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Italy may well contribute to a better understanding of the lasting Roman impact on conquered societies in Italy as a whole. The first phase of Romanisation, especially coinciding with the later centuries of the Republic (third to first centuries BC), and culminating in the reign of Augustus, is essential to deciphering forms of transmission, assimilation and cultural integration. This phase is marked by an impressive influx of colonists from Latium and other Italian regions into the central Adriatic area, and by the introduction of urban ways of life modelled on Rome and central Tyrrhenian Italy. But it is also in these three first centuries of Roman dominance in the region that a diversity of interesting agglomerations and urban forms is being created, by a heterogeneous group of indigenous populations and immigrated individuals who deeply integrated their new habitation centres in the gradually changing surrounding territories and landscapes, stretching between the central Apennine mountains and the Adriatic Sea. To illustrate this, we will focus on landscape change in the crucial contact area between the coast and one of the most important valley corridors linking Rome and Latium with its Adriatic borderland during this last part of the Republic. Based on a recent analysis of urban developments in the whole central Adriatic region, as well as on intensive archaeological field surveys in the Potenza valley, we can start to reconstruct the main features of the Roman colony of Potentia in northern Picenum and its steering role in marked landscape change and settlement dynamics that occurred in this part of central Adriatic Italy. The sudden creation and relative fast development of such Roman colonial towns on the coast has, together with the impressive influx of viritim and veteran colonists, created a real and dynamic colonial landscape with a highly organized urban centre, a well-structured suburbium, (temporary) villages or hamlets, and isolated farms, which all play their role in a complex changing world., L’étude de la formation et du développement des paysages coloniaux dans l’Italie centrale adriatique contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’impact à long terme de Rome sur les sociétés conquises dans l’ensemble de l’ Italie. La première phase de la romanisation, coïncidant avec les derniers siècles de la République (du IIIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C.), et qui culmine lors du règne d’Auguste, est essentielle pour le déchiffrement des formes de transmission, d’assimilation et d’intégration culturelle. Cette phase est marquée par un afflux massif de colons du Latium et d’ autres régions italiennes dans la région de l’Adriatique centrale et par l’introduction de modes de vie urbains inspirés de Rome et de l’Italie tyrrhénienne centrale. Mais c’est aussi dans ces trois premiers siècles de domination romaine dans la région que se développe une diversité d’agglomérations et de formes urbaines intéressantes, créées par un groupe hétérogène mêlant populations autochtones et immigrés individuels, qui ont su profondément intégrer leurs nouveaux centres d’habitation dans des territoires variés, entre les montagnes apennines et la mer. Pour illustrer cela, nous nous concentrerons sur l’évolution du paysage dans la zone de contact cruciale entre la côte et l’une des plus importantes vallées de circulation reliant Rome et le Latium à la frontière adriatique pendant cette dernière phase de la République. Sur la base d’une analyse récente des développements urbains dans l’ensemble de la région adriatique centrale, ainsi que sur des études archéologiques intensives dans la vallée de la rivière Potenza, nous pouvons commencer à reconstituer les principales caractéristiques de la colonie romaine de Potentia et son influence sur la dynamique spatiale de l’occupation humaine dans le Picenum septentrional. La création soudaine et le développement relativement rapide de ces villes coloniales romaines sur la côte, ainsi que l’afflux impressionnant de colons et vétérans, ont créé un véritable paysage colonial dynamique, avec un centre urbain hautement organisé, un suburbium bien structuré, des villages ou hameaux temporaires, et des fermes isolées, chacun remplissant son rôle dans un monde complexe en pleine évolution., Vermeulen Frank. The Impact of Later Republican Colonisation on Coastal Settlement Dynamics in Central Adriatic Italy: the Case of Potentia. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément n°23, 2021. Colonies, territoires et statuts : nouvelles approches. pp. 149-178.

