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Background Military personnel are at a heightened risk of being exposed to potentially traumatic incidents in the line of duty. Evidence would suggest that the risk of developing psychological trauma and/or PTSD after a traumatic event is predicted by the interaction of pre-trauma, peri-trauma and post-trauma risk and protective factors. Objective This research will explore military personnels' experience of potentially traumatic events while deployed. In particular, the research aims to gain an understanding of both protective and risk factors which influence personnels' experience of potentially traumatic events. Method One to one, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 members of the Irish Defence Forces. We conducted a thematic analysis in line with the recommendations provided by Braun & Clarke 2006. Results There was a wide variety of potentially traumatic events experienced by participants, ranging from stressful naval migrant rescues to armed standoffs. Aside from more pointed events, chronic stress was reported to negatively affect personal resilience while factors such as positive mindset and a belief in the mission had a galvanizing effect. Both the family back home and the "military family" were reported to provide sources of comfort and support, while at times being a source of significant stress. The organisational context of the military, including training and formal psychological supports was viewed with mixed opinions by our participants. Conclusions The findings of this research illuminate the unique stress and strains faced by Irish military personnel at pre, peri and post deployment. The results highlight the need for effective predeployment resilience building programmes to equip personnel with the tools to deal with traumatic events. This foundational work provides the basis for further research into the military peacekeeper and humanitarian domain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common problem for veterans. Resilience, the tendency to bounce back from difficult circumstances, is negatively associated with posttraumatic cognitions (PTCs) among individuals with a history of trauma, and it may be important to understand responses to trauma reminders. Method Using a quasi-experimental design, we examined the association between trait resilience and state PTCs in veterans with PTSD (n = 47, Mage = 48.60, 91.8% male) at two points: following a written trauma narrative exposure (Time 1 [T1]), and following a subsequent positive distraction task (i.e., brief, positive video; Time 2 [T2]). Results After controlling for PTSD symptom severity and combat exposure, resilience was negatively associated with PTCs at T1 (ΔR2 = .19) and T2 (ΔR2 = .13). However, resilience was a poor predictor of change in PTCs from T1 to T2. We also examined the relationship between resilience and subtypes of PTCs: resilience was associated with negative views of the self (T1, ΔR2 = .24) but not negative views of the world or self-blame (T1, ΔR2s ≤ .07); these results were consistent at T2. Conclusions Thus, resilience may attenuate negative trauma-related cognitions after trauma recall; however, this study was not designed to test causal pathways. Future research could examine whether resilience-building exercises reduce negative PTCs after trauma reminders among veterans. Additional research is needed to generalize to other trauma-exposed populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Trauma exposure has been repeatedly linked to psychophysiological threat reactivity, although the directionality of this association has been inconsistent. Several factors likely contribute to inconsistent findings including type of trauma and threat paradigm. The present study therefore examined the impact of trauma type on psychophysiological reactivity to predictable (P-) and unpredictable (U-) threat in young adults (N = 112). Participants were classified into three groups: history of interpersonal or noninterpersonal trauma, or no history of trauma. Startle eyeblink potentiation was recorded during a well-validated threat-of-shock paradigm. Results indicated individuals with interpersonal trauma exposure displayed exaggerated startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. In contrast, individuals with noninterpersonal trauma exhibited blunted startle reactivity to U-threat (only) compared with both other groups. Findings reveal that trauma and threat type influence threat reactivity and that those with a history of interpersonal trauma may uniquely display exaggerated sensitivity to stressors that are uncertain.

The article considers a new diagnostic category — complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), introduced into the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Differences in the mechanism of influence of situational and prolonged trauma are analyzed. CPTSD diagnostic criteria are compared to PTSD and BPD (borderline personality disorder) symptoms. The term “disturbances in self-organi¬zation” is analyzed, which explains the main mechanism of the impact of complex trauma and includes emotional dysregulation, disturbances in self-perception and relationships. Psychotherapeutic approaches developed for PTSD were shown to be insufficient for the treatment of CPTSD. The article reviews an approach to CPSTD therapy based on the consensus of experts in the field of post-traumatic stress and its possible limitations are discussed. “Component based psychotherapy” — another approach to CPTSD therapy — is described. Specific features of psychotherapy for complex trauma are discussed.

Chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur, and research suggests that these 2 conditions exacerbate one another producing greater impact on normal functioning in combination than separately. The influence of traumatic experiences on both pain and PTSD has been shown, but the nature of this interplay remains unclear. Although Criterion A trauma is required for the diagnosis of PTSD, whether the association between PTSD and chronic pain is dependent on Criterion A is underexplored. In this observational cohort study, we examined the association between pain and PTSD-like symptoms in the context of Criterion A trauma in 5,791 men from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Correlations and mixed-effects regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version symptoms and multiple indicators of pain from the Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire across trauma history and chronic pain conditions. 53.21% of the participants experienced trauma consistent with DSM-IV Criterion A for PTSD. The associations between pain indicators and PTSD-like symptoms was stronger for individuals with a history of trauma but remained robust for individuals without trauma history. Small but significant interactions between past trauma and pain indicators and PTSD-like symptoms were observed. Findings were similar in a subsample of participants with history of chronic pain conditions. The relationship between PTSD-like symptoms and indicators of pain were largely independent of trauma consistent with Criterion A, highlighting the need to better understand and address stressful life events in chronic pain patients and pain concerns in individuals reporting trauma. Perspective This article demonstrates that the relationship between PTSD-like symptoms and indicators of pain is largely independent of trauma consistent with Criterion A. This finding highlights the need to better understand and address stressful life events in chronic pain patients and pain concerns in individuals reporting trauma.

