government performance appraisal system im-proves, the question arises as to whether governments take the initiative to com-bine environmental policies with government target constraints to reduce carbon emissions. Methods: The announcement of environmental target constraints by local governments in government work reports is considered a quasi-natural experiment. This study examines the effect of government environmental target constraints (GETC) on carbon emissions (CEs) using differences-in-differences (DID), propensity score matching-DID (PSM-DID), and spatial- DID (SDID) with data from 241 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2019. Findings & value added: The results demonstrate that GETC can effectively reduce local CEs, with the inhibitory effect being most effective in the first two years after setting environmental targets, but diminishing in the third year. GETC can reduce local CEs through three paths: reducing energy consumption, promoting industrial structure optimization, and encouraging green technology innovation. Spatial spillover effects show that GETC reduces local CEs while exacerbating CEs in neighboring cities, indicating a beggar-thy-neighbor effect in conventional environmental regulation policy. This effect is observed mainly in the geographic matrix and the economic-geographic matrix, but not in the economic matrix. According to heterogeneity analysis, GETC in the eastern and central cities can significantly reduce CEs. The inhibitory effect of GETC on local CEs is stronger in cities where secretaries and mayors have longer tenures and higher levels of education. The paper's theoretical value lies in exploring the reduction of CEs through the combination of government self-restraint and environmental policies, providing a new solution for local governments to achieve CEs reduction. Furthermore, it offers practical insights into the improvement of the Chinese government assessment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor air quality in large cities such as Bogotá, due to fixed and mobile emission sources of particulate matter, negatively affects the social, economic and ecological systems of the city. Population growth is one of the main causes that influence air pollution. Therefore, it is considered necessary to analyze the cause-effect relationships of pollution, its sources and the effects on the population. For this reason, developing a model using computer tools such as system dynamics, which can evaluate different environmental policy scenarios, will help to reduce pollution levels and improve the life quality of the population. The methodology used was quasi-experimental with a quantitative approach, divided into four stages, gathering information, proposing the causal diagram, developing the simulation model and evaluating scenarios. Vensim® was the software used as the simulation tool. As a result, it was found that highly polluting stationary and mobile sources cause an uncontrolled increase in PM10. It was also found that annual conversion rates to clean technologies must be 10% per year or higher to achieve a 50% reduction in PM10 levels, in the medium and long term. The main conclusions were to determine that the use of simulation technologies such as system dynamics are very useful to formulate more effective environmental policies. The simulation presented the need for environmental policies to be long-term structural policies that do not vary depending on the change of government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government policy is crucial to control air pollution, while industrial structure upgrading and green technology progress are needed to optimize air pollution control performance (APCP). Meanwhile, policy spillovers from one region to another affect the APCP. This study applied systems theory to explain the mechanisms that drive both environmental policy spillover and APCP. We evaluated the APCPs of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2006 to 2020 using a super-efficiency SBM-DEA model. We then analyzed the paths by which industry and technology drive APCP using a spatial Durbin model (SDM) and investigated heterogeneity across different regional governance groups. The effects generated by the regulatory spillover of air pollutants were decomposed into four subsystems: chain transmission effect, vibration effect, ripple effect, and halo effect. The results show the following: (1) Throughout the study period, the APCP of most of the regional governance groups in the Yangtze River Delta region showed a fluctuating trend with continuous improvement. The APCP was higher and more stable in the Zhejiang Province in the southeast, and lower and more drastic in the Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces in the north, and shows a significant positive spatial correlation. (2) Industrial structure upgrading and green technology progress had different impact paths on the APCP. Industrial structure upgrading had a significant indirect contribution to the APCP, but the direct effect was not significant. Green technology progress had a significant direct inhibitory effect and an indirect promoting effect on the APCP. (3) In the optimization path of the APCP, industrial structure upgrading played a more important role than green technology progress, but they did not reinforce each other's enhancement of the