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1. Transdisciplinary innovation in irrigated smallholder agriculture in africa

Author

Serge Marlet, Salia Hanafi, Philippe Ker Rault, Tarek Ajmi, Bandiougou Diawara, Yacouba M. Coulibaly, Jochen Froebrich, Elijah Phiri, Aleksandra Dolinska, Nathaniel Mason, Cai Xueliang, Benson H. Chishala, Christy van Beek, Beatrice Mosello, Insaf Mekki, Joris de Vente, Mohammed Dicko, Constansia D Musvoto, Sebastião Famba, Willem de Clercq, Eva Ludi, Nebo Jovanovic, Naomi Oates, Maite Sánchez Reparaz, Andrei Rozanov, Solomon Habtu, Sami Bouarfa, Chizumba Shepande, Angel De Miguel Garcia, Bréhima Tangara, Teklu Erkossa, Abdelaziz Zairi, Kees van't Klooster, Maria Roble, Sékou Bah, Hanneke Heesmans, Dominique Rollin, Haithem Bahri, Julia Harper, Jean Emmanuel Rougier, Ludivine Pradeleix, Rami Albasha, Bruno Cheviron, Marlene de Witt, Jean Claude Mailhol, Gonzalo G. Barberá, Degol Fissahaye, Alice M. Mweetwa, Erik Querner, Raphaëlle Ducrot, Jean-Yves Jamin, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Overseas Development Institute, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research [Pretoria] (CSIR), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural Eaux et Forêts (INRGREF), Ecole Nationale du Génie Rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF)-Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles [Tunis] (IRESA), Centro de Edafologia y Biologia aplicada del Segura (CEBAS - CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Zambia [Lusaka] (UNZA), Stellenbosch University, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications - INRS (EMT-INRS), Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique [Québec] (INRS)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), INSTITUT D'ECONOMIE RURALE BAMAKO MLI, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Lisode, Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), German International Cooperation, NUNIVERSIDADE EDUARDO MONDLANE MAPUTO MOZ, Mekelle University, Adelphi, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Technical University of Cartagena (UPTC), IER Niono, Mali, Institut d'Economie Rurale du Mali - CRRA Niono (IER - Niono), IER-IER, Cebas-Csic, International Water Management Institute [CGIAR, Sri Lanka] (IWMI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Institute for Water Education (IHE Delft ), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Columbia University [New York], Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena / Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), National funding organizations, especially in Ethiopia, Mozambique, South Africa, Mali and Tunisia, to co-finance staff, infrastructure and activities., European Project: 265471,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-AFRICA-2010,EAU4FOOD(2011), and European Project: 688320,H2020,H2020-WATER-2015-two-stage,MADFORWATER(2016)

Subjects
F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, 0208 environmental biotechnology, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Water en Voedsel, 02 engineering and technology, Commission, irrigation, recherche participative, Research process, Engineering, smallholder farming, F06 - Irrigation, Environmental planning, 2. Zero hunger, Food security, E90 - Structure agraire, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, transdisciplinary approach, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, PE&RC, Water resource management, Drainage, agriculture familiale, Exploitation agricole familiale, Soil Science, Time frame, transdisciplinary approach, participatory innovation, smallholder farming, irrigation, approche transdisciplinaire, innovation participative, petites exploitations agricoles, irrigation, Recherche sur les systèmes agraires, 12. Responsible consumption, Farm level, Innovation, WIMEK, Water and Food, business.industry, 020801 environmental engineering, smallholder farming, irrigation, Climate Resilience, participatory innovation, Klimaatbestendigheid, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

SI; International audience; Boosting the productivity of smallholder farming systems continues to be a major need in Africa. Challenges relating to how to improve irrigation are multi‐factor and multisectoral, and they involve a broad range of actors who must interact to reach decisions collectively. We provide a systematic reflection on findings from the research project EAU4Food, which adopted a transdisciplinary approach to irrigation for food security research in five case studies in Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique, South Africa and Tunisia. The EAU4Food experiences emphasize that actual innovation at irrigated smallholder farm level remains limited without sufficient improvement of the enabling environment and taking note of the wider political economy environment. Most project partners felt at the end of the project that the transdisciplinary approach has indeed enriched the research process by providing different and multiple insights from actors outside the academic field. Local capacity to facilitate transdisciplinary research and engagement with practitioners was developed and could support the continuation and scaling up of the approach. Future projects may benefit from a longer time frame to allow for deeper exchange of lessons learned among different stakeholders and a dedicated effort to analyse possible improvements of the enabling environment from the beginning of the research process. © 2020 The Authors. Irrigation and Drainage published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage

Published
2020
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2. Applying a transdisciplinary process to define a research agenda in a smallholder irrigated farming system in South Africa

Author

Nathaniel Mason, Mpho Nemakhavhani, Jochen Froebrich, Constansia D Musvoto, Nebo Jovanovic, Themba Khabe, and Jane Tshovhote

Subjects
Knowledge management, Problem framing, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Process (engineering), media_common.quotation_subject, Community of Practice, Water en Voedsel, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Participation matrix, Community of practice, Resource (project management), Originality, Political science, Stakeholder, Active and passive participation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, WIMEK, Water and Food, business.industry, Learning and Practice Alliance, Citizen journalism, Private sector, Climate Resilience, Alliance, Klimaatbestendigheid, Animal Science and Zoology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

Defining an agenda is critical to a research process, and a transdisciplinary approach is expected to improve relevance of an agenda and resultant research outputs. Given the complexity of farming systems, farmer differences and the involvement of different stakeholders, as well as the expectations of research funders, what contributions can be made by different interest groups to the construction of an actionable research agenda that produces locally relevant yet original, empirical and transferable findings? In a case study of smallholder irrigation in South Africa, we analyze how, using a transdisciplinary approach, a balance can be struck between the priorities of different stakeholders in defining a research agenda. A transdisciplinary approach was interpreted to entail full participation of diverse stakeholders and integration of different issues as key features. Stakeholder participation was mediated through formal platforms: the Learning and Practice Alliance (LPA) and the Community of Practice (CoP). Farmers and local extension workers participated through the CoP, while other stakeholders, including the public and private sector participated through the LPA. A five step participatory process aimed at allowing stakeholders to fully understand issues, contribute to and validate the research agenda was followed, utilizing a combination of methods, including field observation, photography and discussion. We observed that farmer and researcher participation occurred along two main continua, which we define as a ‘participation matrix’ – one continuum relating to the contribution of knowledge and information, and the other to decision making. The participation matrix can be used as a reference framework for guiding the transdisciplinary definition of research agendas, to aid in balancing knowledge and priorities including local relevance, ownership, originality, and transferability of findings. We argue that the transdisciplinary process, mediated through structured stakeholder participation, open dialogue and continual validation by all stakeholders was time and resource intensive, but enabled each stakeholder group to contribute to the process distinctly, resulting in a research agenda that integrated different needs and expectations.

Published
2015

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