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Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing is best performed using the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) method with human epithelial type-2 (HEp-2) cells as the substrate. IIF is a subjective procedure in which HEp-2 patterns are analyzed manually from the microscope. Therefore, ANA test results greatly rely on the experience and expertise of pathologists. Hence, complete automation of the ANA test is required to avoid incorrect diagnoses. This paper represents an algorithm for the complex HEp-2 cell classification problem. The proposed algorithm used a small hybrid feature set that characterizes the texture and morphology of the HEp-2 cells along with artificial neural network (ANN). The hybrid features were extracted by breaking up the image into eight binary images. The proposed hybrid descriptors were more efficient than the popular co-occurrence matrix descriptor and local binary pattern descriptors for texture analysis. The proposed algorithm was evaluated on the ICPR 2016 IIF HEp-2 cell image dataset. The results indicated that the hybrid descriptor with an ANN approach achieved improved performance, with "96.8%" mean class accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most interesting topics in the field of rehabilitation is that of upper-limb myoelectric prosthetic control. It is a technique by which prostheses are controlled by means of surface electromyogram (sEMG) signals collected from remnant muscle tissues at the residual limb of an amputee. Intuitive control of multifunctional upper-limb prosthesis can be accomplished using pattern recognition (PR) of sEMG signals. In spite of the tremendous progress made in the research of the so-called mind-controlled artificial arm, none of the academic achievements has yet reached the end users. This review paper portrays the current state-of-the-art approach in sEMG pattern classification-based control, identifies the factors that hinder the clinical usability of the system and focuses on the recent research directions toward translating the academic findings into a commercially acceptable robust myoelectric prosthesis. Control strategies proposed for simultaneous and proportional control (SPC) of multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs), which is identified as the most significant barrier for the transition from laboratory to clinical practice, are discussed. Directions for future research are also briefly outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]