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Nowadays, the methodology aiming to achieve carbon neutrality and net zero energy on a large scale is known. Despite this, few specialists are mastering this technology globally. What new scenarios. applied at the neighbourhood scale. generate a significant reduction in the rate of CO2 emissions and energy demand? In addition, a lack of massive, regular, and consistent data on carbon emissions and energy consumption has made it significantly difficult to understand the origins of climate change at the building and neighbourhood scales. This work has, as its main goal, the assessment of different strategies that facilitate reduction in the concentration of CO2 and lower energy demands at the district level. The life cycle assessment of a new district has been carried out over 100 years during the four stages of the life cycle of the neighbourhood (construction, operation, demolition and end of life). The results showed that up to 93% of greenhouse gas (GHG) was produced during the operational stage. The energy demand due to transport and waste management represented 60% of the total energy demand of the district during the operational stage. There is still a possibility to maintain air temperature growth around 1.5 °C in the next decade by means of the following: Global warming + 100% of heavy renovation of all buildings + 100% of electric car − renewable energy. This strategy would facilitate a reduction of over 92% of the CO2 produced at the district level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • 34.6–50.2% increase in cooling energy demand by 2060. • Set around of 0.05 m, the thermal insulation thickness has a significant effect. • Energy consumption depends on the building type. Abstract This research was conducted in order to assess the impact that climate change has on the demands for heating and cooling energy in hospitals in six cities located in six countries in the Indian Ocean region. Three scenarios (B1, A1B, and A2) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were applied in the undertaking of this work. The hourly outdoor data relating to air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, radiation, and atmospheric pressure recorded over the last 30 years were used as inputs by Meteonorm software to enable the forecasting. The averages obtained in all the 18 models used in the IPCC report 2007 were included in the Meteonorm software and applied for assessing the future climate. The Energy-Plus software was used for assessing the thermal performance of hospitals under natural ventilation, then the energy demand during five periods (past, current, 2030, 2060, and 2090). Thermal insulation was utilized as a passive strategy for reducing cooling and heating energy consumption in the hospitals. Results showed that the use of an envelope of thermal insulation in hospitals was one of the solutions that allowed a reduction in the energy consumption for cooling and heating while increasing the thermal comfort within the hospital. Moreover, by 2090, the ventilation system was recommended in all these hospitals for improving the quality of indoor air, since the heat rate was very high. In the cases of the six islands in the Indian Ocean, each of them represented by one city, the annual energy demand for cooling will increase between 17.1 and 25.4% by 2030; 34.6 and 50.2% by 2060; and 60.8 and 95.1% by 2090. With the use of passive design as a strategy, the annual mean thermal performance of hospitals is predicted to increase to 184% by 2060, while 40% of the cost of cooling energy will be saved. Despite this, the outdoor climate will be 5% harsher in Victoria than in other cities by the year 2090. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change continues to remain the main concern of all nations, and the adverse effects of this problem are enormous. This research was aimed to study the variation of outdoor climate in some regions of Madagascar, and also the assessment of impacts and vulnerabilities related to global warming. Toward this end, the daily data relating to the last 44 years have been studied. A first analyse has been carried out with several GCMs models, and scenarios(A2, A1B and B1), then RCM models associated to Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) scenarios(RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP 6.0 and RCP 8.5). Chi-square Pearson tests and probabilities have been assessed to compare observed values and generated values. A significant values showed(P < 0.05). Finally, INCM3 model and A2 scenario showing an important correlation coefficient Pearson was used to carried out the forecasting in many cities in Madagascar.The results that were obtained show that temperature evolves more rapidly in the dry season than in the rainy season in these regions. An increase of more than 2 °C will be observed over the next decade. From 1990–2015, the degree of heat enhancement and multiple flooding resulted in the fall in farm production of more than 50%. In 1971, only two of cholera were registered in all the country. This number has increased up to 29,305 in 2000. In some areas, rice production had dropped by 75% between 2012 and 2014. Moreover, 3000 people were affected by “storms” between 1981 and 1989. The dry season was prolonged in recent years in areas with humid climate, and the degree of humidity decreased to 10% in the hot tropical climate. The prevalence of malnutrition increased conditions of vulnerability on every front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foremost role of a building is to assure the comfort of its occupants. The thermal comfort of a building depends on the outdoor climate and requires a demand in energy for heating and cooling. In this paper, demand of energy (heating/cooling) in the buildings is discussed in Douala, Cameroon. Daily data of the last 40 years coming from five weather stations of Cameroon have been studied. Some forecasts have been carried out with 14 GCM models, associated to three future climate scenarios B1, A2, and A1B. However, only INCM3 of General Circulation Model (GCM) and A2 scenario was used. Energy demand in buildings is valued by HDD (heating degree day) and CDD (cooling degree day) indices. Obtained results show that the temperature evolves more quickly in dry season than in rainy season in Douala. Climate rise indicates an increasing demand of energy in the buildings for cooling. Global Douala heating shows a definite effect on outdoor comfort. From 2045 to 2075, the demand of energy for cooling will be superior to 50%. The total demand in energy for heating in the buildings is estimated to be 67.882 kcal from 1970 to 2000 and will be around 67.774 kcal from 2013 to 2043. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to create a thermal comfort database in three climatic regions in Cameroon. This will help to define guidelines for constructing more comfortable buildings in Cameroon. There is not enough data regarding comfort in residential environment in the intertropical sub Saharan Africa. Thus experimental and subjective results of hygrometric thermal comfort conducted in 290 buildings located in three cities of the equatorial climatic zone of Cameroon is presented. An adaptive approach according to ASHRAE 55/2004, ISO 7730 and 10551 was adopted. A specific questionnaire has been elaborated for the investigation. 710 questionnaires in the dry season and 410 in the rainy season were distributed to inhabitants and filled while different experimental values of indoor parameters were measured. The comfortable temperature ranges for the three cities was found between 22 °C and 29 °C. The 61.24% of voters found acceptable their thermal habitat, the 13.72% considered it neutral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aware of the strong population growth expected in the coming years in cities, it is imperative to evaluate the impact of this new concentration on the environment, health and power consumption. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most appropriate method to quantify these different impacts. The aim of this study is to carry out the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) in two sustainable and old neighbourhoods located in Belgium, while comparing different environmental impacts; but also, to determine the most important source of environmental change at the neighbourhood scale. This study begins with a strong review on LCA in residence buildings and neighbourhoods since 1996 up to 2018.Then followed by the assessment and comparison of the climate variation in six different periods (past, current, 2020,2050,2080 and 2100).In the same line, three scenarios (A2, B1 and A1B)were associated to several models of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We have combined three simulation tools, such as ALCYONE, COMFIE-PLEIADES and nova-EQUER. The main results showed the twelve environmental impacts studied in this research that does not always evolve in the same way. Indeed, it was noticed that the CO2 emissions were up to 36.6% higher in an old neighbourhood than in a sustainable one; while the energy demand was estimated at 62.6% and 37.4% in an old and a sustainable one, respectively. Good planning of the public space will play an important role to reduce in average up to 15% the eutrophication in both neighbourhoods. Globally, the renovation of residential buildings is very important, indeed, it allows mitigate in average up to 30% of environment impacts in both neighbourhoods. • The first research on LCA in old and sustainable neighbourhoods is showed. • Eleven of the environment impacts were more important in the old neighbourhood. • The exploitation phase showed the highest GHG emissions and energy consumption. • The renovation of buildings mitigate up to 30% of impacts in both neighbourhoods. • The CO 2 emissions were up to 36.6% higher in an old neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]