OBJECTIVE Embitterment can occur as a reaction to unjust life events which damage the person's life values. It can lead to impairment of work ability and participation in life generally. Methods to reduce embitterment have been developed and tested in clinical samples. Perspective-change is a core method which can be trained in order to get distance from a hurting event and reduce embitterment. METHOD This experimental study investigates whether perspective-change can be used as a 1-shot mini-intervention to reduce subclinical embitterment. People (N = 155) from the general population completed the experiment. They were first asked about their life values, whether they had experienced and were still affected by a hurting event, and their degree of embitterment. Then a fictive unjust situation (downgrading at work) was presented, and the person was asked to project his or her thoughts into the described situation. Randomly, one half of the participants were given instructions for a perspective change in order to relativize the meaning of the hurting event. Degree of embitterment was again assessed after exposure to the fictive situation. RESULTS Embitterment was not significantly reduced after in comparison to before the fictive situation. There were no differences between the group that received instructions for perspective-change and the group which did not. CONCLUSION An ultrashort intervention by means of exposure to a fictive unjust situation and perspective-change did not result in the reduction of individual embitterment. Relevant reduction of individual embitterment may require exposure to the own individual unjust event, and several or repeated trainings of perspective-change. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The COVID-19 is a “unique” stressor, which can produce physical and psychological trauma. Coping styles can buffer this psychological impact. Consequently, this paper aims to psychometrically adapt the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) to Spanish and examines the relationships between FCV-19S, stress response, and coping strategies. The sample comprised a convenience sample of 1146 participants (12–83 years), 880 from Spain (76.8%), and 266 from Dominican Republic (23.2%). Overall, the findings support a one-factor structure for FCV-19S, consisting of 7-items, and was invariant across age, sex, occupational status, and cross-national. Therefore, indicating evidences of construct validity. Evidences of reliability were also observed (Cronbach’s α = .86, McDonald’s ω = .86, Guttmann’s λ6 = .86, greatest lower bound = .91, composite reliability = .85, and average variance extracted = .44). Moreover, as regards criterion-related validity, the mediation analysis indicated that the relationship between FCV-19S and acute stress was positive and high, with maladaptive coping styles mediating the relationship, and with a stronger mediation for men. The findings give evidences of the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of FCV-19S among Spanish-speaker participants, which provides the chance of cross-cultural studies.

BackgroundUnderstanding the interplay between trauma-related psychological mechanisms and psychotic symptoms may improve the effectiveness of interventions for post-traumatic stress reactions in psychosis. Network theory assumes that mental health problems persist not because of a common latent variable, but from dynamic feedback loops between symptoms, thereby addressing the heterogeneous and overlapping nature of traumagenic and psychotic diagnoses. This is a proof-of-concept study examining interactions between post-traumatic stress symptoms, which were hypothesized to reflect trauma-related psychological mechanisms, and auditory hallucinations and delusions.MethodBaseline data from two randomised controlled trials (N = 216) of trauma-focused therapy in people with post-traumatic stress symptoms (87.5% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD) and psychotic disorder were analysed. Reexperiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance, trauma-related beliefs, auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs were used to estimate a Gaussian graphical model along with expected node influence and predictability (proportion of explained variance).ResultsTrauma-related beliefs had the largest direct influence on the network and, together with hypervigilance, were implicated in the shortest paths from flashbacks to delusions and auditory hallucinations.ConclusionsThese findings are in contrast to previous research suggesting a central role for re-experiencing, emotional numbing and interpersonal avoidance in psychosis. Trauma-related beliefs were the psychological mechanism most associated with psychotic symptoms, although not all relevant mechanisms were measured. This work demonstrates that investigating multiple putative mediators may clarify which processes are most relevant to trauma-related psychosis. Further research should use network modelling to investigate how the spectrum of traumatic stress reactions play a role in psychotic symptoms.

Background: An individual history of traumatic experiences, including adverse childhood events (ACEs), has been consistently associated with higher rates of adverse substance use-related behaviors and consequences, including lifetime substance dependence, past-year substance use disorder (SUD), and past 30-day use of cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol among youth. In contrast, few studies have comprehensively examined the association between substance misuse and intergenerational trauma, characterized by the generational transmission of symptoms of trauma-related emotional distress. Thus, our protocol aims to outline the background rationale and methodology for a systematic review of the existing literature on the intergenerational trauma-substance misuse association and comprehensively assess research gaps related to protective factors, ongoing systematic stressors, and explanatory theories. Methods: The proposed study methodology is based on Preferred Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. A systematic literature search will use a combination of key words and MeSh terms and include multiple databases: Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and gray literature. Our eligibility criteria are defined according to the guidelines set forth by Cooke et al.’s (2012) SPIDER framework. Studies that fit the pre-specified eligibility criteria will be screened, assessed, and extracted independently by two reviewers, and a third reviewer will be consulted in cases of disagreement. Discussion: The present review will consolidate empirical literature exploring the relation between substance misuse and intergenerational transmission of trauma. Findings may inform the identification of resilience factors, development of strength-based interventions to disrupt the link between intergenerational trauma and substance misuse, and recommendations for future research focused on closing gaps within the literature.