APCP. (4) There was regional heterogeneity in the impacts of industry and technology on the APCP. The paths and actual effects of industry and technology on the APCP varied greatly among different regional governance groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential part of ecological civilization, water ecological civilization has significant influence on the green and sustainable development of cities. Under the background of China's Water Ecological Civilization City Pilot (WECCP), based on data from 275 cities in China from 2007 to 2019 by using the difference-in-differences (DID) model, we empirically analyzed the influence of the WECCP establishment on urban green innovation and explored the impact mechanism in depth using a mediating effect model, which aimed to verify whether the "Porter hypothesis" holds true in China. The result indicated that the WECCP had made a remarkable contribution to enhancing urban green innovation in the pilot cities. Further research found that the input mechanism played an important mediating role. In addition, the heterogeneity test indicated that cities in the central region, at low administrative levels, and in the first batch of pilots gained more from the policy establishment. This paper has theoretical implications for understanding the derived innovation benefits of the environmental policy, practical implications for identifying new drivers of urban innovation, and provides related experience for the country to further promote and expand water ecological civilization construction and useful policy inspiration for other developing countries to formulate ecological and environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, Brazil achieved positive environmental strides in the Amazon, with a 22% reduction in deforestation rates and a 16% decline in total fire counts compared with 2022, attributed to renewed environmental policy implementation. However, despite progress, deforestation remains above the target, and forest wildfires in old‐growth Amazonian forests surged by 152% in 2023 versus 2022, threatening biodiversity and carbon stocks. The rise in fires poses challenges for traditional farmers, impacts urban areas' air quality, and necessitates urgent measures like enhanced firefighting capabilities and long‐term strategies for fire‐free production chains to protect the Amazonian standing forests—a global socio‐environmental asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "National Comprehensive demonstration of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Fiscal Policy" (ESER policy) is a green fiscal policy to facilitate China's green sustainable development. Green sustainable development is facilitated by green technological innovation. Thus, evaluating the influence of the ESER policy on green technological innovation is essential. This study employs the difference-in-differences model to assess the ESER policy effects. The findings suggest that the ESER policy facilitates green technological innovation, but the policy effect has inhibited green technology innovation in neighboring cities. Mechanism analysis indicates that this policy effect is realized through increasing scientific research investment intensity and promoting industrial structure upgrading. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that this policy is effective in facilitating green technological innovation when performed in eastern, non-old industrial base, non-resource-based, and high green innovation level cities. In addition, the ESER policy implemented in conjunction with innovation policy can be more effective in promoting green technological innovation. These results provide valuable insights for improving the ESER policy and offer helpful guidelines for green fiscal policymaking in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of carbon emission intensity cannot be achieved without policy support, of which green financial policy is a major component. The main aim of this study is to discuss the causality between the green finance reform and innovation (GFRI) experimental zone policy and the intensity of carbon emissions in China. Using data from 265 Chinese cities from 2005 to 2021, this study applies a time-varying difference-in-differences (DID) model to assess the effect of the GFRI experimental zone policy on the intensity of carbon emissions. The heterogeneity of impacts and the parallel-serial mediation effect of this experimental zone policy are discussed further. The following main findings are obtained. (1) The GFRI experimental zone policy dramatically reduces carbon emission intensity, and this effect is more prominent in cities with large sizes of credit and bond finance. (2) After considering the heterogeneity of government environmental concerns and fiscal pressures, this study reveals that the effect of the GFRI experimental zone policy on reducing carbon emission intensity is weaker in cities with high numbers of environmental protection penalties and fiscal pressures. As the number of environmental penalties and fiscal pressures increases, the effect of the GFRI experimental zone policy on reducing carbon emission intensity decreases; that is, the phenomenon of environmental protection paradoxes and policy conflicts has emerged. (3) Increasing financing for green projects and decreasing the energy intensity of the industry are the