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This is a review of the literature published in 2018 related to the prevention of water pollution by or recovery of beneficial materials from wastewater produced in the pulp and paper industry. This review includes the following main sections: cleaner production, biological treatment, and physico-chemical treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Converting pulp and paper treatment sludges to value-added materials can be efficient cleaner production technique. Modeling and dynamic simulation techniques of biological treatment along with optimization methods can improve the effluent quality out of a paper mill. Hybrid treatment systems can have a synergistic effect on the treatment of pulp and paper effluents.

Management of municipal solid waste is an efficient method to increase resource efficiency, as well as to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources due to that (1) waste to a large extent is renewable as it consists of food waste, paper, wood etc. and (2) when energy and materials are recovered from waste treatment, fossil fuels can be substituted. In this paper results from a comprehensive system study of future biological treatment of readily degradable waste in two Swedish regions are presented. Different collection and separation systems for food waste in households have been applied as well as technical improvements of the biogas process as to reduce environmental impact. The results show that central sorting of a mixed fraction into recyclables, combustibles, biowaste and inert is a competitive option compared to source separation. Use of pellets is beneficial compared to direct spreading as fertiliser. Fuel pellets seem to be the most favourable option, which to a large extent depends on the circumstances in the energy system. Separation and utilisation of nitrogen in the wet part of the digestion residue is made possible with a number of technologies which decreases environmental impact drastically, however to a substantial cost in some cases.

The total emission control target of water pollutants (e.g., COD and NH 4 –N) for a certain industrial sector can be predicted and analysed using the popular technology-based bottom-up modelling. However, this methodology has obvious uncertainty regarding the attainment of mitigation targets. The primary uncertainty comes from macro-production, pollutant reduction roadmap, and technical parameters. This research takes the paper and pulp industry in China as an example, and builds 5 mitigation scenarios via different combinations of raw material structure, scale structure, procedure mitigation technology, and end-of-pipe treatment technology. Using the methodology of uncertainty analysis via Monte Carlo, random sampling was conducted over a hundred thousand times. According to key parameters, sensitive parameters that impact total emission control targets such as industrial output, technique structure, cleaner production technology, and end-of-pipe treatment technology are discussed in this article. It appears that scenario uncertainty has a larger influence on COD emission than NH 4 –N, hence it is recommended that a looser total emission control target for COD is necessary to increase its feasibility and availability while maintaining the status quo of NH 4 –N. Consequently, from uncertainty analysis, this research recognizes the sensitive products, techniques, and technologies affecting industrial water pollution.

Waste management in construction is critical for the sustainable treatment of building-related construction and demolition (C&D) waste materials, and recycling of these wastes has been considered as one of the best strategies in minimization of C&D debris. However, recycling of C&D materials may not always be a feasible strategy for every waste type and therefore recycling and other waste treatment strategies should be supported by robust decision-making models. With the aim of assessing the net carbon, energy, and water footprints of C&D recycling and other waste management alternatives, a comprehensive economic input–output-based hybrid life-cycle assessment model is developed by tracing all of the economy-wide supply-chain impacts of three waste management strategies: recycling, landfilling, and incineration. Analysis results showed that only the recycling of construction materials provided positive environmental footprint savings in terms of carbon, energy, and water footprints. Incineration is a better option as a secondary strategy after recycling for water and energy footprint categories, whereas landfilling is found to be as slightly better strategy when carbon footprint is considered as the main focus of comparison. In terms of construction materials’ environmental footprint, nonferrous metals are found to have a significant environmental footprint reduction potential if recycled.

Eleven million tonnes of waste are produced yearly by the European pulp and paper industry, of which 70% originates from the production of deinked recycled paper. Wastes are very diverse in composition and consist of rejects, different types of sludges and ashes in mills having on-site incineration treatment. The production of pulp and paper from virgin pulp generates less waste but the waste has similar properties to waste from the production of deinked pulp, although with less inorganics. Due to legislation and increased taxes, landfills are quickly being eliminated as a final destination for wastes in Europe, and incineration with energy recovery is becoming the main waste recovery method. Other options such as pyrolysis, gasification, land spreading, composting and reuse as building material are being applied, although research is still needed for optimization of the processes. Due to the large volumes of waste generated, the high moisture content of the waste and the changing waste composition as a result of process conditions, recovery methods are usually expensive and their environmental impact is still uncertain. For this reason, it is necessary to continue research on different applications of wastes, while taking into account the environmental and economic factors of these waste treatments.

This study uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to assess the environmental profiles and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for bioethanol production from waste papers and to compare them with the alternative waste management options of recycling or incineration with energy recovery. Bioethanol production scenarios both with and without pre-treatments were conducted. It was found that an oxidative lime pre-treatment reduced GHG emissions and overall environmental burdens for a newspaper-to-bioethanol process whereas a dilute acid pre-treatment raised GHG emissions and overall environmental impacts for an office paper-to-bioethanol process. In the comparison of bioethanol production systems with alternative management of waste papers by different technologies, it was found that the environmental profiles of each system vary significantly and this variation affects the outcomes of the specific comparisons made. Overall, a number of configurations of bioethanol production from waste papers offer environmentally favourable or neutral profiles when compared with recycling or incineration.