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported co-occurring mental health consequences of psychological trauma exposure. The disorders have high genetic overlap. Trauma is a complex phenotype but research suggests that trauma sensitivity has a heritable basis. We investigated whether sensitivity to trauma in those with MDD reflects a similar genetic component in those with PTSD.MethodsGenetic correlations between PTSD and MDD in individuals reporting trauma and MDD in individuals not reporting trauma were estimated, as well as with recurrent MDD and single-episode MDD, using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Genetic correlations were replicated using PTSD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and the Million Veteran Program. Polygenic risk scores were generated in UK Biobank participants who met the criteria for lifetime MDD (N = 29 471). We investigated whether genetic loading for PTSD was associated with reporting trauma in these individuals.ResultsGenetic loading for PTSD was significantly associated with reporting trauma in individuals with MDD [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01–1.07), Empirical-p = 0.02]. PTSD was significantly more genetically correlated with recurrent MDD than with MDD in individuals not reporting trauma (rg differences = ~0.2, p < 0.008). Participants who had experienced recurrent MDD reported significantly higher rates of trauma than participants who had experienced single-episode MDD (χ2 > 166, p < 0.001)ConclusionsOur findings point towards the existence of genetic variants associated with trauma sensitivity that might be shared between PTSD and MDD, although replication with better powered GWAS is needed. Our findings corroborate previous research highlighting trauma exposure as a key risk factor for recurrent MDD.

The scope of this article is to summarize (a) what is known about the relationships between spirituality and trauma outcomes and (b) outline options for spiritually integrated trauma care. Research on relationships between spirituality and psychological trauma outcomes has advanced to the point that there is no doubt that interventions addressing spiritual distress can provide critically needed help to trauma survivors who want spiritually integrated care. There are now many options for providing spiritually integrated care for trauma, including both implicitly and explicitly spiritually integrated options, group and individual options, and options for chaplaincy and mental health providers. This review focused on spiritually integrated interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder that have at least one randomized controlled trial in the peer-reviewed literature. Eight interventions with that level of evidence are described with a review of clinical recommendations for their use.

Objective We hypothesized that, if childhood trauma is associated with schizotypal traits, schizotypal traits may mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and the earlier onset of panic disorder (PD). Methods A total of 86 patients (49 females, 37 males), with PD aged between 18 and 65 years, were evaluated using the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Results The mean age was 38.7 +/- 12.8 years (range = 19-65 years). Total scores of schizotypal traits (r = -0.41, p

Background: Refugee youth often face numerous adversities before and during forced migration. Although experiences vary across settings and subpopulations, common mental disorders are prevalent among refugee youth who are displaced in low- and middle-income countries. It is important to examine how risk factors are intricately linked and contribute to common mental health issues to inform clinical practice and social policy. Aims: This study aims to test the pathways from risk factors previously identified as determinants of Somali refugee youth mental health (i.e. trauma exposure, substance use, social functioning, aggression) to symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and somatic pains. Method: We collected survey data in 2013, using snowball sampling to recruit Somali refugee youth (15–35 years old) living in Eastleigh, Kenya. We ran three structural equation models to assess paths from trauma exposure to mental health symptoms, through psychosocial factors including substance use, aggression, and functional impairment. We first conducted this analysis with a mixed-gender sample ( N = 305) and then assessed gender differences by running one model for male participants ( n = 124) and another for female participants ( n = 181). Results: In the mixed-gender sample, trauma exposure directly predicted substance use and both directly and indirectly predicted aggression, functional impairment, and mental health symptoms. Substance use directly predicted aggression and functional impairment, and substance use both directly and indirectly predicted mental health symptoms. The split-gender models revealed gender differences, with only functional impairment directly predicting mental health symptoms in the male sample and with many significant direct and indirect pathways in the female sample. Conclusions: This study shows the role of trauma exposure, substance use, aggression, and social functioning in determining mental health outcomes among refugee youth and how CMD symptoms are differently manifested across genders in this population.

