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Nowadays, air transport is the most modern and the most dynamically developing branch of transport. This intensive development of air transport causes the continuous increase in emissions of pollutants, mainly greenhouse gases, leading to the deepening of the greenhouse effect, which in turn leads to irreversible global climate change. In order to optimize air communication and make it even more economical and environmentally friendly, such activities as e.g. SESAR project are undertaken. One of the parts of this project is the research on minimizing fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants in jet engine exhausts. The paper presents a developed model of emission and main pollutants (NOx, CO, HC and CO2) in the exhausts of jet engines of a passenger aircraft during a cruise phase. Applying simple optimization tools, such as e.g. the Dijkstra's algorithm, this model was verified by the optimization of a trajectory of a jet aircraft in a cruise phase on an exemplary route in terms of minimizing emission of selected harmful compounds in jet engines exhausts. To meet the aim of the research, it was necessary to develop a computer program that determines a two-dimensional grid graph, assigns its appropriate weights to its edges and passing along these edges, determines the optimal trajectory of a given flight between two indicated start and end vertices. The developed research methodology is universal and can be applied for any jet passenger aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Forecasts of energy demand, the fuel mix meeting that demand and the associated emissions are a key requirement for informed energy planning and policy decisions to ensure energy security and address climate change. While there have been many studies on China focusing on the short and medium term (to 2020 and 2050) there is little in the literature focusing on the long term (to 2100). This paper seeks to address those gaps on sectoral energy demands and emissions on long term by following a two-stage approach. It develops key energy indicators on useful energy demand, transport mobility and end use fuel demand for various sectors. The main drivers of these indicators are socio-economic parameters. The indicators are used to project energy service demands and emissions forward for China in TIMES G5 model at least cost approach. The results from this reference scenario suggest that China will require approximately 4 Gtoe of primary energy, by the end of the 21st century to deliver 3 Gtoe final energy consumption, 10 PWh of electricity generation, 1.3 Gtoe of energy imports, which will results in 10 Gt CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]