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Climate change and human migration are the key focus of scientific attention in developing countries to achieve sustainable development. Exploring the interaction between the two is informative about understanding the law of human migration, and grasping the trend of climate change, to achieve environmentally sustainable development. In recent years, a large number of studies and discussions about "climate migration", and "environmental refugees" were launched. However, most researchers focus on the relationship between climate change and human migration, and few researchers have noticed and discussed the impact of human migration on climate change. There is still a lack of interpretation of the relationship between the two. In order to make up for the shortcomings of existing studies, this paper takes Ningxia immigrants of China as an example, uses PEST model analysis, considers the four dimensions of Political, Economic, Social, and Technological as judgment criteria, and explains the impact of the bidirectional force between climate change and human migration on the external environment. Further explore how climate change impacts human migration through spatial analysis, and mapping using ENVI and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tool. The findings of this are; (i) climate change and human migration interact with each other but do not have a direct effect, and the external environment is an important intermediate factor, (ii) climate change does not directly affect human migration, but forms a push for it through its impact on the external environment of the origin place, and at the same time, combined with the pull effect of the place of destination, and helps in smoothing this process, (iii) human migration does not directly affect climate change, but only creates operational space for capital and technology investment, and (iv) climate change and human migration interact through intermediate factors in the external environment, hence the need to strengthen cross-sectoral cooperation in different regions is of prime concern to promote environmentally sustainable social development. • Climate change and human migration become the key focus of scientific attention. • The concept of 'migration as adaptation' needs revisiting. • PEST model used to explain the impact of bidirectional force on external environment. • Migration, Climate change, and urban landscape are interrelated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mu Us dune field is one of China's four major dune fields, which are ecologically vulnerable areas of northwest semiarid land across Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia, also very sensitive to the global temperature rise and environmental changes. This paper uses data on the temperature, precipitation, and precipitable water vapor (PWV) in the Mu Us dune field and its surrounding areas to analyze and discuss the time series and spatial distribution characteristics of these three factors in this area. The results of the study show that, in recent years, the trend of temperature increase in the Mu Us dune field has been higher than the average level in China, but this trend has gradually subsided since 2000. The spatial distribution of temperature presents an obvious characteristic of gradual increase from north to south and is affected by latitude, altitude, and topography. The annual cumulative precipitation of the Mu Us dune field is lower than the average level in China. However, in recent years, the rate of the increase in precipitation in this area has been significantly higher than that of the average rate of increase in China. The eastern part of the dune field has the most precipitation, which gradually decreases to the west. The spatial distribution of precipitation is greatly affected by monsoon factors in the region and the distribution of rivers. In the research field, PWV has been rising in recent years, which is greatly related to the increase of vegetation coverage in this region. This demonstrates that the Mu Us dune field has experienced a "warmer and wetter" trend in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]