This essay discusses the relationship between film and psychological trauma from the perspective of the history of science. It examines how the psychological sciences were influenced by image technology, primarily after the two world wars. Taking a closer look at the development of film production and mental imagery experiments as cultural and scientific institutions, this essay examines the challenges psychologists began to face when the paradigm of the trauma film was established in the pursuit of positivist evidence informed by mechanical objectivity. Over the past century

In this paper I discuss Jungian psychological work of the trauma and loss experienced in reaction to COVID-19 with a man who represents a clinical composite. The issues of precarity, a concept used by the philosopher Judith Butler, are combined with the notions of lack and absence of French psychoanalyst André Green. The psychological and societal situation of precarity aroused the man's childhood issues that were long repressed. The loneliness, isolation and death from COVID-19 mirrored his personal and the collective responses to the disaster from this global pandemic. He felt on the edge of collapse as what he knew of his world crashed and he found himself unable to cope. The subsequent Jungian work taking place through the virtual computer screen was taxing and restorative simultaneously for both analyst and analysand.Dans cet article je discute le travail psychologique Jungien sur le traumatisme et la perte dont fait l’expérience un patient en réaction au COVID-19, patient qui représente un composite clinique. Les questions en lien avec la précarité, un concept utilisé par la philosophe Judith Butler, sont combinées avec les notions de manque et d’absence chez le psychanalyste français André Green. La situation psychologique et sociale de précarité a activé les problèmes de l’enfance de cet homme, réprimés depuis longtemps. La solitude, l’isolement et la mort liés au COVID-19 ont fait miroir avec ses réponses personnelles et les réponses collectives au désastre de cette pandémie globale. Il se sentit à la limite de l’effondrement alors que ce qu’il connaissait de son monde s’écroulait et il se trouva dans l’incapacité de faire face. Le travail Jungien qui s’ensuivit, au moyen de l’écran virtuel de l’ordinateur fut éprouvant et réparateur pour l’analysant et l’analyste simultanément.In diesem Artikel diskutiere ich die Jungianische psychologische Arbeit an Traumata und Verlusten, die als Reaktion auf COVID-19 eingetreten sind, mit einem Mann, der eine klinische Mischung verkörpert. Die Fragen der Unsicherheit (Prekaritaet), ein Konzept der Philosophin Judith Butler, werden mit den Vorstellungen von Mangel und Abwesenheit des französischen Psychoanalytikers André Green kombiniert. Die psychologische und gesellschaftliche Situation der Unsicherheit weckte die lange unterdrückten Kindheitsprobleme des Mannes. Die von COVID-19 verursachte Einsamkeit, die Isolation und der Tod spiegelten seine persönlichen und kollektiven Reaktionen auf die Katastrophe dieser globalen Pandemie wider. Er fühlte sich am Rande des Zusammenbruchs, als das, was er über seine Welt wußte, zusammenbrach und er sich unfähig fühlte, damit umzugehen. Die anschließende Jungianische Arbeit, die virtuell über den Computerbildschirm stattfand, war sowohl für den Analytiker als auch für den Analysanden gleichzeitig anstrengend und aufbauend.In questo articolo discuto il lavoro psicologico junghiano sul trauma e la perdita nell'esperienza del COVID-19 con un uomo che rappresenta un caso clinico composito. Il tema della precarietà, un concetto utilizzato dalla filosofa Judith Butler, è combinato con le nozioni di perdita e di assenza dello psicoanalista francese André Green. La situazione di precarietà psicologica e sociale ha risvegliato temi dell'infanzia del paziente che per lungo tempo erano stati repressi. La solitudine, l'isolamento e la morte per COVID-19 hanno risvegliato le sue risposte personali, come quelle collettive, alla pandemia globale. Il paziente si è sentito sull'orlo del baratro poiché il mondo che lui conosceva era crollato e lui si era ritrovato incapace di fare fronte alla distruzione. Il lavoro junghiano si è realizzato attraverso lo schermo del computer ed è stato gravoso, ma ha anche dato sollievo sia al paziente che all'analista.В этой статье я обсуждаю юнгианскую психологическую работу с травмой и утратой, пережитыми в связи с Ковид-19. Клиническим материалом послужила работа с мужчиной. Тема нестабильности - понятия, использованного философом Джудит Батлер, рассмотрена в сочетании с представлениями Андре Грина о дефиците и отсутствии. Психологическая и социальная ситуация нестабильности сегодняшнего дня подняла вытесненные проблемы, идущие из детства этого пациента. Одиночество, изоляция и смерть от коронавируса отобразили его личный и коллективный ответ на несчастье, вызванное пандемией. Он чувствовал себя на грани срыва, поскольку мир, каким он его знал, рухнул, и он не мог с этим справиться. Последовавшая юнгианская онлайн работа была одновременно утомительной и восстанавливающий как для аналитика, так и для анализанда.En el presente trabajo, describo el trabajo psicológico Junguiano, con un hombre que representa un compuesto clínico, acerca del trauma y la pérdida experimentada en reacción al COVID-19. Cuestiones de precariedad, un concepto utilizado por la filósofa Judith Butler, son combinadas con las nociones de falta y ausencia del psicoanalista francés André Green. La situación psicológica y social de precariedad activa temas infantiles del individuo, hasta entonces reprimidos. La soledad, aislamiento y muerte del COVID-19 espejó la suya personal y las respuestas colectivas al desastre de esta pandemia global. Él se encontró en el borde del colapso debido a que lo que él conocía del mundo se quebró, y se encontró imposibilitado de hacer algo con esto. El trabajo Junguiano subsiguiente que tuvo lugar a través de la pantalla virtual de la computadora fue arduo y restaurador simultáneamente para ambos, analista y analizando.文章讨论了对基于荣格心理流派, 对一位在新冠疫情中经历创伤和丧失的个案的工作, 这位个案是一个临床上的综合案例。关于动荡的话题, 来自哲学家Judith Butler 所提出的概念, 这一概念又融合了法国精神分析师André Green 关于匮乏的观念。动荡的心理与社会状况唤起了个体童年那些一直表现出来的议题。由新冠引发的孤独、隔离与死亡映射了面向全球疫情灾难所唤起的个体的与集体性的反应。他感到处于崩溃的边缘, 因为他感到他的世界要崩塌了, 而他没有能力应对。随之而来的透过虚拟的电脑屏幕进行的荣格式工作, 对于分析师和受分析者来说, 都是即繁重又滋养的。.