The famous discussion by Aulus Gellius, in a commentary on Emperor Hadrian’s oratio de Italicensibus, would appear to be the most explicit testimony to the full normative and judicial autonomy of municipia civium Romanorum. The point of view of Aulus Gellius, biased as it may be in its rhetorical simplification, is actually bolstered by a few isolated, yet significant testimonies, which allow one to assume that Rome implemented various strategies depending on the urban communities involved and circumstances. In any event, these strategies apparently did not depend, originally at least, on the quality of the civitas granted to the inhabitants of the new municipia. The available documentation shows the entirely abstract character of a reasoning that sought to restrict retaining of local iura in those urban communities to the sole sine suffragio phase : the actual discrimination is revealed in the general municipalization of the peninsula in the years following the Social War, a municipalization that makes it possible to distinguish, in terms of local jurisdiction, between practices followed in the oldest municipia and norms introduced as of the first century BC. Once the possibility is recognized, at least for the municipia constituted in the earliest period, that they were administered according to norms different from those of the ius civile, the obvious question is how the local iurisdictio was administered in those communities in the period before the Social War. The question revolves on a crucial aspect in particular : the relationship between the potential legal competence of local magistrates and the iurisdictio of the praefecti sent by the praetor to communities of cives. That kind of iurisdictio mandata must have been intended, at the beginning at least, for the colonies, and extended only in a second stage to the entire ager Romanus, as is suggested by the changes in the praefectura Campana. The gradual subjection of municipia to the jurisdictional potestas of the praetor’s delegates reflects the legal evolution of the various communities and, especially, the granting of the optimus ius., La notissima dissertazione di Aulo Gellio in margine all’oratio de Italicensibus dell’imperatore Adriano costituisce all’apparenza la più esplicita testimonianza a sostegno della piena autonomia normativa e giuridica goduta dai municipia civium Romanorum. La prospettiva gelliana, seppur viziata da retorica semplificazione, è di fatto sostenuta da alcune isolate ma significative testimonianze, che permettono di postulare l’applicazione da parte di Roma di strategie diversificate a seconda dei centri e delle circostanze : strategie che in ogni caso parrebbero prescindere, almeno inizialmente, dalla qualità della civitas attribuita agli abitanti dei neonati municipia. La documentazione in nostro possesso dimostra infatti tutta l’astrazione di un ragionamento che volesse eventualmente limitare la conservazione degli iura locali in questi centri alla sola fase sine suffragio : il vero discrimine è semmai segnato dalla generalizzata municipalizzazione della penisola all’indomani della guerra sociale, che permette di isolare nettamente, in tema di diritti locali, la prassi valevole per i municipia più antichi dalle norme introdotte a partire dal i secolo a.C. Una volta riconosciuta la possibilità, per almeno alcuni tra i municipia di antica costituzione, di reggersi secondo norme giuridiche distinte da quelle dello ius civile, si pone come è chiaro la questione di come fosse regolata in questi centri la iurisdictio locale in età anteriore alla guerra sociale. La questione coinvolge, in particolare, un aspetto cruciale : quello del rapporto tra l’eventuale facoltà giurisdicente dei magistrati locali e la iurisdictio dei praefecti inviati dal pretore nelle comunità di cives. Questa forma di iurisdictio mandata dovette essere almeno inizialmente concepita in funzione delle aree coloniali e solo in un secondo tempo estesa all’intero ager Romanus, come suggeriscono le vicende della praefectura campana. Il progressivo assoggettamento dei municipia alla potestas giurisdizionale dei delegati del pretore è lo specchio dell’ evoluzione giuridica delle varie comunità, ed in particolare dell’ottenimento dell’optimum ius., La célèbre discussion d’Aulu-Gelle, en commentaire à l’oratio de Italicensibus de l’empereur Hadrien, constitue en apparence le témoignage le plus explicite en faveur de la pleine autonomie normative et juridique des municipia civium Romanorum. Le point de vue d’Aulu-Gelle, quoique biaisé par la simplification rhétorique, est, de fait, confirmé par quelques témoignages isolés mais significatifs, qui permettent de supposer que Rome a appliqué des stratégies diverses selon les centres urbains et les circonstances. En tous cas, ces stratégies ne semblent pas dépendre, au moins à l’origine, de la qualité de la civitas attribuée aux habitants des nouveaux municipia. La documentation dont nous disposons montre l’abstraction d’un raisonnement qui voudrait limiter la conservation des iura locaux dans ces centres urbains à la seule phase sine suffragio : la véritable distinction est bien marquée par la municipalisation généralisée de la péninsule au lendemain de la Guerre Sociale, municipalisation qui permet d’identifier clairement, en termes de droits locaux, la pratique valable pour les municipia les plus anciens des normes introduites à partir du ier siècle avant J.-C. Une fois admise la possibilité, au moins pour certains des municipes de plus ancienne constitution, de se gérer selon des normes distinctes de celle du ius civile, se pose évidemment la question de comment était administrée la iurisdictio locale dans ces centres aux époques antérieures à la Guerre Sociale. La question touche, en particulier, un aspect crucial : celui du rapport entre l’éventuelle compétence juridique des magistrats locaux et la iurisdictio des praefecti envoyés par le préteur dans les communautés de cives. Cette forme de iurisdictio mandata a dû être prévue, au moins au début, pour les colonies et étendue seulement dans un deuxième temps à tout l’ager Romanus, comme le suggèrent les modifications de la praefectura campanienne. La soumission progressive des municipiai à la potestas juridictionnelle des délégués du préteur reflète l’évolution juridique des différentes communautés et en particulier l’obtention de l’optimus ius., Sisani Simone. Tra autonomia e integrazione : diritti locali e giurisdizione prefettizia nelle comunità di cives sine suffragio. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément n°23, 2021. Colonies, territoires et statuts : nouvelles approches. pp. 95-148.

