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Recently, because of serious global challenges including the consumption of energy and climate change, there has been an increase in interest in the environmental effect of port operations and expansion. More interestingly, a strategic tendency in seaport advancement has been to manage the seaport system using a model which balances environmental volatility and economic development demands. An energy efficient management system is regarded as being vital for meeting the strict rules aimed at reducing the environmental pollution caused by port facility activities. Moreover, the enhanced supervision of port system operating methods and technical resolutions for energy utilisation also raise significant issues. In addition, low-carbon ports, as well as green port models, are becoming increasingly popular in seafaring nations. This study comprises a comprehensive assessment of operational methods, cutting-edge technologies for sustainable generation, storage, and transformation of energy, as well as systems of smart grid management, to develop a green seaport system, obtaining optimum operational efficiency and environmental protection. It is thought that using a holistic method and adaptive management, based on a framework of sustainable and green energy, could stimulate creative thinking, consensus building, and cooperation, as well as streamline the regulatory demands associated with port energy management. Although several aspects of sustainability and green energy could increase initial expenditure, they might result in significant life cycle savings due to decreased consumption of energy and output of emissions, as well as reduced operational and maintenance expenses.

Integrating nanotechnology into phase change materials (PCMs) has emerged as a novel approach to improving PCM thermal properties and performance in various thermal energy storage applications. Nanofluids, nanoparticle suspensions in a base fluid, have been identified as a promising method of increasing the thermal conductivity of PCMs and thus reducing thermal energy charging and discharging duration. This review paper investigates recent advances in incorporating nanotechnology into PCMs, focusing on their applications in the solar energy sector. Thermal conductivity, specific heat, viscosity, density, and convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids are discussed, as are the thermal properties of nano-enhanced PCMs (NEPCMs), including thermal conductivity, latent heat, specific heat, viscosity, supercooling, and phase-change temperature. The paper also gives an in-depth look at the uses of nanofluids and NEPCMs in solar collectors, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems, coolants, and desalination, emphasizing their potential to improve system efficiency. The review also considers the potential environmental and human health concerns connected with using nanofluids and NEPCMs, emphasizing the importance of rigorous evaluation and risk assessment in developing and applying these materials. Overall, the review provides valuable insights into the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating nanotechnology into PCMs and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and development in this field to further advance the use of thermal energy storage technologies in various applications, including solar energy systems. [Display omitted] • Nanofluids and nanomaterials are considered as innovative heat transfer medium. • Phase change materials (PCMs) for harvesting thermal energy are scrutinized. • Recent developments and properties of nanofluids and nano-enhanced PCM. • Potential applications of nanofluids and nano-enhanced PCM are fully presented. • Environmental impacts and human health risks are comprehensively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]