Fear and grief caused by the pandemic have produced a powerful unconscious narrative in the collective psyche that the coronavirus is driven by an innately evil, and possibly divine, force. The resulting archetypal dimension of fear causes an extra layer of psychological suffering in individuals. This paper discusses how and why this narrative was created and why it is so compelling by looking at 1) the myth-making nature of the human psyche, 2) the psychodynamics of fear that drive the narrative, 3) the properties of the coronavirus and the pandemic that activate negative poles of some archetypes, in particular, archetypes of evil, and 4) asking how analytical psychology can help ease psychological suffering caused by these negative narratives, where one possibility is to invoke the transcendent function. The author's personal experiences as both biochemist and analytical psychologist elucidate how the transcendent function can promote healing.La peur et la douleur causées par la pandémie ont produit un puissant récit inconscient dans la psyché collective, à savoir que le coronavirus est dirigé par une force intrinsèquement maléfique ou éventuellement divine. La dimension archétypale de peur qui en résulte produit une couche supplémentaire de douleur psychologique chez les individus. Cet article étudie comment et pourquoi ce récit est créé et pourquoi il est si convaincant. L’article procède en examinant 1) la nature de la psyché humaine qui tend à fabriquer des mythes, 2) les dynamiques psychanalytiques de la peur qui motivent le récit, 3) les propriétés du coronavirus et de la pandémie qui activent les pôles négatifs de certains archétypes, et en particulier l’archétype du mal, et 4) comment la psychologie analytique peut aider à soulager la douleur psychologique produite par ces récits négatifs. Une possibilité est d’invoquer la fonction transcendante. Les expériences personnelles de l’auteur à la fois en tant que biochimiste et en tant que psychologue analytique éclairent comment la fonction transcendante peut promouvoir la guérison.Angst und Trauer, die durch die Pandemie verursacht wurden, haben in der kollektiven Psyche ein starkes unbewußtes Narrativ hervorgebracht, in dem das Coronavirus von einer von Natur aus bösen und möglicherweise göttlichen Kraft angetrieben wird. Die daraus resultierende archetypische Dimension der Angst verursacht bei Einzelnen eine zusätzliche Ebene psychischen Leidens. In diesem Artikel wird erörtert, wie und warum dieses Narrativ entstanden und warum es so überzeugend ist wobei geschaut wird auf 1. die mythenproduzierende Natur der menschlichen Psyche, 2. die Psychodynamik der Angst, die das Narrativ antreibt, 3. die Eigenschaften des Coronavirus und die Pandemie, die negative Pole einiger Archetypen aktiviert, insbesondere Archetypen des Bösen und 4. Die Frage, wie die Analytische Psychologie dazu beitragen kann, das durch diese negativen Narrative verursachte psychologische Leiden zu lindern, wobei eine Möglichkeit darin besteht, die Transzendente Funktion zu aktivieren. Die persönlichen Erfahrungen des Autors als Biochemiker und analytischer Psychologe verdeutlichen, wie die Transzendente Funktion die Heilung fördern kann.La paura e il dolore causati dalla pandemia hanno prodotto una potente narrativa inconscia nella psiche collettiva, ossia che il Coronavirus sia guidato da una forza innatamente malvagia ed, eventualmente, divina. La dimensione archetipica risultante dalla paura provoca un substrato ulteriore di sofferenza psichica negli individui. Questo articolo discute come e perché questa narrativa sia stata creata e perché sia così avvincente, guardando a 1) la natura mitopoietica della psiche umana, 2) la psicodinamica della paura che guida la narrativa, 3) le proprietà del Coronavirus e della pandemia che attivano i poli negativi di alcuni archetipi, e 4) chiedendo come la psicologia analitica possa aiutare ad alleviare la sofferenza psicologica causata da queste narrazioni negative, in cui una possibilità è di invocare la funzione trascendente. Le esperienze personali dell’Autore sia come biochimico che come psicologo analitico elucidano su come la funzione trascendente possa promuovere la guarigione.Вызванные пандемией страх и горе создали мощный бессознательный нарратив в коллективной психике: коронавирусом движет врожденное зло, возможно, имеющее божественную природу. Вытекающий из этого архетипический уровень страха причиняет дополнительные страдания людям. В статье обсуждается: как и почему был создан этот нарратив, а также почему он так убедителен. Приводятся доводы, связанные с 1) мифотворческой натурой человеческой психики, 2) психодинамикой страха, который движет этим нарративом, 3) свойствами коронавируса и пандемии, которые активировали негативные полюса некоторых архетипов, в частности, архетипов зла. Автор также задается вопросом, как аналитическая психология может помочь облегчить психологическое страдание, вызванное этими негативными нарративами. Один из вариантов помощи - это пробуждение трансцендентной функции. Личный опыт автора как биохимика и аналитического психолога помогает понять, как трансцендентная функция способствует исцелению.El miedo y el dolor causado por la pandemia han producido una poderosa narrativa inconsciente en la psique colectiva, significando que el coronavirus es producido por una fuerza divina, innata del mal. La resultante dimensión arquetípica del miedo causa un estrato extra de sufrimiento psicológico en los individuos. El presente trabajo examina cómo y porqué ha sido creada esta narrativa y porqué resulta tan atractiva, prestando atención a: 1) la naturaleza creadora de mitos de la psique humana, 2) los psico-dinamismos del miedo que impulsan dicha narrativa, 3) las propiedades del coronavirus y de la pandemia que activan los polos negativos de ciertos arquetipos, en particular arquetipos del mal, y 4) pregunta cómo la psicología analítica puede ayudar a aliviar el sufrimiento psicológico causado por estas narrativas negativas, donde una posibilidad es invocar la función trascendente. Las experiencias personales de la autora como bioquímica y psicóloga analítica elucidan como la función trascendente puede promover la curación.新冠病毒:它对邪恶原型的激活是否导致更多的心理困扰吗? 疫情导致的恐惧和哀伤在集体心灵中引发了强烈的无意识叙事, 即新冠病毒是由自然的邪恶力量, 可能是神圣的力量所驱使。由此导致的恐惧的原型层面在个体中导致了另一重的心灵苦难。这篇文章讨论这一叙事是如何以及为什么被创造出来, 以及为什么它那么引人注目, 论文从这些层面讨论:1)人类心灵创造神话的本性, 2)驱动叙事的恐惧心理动力, 3) 新冠病毒和疫情的特征激发了一些原型的消极层面, 特别是邪恶原型, 4)心理分析为什么可以缓解由这些消极叙事导致的心理苦痛, 其中一个可能是它唤起了超越功能。作者从自身作为生物化学家和分析心理学家的个人经验, 说明了超越功能如何可以促进治愈。.