Il capitolo 21 della Lex Irnitana stabilisce il diritto per gli ex magistrati del municipio che fossero anche decurioni di acquisire la cittadinanza romana allo scadere del loro incarico, insieme a parte dei loro familiari. Un’approfondita analisi del testo ha rivelato che esso, nel contempo e seppur indirettamente, determina anche i casi in cui tale diritto non si applicava. La lettura di altri capitoli della Lex di Irni come di alcuni passi della Lex della colonia di Urso ha permesso di meglio definire quelle situazioni in cui lo ius adipiscendae civitatis Romanae per magistratum, pure atteso, non avrebbe potuto trovare applicazione. The chapter 21 of the Lex Irnitana establishes the rules according to which local magistrates, who at the same time belonged to the ordo decurionum, acquired the right to obtain the Roman citizenship – together with part of their relatives – after leaving their office. A thorough analysis of the text has revealed that it also defines indirectly in what situations the rule established by the chapter was not appropriate. In the light of the examination of other chapters of the Lex of Irni as well as of some excerpts from the charter of the colony of Urso, the study investigates the cases in which the so-called ius adipiscendae civitatis Romanae per magistratum was not applicable in the Municipium Irnitanum.

El presente trabajo ofrece una reflexión sobre las magistraturas de Nova Augusta (Lara de los Infantes) y el análisis de una inscripción funeraria, anteriormente solo conocida mediante una fotografía, procedente de Cubillo del César. En ella se menciona una magistratura, la edilidad, y el término de parentesco sobrinus. The present work offers a consideration on the magistratures of Nova Augusta (Lara de los Infantes) and the analysis of a funerary inscription, previously only known through a photograph, from Cubillo del César. It mentions the aedileship magistrature and the kinship term sobrinus.

Este artículo ofrece una interpretación sobre un epígrafe documentado en el núcleo de Caldes de Montbui (IRC I, 40) que podría demostrar la existencia de una relación de patrocinium entre este asentamiento y el emperador Tiberio en época romana. Para dar apoyo a esta hipótesis el artículo analiza las características del enclave termal romano de Caldes, su promoción en época de Augusto y su posible transformación en municipio flavio, convirtiéndose en uno de los puntos centrales en la integración del territorio de la Layetania interior dentro de la estructura provincial romana. This paper offers an interpretation of an inscription documented in Caldes de Montbui (IRC I, 40) which could demonstrate the existence of a relationship of patrocinium between this settlement and the emperor Tiberius. To support this hypothesis we analyze the characteristics of the Roman thermal centre of Caldes, its promotion in Augustan period and its possible conversion in Flavian municipium, being one of the central points in the integration of the territory of Layetania interior in the Roman provincial structure.

Se evalúa la propuesta de identificación de la Confloenta/Confluenta arévaca de Ptolomeo con la ciudad romana documentada por la arqueología en el yacimiento de Los Mercados de Duratón (Sepúlveda, Segovia), ciudad fundada a inicios del s. I a.C., en el marco de la política de urbanización republicana romana de la Celtiberia, y sede de un municipium de derecho latino desde época flavia. This paper analyzes Ptolemy’s identification proposal for the Arevaci Confloenta/Confluenta with the Roman city documented by archaeology in the Los Mercados site in Duratón (Sepúlveda, Segovia), founded at the start of the 1st century B.C., as part of the Roman republican urbanisation policy of the Celtiberia, and the seat of a flavian municipium.