The waste hierarchy is being widely discussed these days, not only by cost-benefit analysts, but a growing number of life cycle assessments (LCA) have also begun to question it. In this article, we investigate the handling of waste paper in Denmark and compare the present situation with scenarios of more waste being recycled, incinerated or consigned to landfill. The investigations are made in accordance with ISO 14040-43 and based on the newly launched methodology of consequential LCA and following the recent guidelines of the European Centre on Waste and Material Flows. The LCA concerns the Danish consumption of paper in 1999, totalling 1.2 million tons. The results of the investigation indicate that the waste hierarchy is reliable; from an environmental point of view recycling of paper is better than incineration and landfilling. For incineration, the reason for the advantage of landfilling mainly comes from the substitution of fossil fuels, when incinerators provide heat and electricity. For recycling, the advantage is related to the saved wood resources, which can be used for generating energy from wood, i.e., from renewable fuel which does not contribute to global warming.

This paper describes the development of the Waste Analysis Software Tool for Environmental Decisions (WASTED) model. This model provides a comprehensive view of the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste management systems. The model consists of a number of separate submodels that describe a typical waste management process: waste collection, material recovery, composting, energy recovery from waste and landfilling. These submodels are combined to represent a complete waste management system. WASTED uses compensatory systems to account for the avoided environmental impacts derived from energy recovery and material recycling. The model is designed to provide solid waste decision-makers and environmental researchers with a tool to evaluate waste management plans and to improve the environmental performance of solid waste management strategies. The model is user-friendly and compares favourably with other earlier models.

oz SEKA BALIKESİR KAĞIT HAMURU VE KAĞIT FABRİKASINDA TEMİZ ÜRETİM FIRSATLARININ İNCELENMESİ ÇALIŞMASI Avşar, Emre Yüksek Lisans, Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer Kasım 2001, 176 Sayfa Bu araştırmada, bir kağıt hamuru ve kağıt entegre üretim tesisindeki temiz üretim fırsatları çalışılmıştır. Temiz Üretim, Temiz Üretimin ne olduğu, ne kazandırdığı ve nasıl kullanıldığını açıklamak için incelenmiştir. Üretim kademelerinin, hammadde kullanımlarının ve atık kaynaklarının belirlenebilmesi için kağıt hamuru ye kağıt üretiminin genel hatları çalışılmıştır. SEKA Balıkesir Kağıt Hamuru ve Kağıt Fabrikasında Temiz Üretim Fırsatları İncelemesi yapmak üzere bir metodoloji geliştirilmiştir. Sisteme net hammadde ve su girdileri bulunmuştur. Tesisin endüstriyel performansları sonraki çalışmalara temel oluşturması için benzer sistemlerle çalışan kağıt hamuru ve kağıt fabrikaları için önerilen ve uygulanan Endüstriyel Performans Göstergeleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Tüm mevcut ve potansiyel atıklar belirlenmiştir. Sistemin tüm girdi ve çıktı bilgileri derlenmiştir. Uygulanabilir atık azaltım seçenekleri belirlenmiştir. Fabrikanınüretim verimliliğini arttırmak için atık azaltım seçeneklerinin faydalan analiz edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler : Temiz Üretim, Atık Azaltımı, Kağıt hamuru ve Kağıt VI ABSTRACT CLEANER PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT STUDY IN SEKA BALIKESİR PULP AND PAPER MILL Avşar, Emre M.S., Department of Environmental Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer November 2001, 176 pages In this study, possible cleaner production opportunities for an integrated pulp and paper mill were studied. Cleaner Production concept was analyzed to explain what Cleaner Production is, what it achieves, and how can it be applied. General outlines of pulp and paper production was also studied in order to investigate production steps, raw material usage, and sources of wastes in this industry. A methodology was developed for carrying out the Cleaner Production Opportunity Assessment in SEKA Balıkesir Pulp and Paper Mill. The net inputs of raw materials and water to the process were established. All actual and potential wastes were quantified. Information covering process inputs and process outputs were assembled. Industrial performances of the mill were compared to Industrial Performance Indicators recommended and adopted for integrated pulp and paper mills, which are running similar processes to form a baseline for future studies. IllWaste reduction options, which could be implemented, were identified. Benefits of the identified waste reduction options were analyzed for increasing the production efficiency and achieving target raw effluent pollution loads of the mill. Keywords: Cleaner Production, Waste Reduction, Pulp and Paper 176

Future limitations on the availability of selected resources stress the need for increased material efficiency. In addition, in a climate-constrained world the impact of resource use on greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized. Waste management is key to achieve sustainable resource management. Ways to use resources more efficiently include prevention of waste, reuse of products and materials, and recycling of materials, while incineration and anaerobic digestion may recover part of the embodied energy of materials. This study used iWaste, a simulation model, to investigate the extent to which savings in energy consumption and CO2emissions can be achieved in the Netherlands through recycling of waste streams versus waste incineration, and to assess the extent to which this potential is reflected in the LAP2 (currently initiated policy). Three waste streams (i.e. household waste, bulky household waste, and construction and demolition waste) and three scenarios compare current policy to scenarios that focus on high-quality recycling (Recycling+) or incineration with increased efficiency (Incineration+). The results show that aiming for more and high-quality recycling can result in emission reductions of 2.3 MtCO2annually in the Netherlands compared to the reference situation in 2008. The main contributors to this reduction potential are found in optimizing the recycling of plastics (PET, PE and PP), textiles, paper, and organic waste. A scenario assuming a higher energy conversion efficiency of the incinerator treating the residual waste stream, achieves an emission reduction equivalent to only one third (0.7 MtCO2/year) of the reduction achieved in the Recycling+ scenario. Furthermore, the results of the study show that currently initiated policy only partially realizes the full potential identified. A focus on highest quality use of recovered materials is essential to realize the full potential energy and CO2emission reduction identified for the Netherlands. Detailed economic and technical analyses of high quality recycling are recommended to further evaluate viable integrated waste management policies. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.