This paper explores how the deadly shadow of COVID-19 passing over the Earth constitutes a collective trauma that frequently opens up or 'triggers' un-remembered personal trauma, and it provides clinical examples of these intersections. The paper further explores how the human imagination, which we normally utilize to make meaning out of traumatic experience, can be hijacked by fear - leading to avoidance of suffering and to illusory formulations and alternative realities such as conspiracy theories. Alternatively, the imagination can be employed in more realistic and creative ways - leading through conscious suffering to healing and wholeness. Which path the imagination takes is shown to depend on the capacity of individuals to feel the full reality of the human condition in general and the exquisite vulnerability of our existence as fragile human beings at this moment in history. Ernest Becker's analysis of our 'denial of death' and his urgency to embrace our common human vulnerability is explored in relation to Jung's early tendency to deny the body. The author proposes that the more creative uses of the imagination, connected to a more humble and realistic apprehension of our common destiny, may be seen in the 'Black Lives Matter' movement that swept the world in the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak.Cet article explore comment l’ombre de mort de la COVID-19, passant sur la terre, constitue un traumatisme collectif qui souvent ouvre ou ravive un traumatisme personnel non-remémoré. L’article fournit des exemples cliniques de telles intersections. Il explore comment l’imagination humaine, que nous utilisons normalement pour donner du sens à nos expériences traumatiques, peut être détournée par la peur. Ceci mène à l’évitement de la souffrance et à des formulations illusoires ou réalités alternatives telles que les théories du complot. Mais l’imagination peut aussi être employée de manières plus réalistes et créatives, nous guidant à travers une souffrance consciente à la guérison et la complétude. Nous montrerons que le choix du chemin que l’imagination emploie dépend de la capacité des personnes à éprouver la pleine réalité de la condition humaine en général et la vulnérabilité magnifique de notre existence en tant qu’êtres humains fragiles à ce moment de l’histoire. L’analyse que fait Ernest Becker de notre ‘déni de la mort’ et son insistance à épouser notre vulnérabilité humaine commune est étudiée et mise en relation avec la tendance de Jung, au début de son œuvre, à renier le corps. L’auteur propose que les utilisations plus créatives de l’imagination, reliées à une appréhension plus humble et plus réaliste de notre destinée commune, peuvent se retrouver dans le mouvement Black Lives Matter, mouvement qui a balayé le monde à la suite de la flambée de COVID-19.In diesem Artikel wird untersucht, wie der tödliche Schatten von COVID-19, der über die Erde geht, ein kollektives Trauma darstellt, das häufig ein nicht erinnertes persönliches Trauma eröffnet oder 'triggert'. Es werden klinische Beispiele für diese Schnittpunkte angeführt. Der Beitrag untersucht weiter, wie die menschliche Vorstellungskraft, die wir normalerweise anwenden um aus traumatischen Erfahrungen einen Sinn zu machen, von Angst entführt werden kann - was zur Vermeidung von Leiden und zu illusorischen Formulierungen und alternativen Realitäten wie Verschwörungstheorien führt. Alternativ kann die Vorstellungskraft auf realistischere und kreativere Weise eingesetzt werden - was durch bewußtes Leiden zu Heilung und Ganzheit führt. Welchen Weg die Vorstellungskraft einschlägt, hängt von der Fähigkeit des Einzelnen ab, die volle Realität des menschlichen Zustandes im allgemeinen und die exquisite Verletzlichkeit unserer Existenz als fragile Menschen in diesem Moment der Geschichte zu spüren. Ernest Beckers Analyse unserer 'Verleugnung des Todes' und seine Dringlichkeit, unsere gemeinsame menschliche Verletzlichkeit zu akzeptieren, wird in Bezug auf Jungs frühe Tendenzen untersucht, den Körper zu leugnen. Der Autor unterstellt, daß die kreativere Verwendung der Vorstellungskraft, verbunden mit einer bescheideneren und realistischeren Wahrnehmung unseres gemeinsamen Schicksals, in der Black Lives Matter-Bewegung zu sehen ist, die nach dem Ausbruch von COVID-19 die Welt eroberte.Questo articolo esplora come l'ombra mortifera del COVID-19 che passa sulla terra costituisca un trauma collettivo che spesso apre, o aggancia un