primary mediating channels for GFRI experimental zone policy to reduce carbon emission intensity, but the mediating channels for boosting green innovation and promoting energy structure adjustment are not prominent. Moreover, the total effect of the GFRI experimental zone policy on reducing carbon emission intensity is 72% direct and more than 20% indirect. This study concludes that in regions with high fiscal pressure, governments should rely more on green finance to decrease carbon emission intensity. Meanwhile, a green finance policy must be more supportive of zero-carbon energy production and reduce direct environmental penalties to decrease carbon emission intensity in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green open space (GOS) refers to the areas of vegetation within urban environments, possessing a variety of functions beneficial for the environment, social, and economic aspects, necessary to coexist within urban realms. However, to establish the ideal GOS many challenges has been faced by some cities. Limited attention has been given to the policy implementation of GOS, particularly in the mega city, such as Jakarta. Thus, the study of GOS policy is important to be conducted. This research aims to identify the status and challenges of the implementation of green open spaces in Jakarta, Indonesia. The study found that the current policies surrounding green open space in Jakarta and the provisions of parks in South Jakarta have not fulfil the ideals set by the mandated laws; this inability also highlights the challenges of the system management and devaluation of its existence due to the decreasing prioritization of government directives. Furthermore, this study underscores the progressions and attempts to improve the provisions of green open spaces, despite being incremental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a quasi-natural experiment of the staggered construction of energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) demonstration cities in China, this paper explores the impact of fiscal policy on green credit (GC) for listed enterprises. The main findings are the following: (1) The ECER demonstration cities policy significantly improves enterprise GC. This conclusion remains robust after considering the heterogeneous treatment effects. (2) By extending the estimation period beyond the policy withdrawal, we use the difference-in-differences designs with multiple groups and periods (DIDM) estimator to compute the average treatment effect of policy switches. The results show that the intervention effect still exists after the policy withdrawal. (3) Direct cash subsidies, corporate green spending, and external financing constraints are the main mechanisms through which the ECER demonstration cities policy works. (4) The effects of the ECER demonstration cities policy are heterogeneous at the batch, urban, industry, and corporate levels. This paper explores the role of fiscal policy on enterprise green financing. The findings provide theoretical and empirical insights for leveraging fiscal tools to enhance environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities are a product of the integration of the new urbanization process and information technology development in China, while inclusive green growth is an important strategic concept for economic development transformation. Whether the smart city pilot policy can promote inclusive green growth in China still needs to be tested. Based on panel data from 210 prefecture level and above cities from 2009 to 2020, this study used the multi-period difference-in-differences method to learn the impact of the smart city pilot policy on inclusive green growth in China, followed by a series of robustness tests. In addition, the sub-system path, location heterogeneity, and spatial spillover effects of policy effects were also examined. The results showed that: (J) The construction of smart cities would have a significant positive impact on inclusive green growth, and the policy effects would gradually increase over time. The construction of smart cities had a significant promoting effect on both economic growth and green growth, but the impact on inclusive growth was not significant. © There was significant regional heterogeneity in the impact of smart city construction on inclusive green growth. There was a significant positive impact in the eastern and western regions, a significant negative impact in the northeast region, and an insignificant impact in the central region. © The policy effects of smart city construction had significant spatial spillover characteristics. Smart city construction could significantly promote economic growth and green growth in adjacent non-pilot areas but could only significantly promote economic growth in adjacent pilot areas. Therefore, in the critical period of China's economic transformation and upgrading, in order to enhance the promotion of the pilot policy on inclusive green growth, on the one hand, the construction of smart cities should focus on promoting inclusive growth and formulating reasonable pilot goals according to local conditions based on the resource endowment of each region. On the other hand, it is necessary to promote the exchange of piloting experience and innovation resources among regions and arrange the investment level of innovation resources reasonably to avoid the occurrence of ' depression effect' and ' siphon effect.