trauma personale non ricordato. Vengono offerti esempi clinici di queste intersezioni. L'articolo inoltre esplora come l'immaginazione umana, che normalmente utilizziamo per dare significato alle esperienze traumatiche, possa essere monopolizzata dalla paura -portando ad evitare la sofferenza ed alla formulazione di realtà alternative illusorie come le teorie della cospirazione. In alternativa, l'immaginazione può essere utilizzata in modi più realistici e creativi - attraverso la consapevolezza della sofferenza per una guarigione e l'interezza. La parte che l'immaginazione può avere dipende dalla capacità degli individui di sentire in pieno la realtà della condizione umana e la particolare vulnerabilità della nostra fragile esistenza come esseri umani in questo momento storico. L'analisi di Ernest Becker della nostra "negazione della morte" e la sua necessità di abbracciare la nostra comune vulnerabilità viene esaminata in relazione alla iniziale tendenza di Jung a negare il corpo. L'Autore propone che utilizzi più creativi dell'immaginazione, connessi ad una comprensione più umile e realistica del nostro destino, possono essere visti nel movimento Black Lives Matter che ha scosso il mondo subito dopo l'irrompere della pandemia da COVID-19.В статье исследуется, как проносящаяся над землей смертоносная тень КОВИД-19 формирует коллективную травму, которая часто открывает или «запускает» личную травму, о которой не было воспоминаний. Приведены клинические примеры таких пересечений. В статье также показано, как человеческое воображение, которое мы обычно используем для придания смысла травматическому опыту, оказывается похищено и задействовано страхом, что ведет к избеганию страдания и иллюзорным построениям, альтернативным реальностям, например, к теориям заговора. С другой стороны, воображение можно задействовать более реалистичными и созидательными способами, которые через осознанное страдание ведут к исцелению и целостности. Каким путем пойдет воображение - зависит от способности человека быть в полном контакте с реальностью человеческого существования в целом, от исключительной уязвимости нашего существования и хрупкости бытия в данный момент истории. Анализ Эрнеста Бекера нашего «отрицания смерти» и его призыв принять нашу общую человеческую уязвимость исследуется в связи со стремлением в ранних работах Юнга к отрицанию тела. Автор предполагает, что более творческое использование воображения, связанное с более умеренным и реалистичным представлением о нашей общей судьбе, можно увидеть в движении Black Lives Matter, которое пронеслось по миру после вспышки коронавируса.El presente trabajo explora como la sombra mortal del COVID-19 pasando sobre la tierra constituye un trauma colectivo que frecuentemente abre o ‘activa’ trauma personal no recordado. Se proveen ejemplos clínicos de estas intersecciones. El escrito además explora cómo la imaginación humana, la cual normalmente utilizamos para encontrar sentido a partir de experiencias traumáticas, puede ser apropiada por el miedo - conduciendo a la evitación del sufrimiento y a formulaciones ilusorias y realidades alternativas tales como las teorías conspirativas. Alternativamente, la imaginación puede ser empleada en modos más realistas y creativos - conduciendo a través del sufrimiento consciente a la sanación y a la integridad. Cual camino toma la imaginación, se muestra que depende de la capacidad de los individuos para sentir la realidad plena de la condición humana en general y la exquisita vulnerabilidad de nuestra existencia como frágiles seres humanos en este momento de la historia. El análisis de nuestra ‘negación de la muerte’ de Ernest Becker y su urgencia por acoger nuestra común vulnerabilidad humana es explorada con relación a la temprana tendencia en Jung de negar el cuerpo. El autor propone que los usos más creativos de la imaginación, conectados a una aprehensión más humilde y realista de nuestro destino común, puede ser vista en el movimiento Black Lives Matter que recorrió el mundo en las postrimerías del estallido del COVID-19.新冠疫情期间个体与集体创伤的交汇:现代想象的劫持 文章探索了席卷全球的新冠阴影如何聚集了一个集体创伤, 这一创伤时常打开或触发被淡忘的个人创伤。文章提供了这种交汇的临床案例。文章进一步探索人类时常使用的想象如何从创伤经验中制造意义感, 以及这一想象如何可以由于恐惧而被劫持, 这会带来对伤痛的回避, 带来幻觉, 以及替代性的现实, 比如阴谋论。与之不同, 想象可以以更加真实和创造的形式出现, 这带来的是对伤痛的觉察和疗愈与完整。想象到底会走哪条路, 取决于个体完整地感受人类真实状态的能力, 以及感知在当下历史时期, 作为脆弱的人类的极大脆弱性的能力。文章探索了Ernest Becker关于我们对“死亡的否认”的分析, 以及拥抱人类普遍的脆弱的督促, 这些探索也联系了荣格早期对身体否认的倾向性。作者提出, 更加积极地使用想象, 更多联系到谦卑, 以及对我们普遍命运的现实的理解, 这可以在后疫情时代席卷世界的黑人生命重要运动中看到。.