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy synergy is a unique way for the government to establish a policy network and a crucial way for cities to expand their carbon reduction channels. Using urban data from China, this paper empirically investigates how environmental governance policy synergy (EGPS) affects carbon emissions. In comparison to non-pilot cities, the environmental information disclosure (EID) policy and low-carbon city (LC) policy play an inhibitory role in carbon emissions. Furthermore, EGPS has a stronger effect and is heterogeneous by region. Through the use of technical advancement and industrial structure optimisation, EGPS lowers carbon emissions, and this effect of EGPS grows over time in tandem with the level of environmental pollution in the cities. Our paper proposes policy implications in order to improve the overall effect of environmental governance policy and help achieve the dual carbon targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of a statistical life (VSL) is a crucial tool for monetizing health impacts. To explore the VSL in China, this study examines people' s willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce death risk from air pollution in six representative cities in China based on face-to-face contingent valuation interviews (n = 3 936) from March 7, 2019 to September 30, 2019. The results reveal that the WTP varied from CNY 455 to 763 in 2019 (USD 66-111), corresponding to a VSL range of CNY 3.79-6.36 million (USD 549 395-921 940). The VSL in China in 2019 is estimated to be CNY 4.76 million (USD 689 659). The statistics indicate that monthly expenditure levels, environmental concerns, risk attitudes, and assumed market acceptance, which have seldom been discussed in previous studies, significantly impact WTP and VSL. These findings will serve as a reference for analyzing mortality risk reduction benefits in future research and for policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Review of Policy Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates an innovative approach to enhance urban green space access by adding new park entrances rather than expanding the green space itself, aiming for sustainable urban development. Taking Shenzhen as a case study, we first developed a universal framework to identify potential locations for new entrances and used network analysis in ArcGIS to quantify green service improvements. Then, under the 15-min city concept, the impact on green accessibility and equity was assessed using the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method and Gini coefficient analysis. Results indicate that (1) new entrances enabled 21.10% of residents to access parks with an average reduced travel distance of 214.71 m, and increased the population within a 15-min walk to parks by 7.34%. (2) This strategy proved cost-effective, serving 27.66% of residents at 1/38 the cost of creating new green spaces. (3) Furthermore, the accessible green area within a 15-min walking or cycling increased by 0.18 km2 and 1.42 km2, respectively, without affecting green equity. Our findings support the policy of adding park entrances as a feasible and efficient urban strategy, supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 and 11, and the policy can be implemented across almost cities. • A proposed framework identifies 203 new park entrances from a pool of 2,237 candidates. • New entrances reduce the average travel distance to parks by 214.71 m for 21.10% of residents. • Adding green space costs 37.85 times more than new entrances for serving an equivalent population. • The policy of adding park entrances is suitable for most cities and contributes to sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The public sector has a vital role in reducing emissions from construction activities and achieving environmental goals. Therefore, it is vital to investigate the opportunities for reducing the construction industry's emissions through its procurement practices. This paper explores the opportunities and challenges of using green public procurement (GPP) to orchestrate stakeholder ecosystems, including public buyers, construction companies, subcontractors, and equipment suppliers, to achieve zero-emission construction sites—that is, ecosystems for zero-emission construction sites (EZEMCONS). The multiple case study methodology is employed to examine four European cities' practices and experiences. The findings suggest that cities can improve low-emission machinery infrastructure, promote better networking for builders, and enhance cooperation through early market dialogues. Conversely, EZEMCONS pose challenges to innovation ecosystem (IE) orchestration, particularly when managing large-scale zero-emission infrastructure projects. Cities can use these findings to understand general IE implications for developing more mature EZEMCONS. More specifically, this study summarizes the potential opportunities and challenges of GPP for building mature IEs. GPP has been the subject of much environmental policy and sustainable production research; however, its application to EZEMCONS is limited. Consequently, this research contributes to the emergent literature on EZEMCONS, within the GPP context, by examining its opportunities and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]