Background Individuals with hoarding report stressful and traumatic life events at an elevated rate compared with those with obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls, but have not been compared with other clinical groups. This study compared rates of traumatic life events between those with clinically significant hoarding, anxiety disorders, or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), hypothesizing that rates would be higher in the hoarding and PTSD groups than the anxiety group. Methods Rates of traumatic and stressful events were compared across groups. Results All comparisons across groups on types of events were significant (partial-eta squared 0.051-0.162). The hoarding group endorsed significantly more crime-related events but similar rates of other events as compared to the PTSD and anxiety disorder groups. Conclusion These findings suggest that many stressful and traumatic life events are not uniquely elevated in hoarding when compared with other clinical populations.

Objective To determine whether patients who experienced their first psychogenic non-epileptic seizure (PNES) at 50 years or older differed from those who developed PNES at a younger age, in terms of demographic, social/clinical as well as psychological measures. Background The typical age for PNES onset is roughly between 20 and 40 years of age. Only a handful of studies have examined samples with PNES onset at an older age and therefore information about these individuals is limited. Methods This is a retrospective study of 75 consecutive individuals who developed (video EEG-confirmed diagnosis) PNES before age 50 years and 55 consecutive individuals who developed PNES at 50 years or more. Patients were examined on demographics (age, education, working and relationship status), clinical (seizure frequency, trauma type: sexual, multiple trauma, and health-related traumatic experiences), and self-report measures(Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Quality of Life Inventory in Epilepsy-31). Results Patients who had experienced sexual trauma were likelier to develop PNES at an earlier age. Those who experienced “health problems pre-PNES onset” were likelier to develop PNES at an older age. On psychological measures, it was noted that after adjusting for the covariate effects, those with elevations in Avoidance (CISS) were likelier to develop PNES at an earlier age. and those with elevations in QOLIE31 cognitive complaints were likelier to be in the older cohort. Conclusions No matter at what age PNES presented, patients reported markedly high rates of exposure to psychological trauma (single and multiple), similarly elevated unemployment rates and low quality of life. The groups with different age of onset differed in the type of trauma experienced prior to the development of PNES. In addition, the younger onset group demonstrated a significantly higher use of avoidance as a stress-coping strategy.

Research has demonstrated that first responders may develop psychological trauma/ posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the performance of their duties. Often overlooked in these studies of police, firefighters, and paramedics is an additional group of providers who also respond to these same events: news journalists and photo journalists. Although limited in scope, the research literature from 1980 to 2010 assessed an association between PTSD and some news journalists. The strength of these findings are limited due to serious methodological limitations. The present paper reviewed the journalist/PTSD literature from 2011 to 2020. There were 4558 subjects in 23 studies, which were world-wide in scope. There were 2633 male reporters (58%) and 1925 female journalists (42%). The average age of subjects was 34.37 years and the average length of experience was 10.68 years. Many reported either PTSD, PTSD symptoms, depression, and/or substance use. A detailed methodological critique is presented.

Research has shown that women are more prone to childhood trauma and this state is associated with somatic symptoms. Also, people who have been exposed to traumatic experiences use experiential avoidance to reduce negative emotions. However, the mediating role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between childhood trauma and somatic symptoms is not clear, so, the present study investigated whether the relationships among different types of childhood trauma and somatic symptoms could be explained by experiential avoidance in female college students. In a cross-sectional study, 251 Iranian female college students with somatic symptoms were recruited from the University of Tabriz. Participants completed self-report scales, including the Persian version of Child Abuse Self-Reported Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and the Patient-health questionnaire (PHQ-15). A path analysis was used to empirically explore the relationships. Structural equation modeling analyses confirmed a partial mediation model. Study participants who had a higher level of emotional trauma reported higher levels of somatic symptoms. Emotional and neglect trauma showed significant positive relations with experiential avoidance. Bootstrapping results showed that experiential avoidance partially mediated the relationship between emotional trauma and somatic symptoms. Moreover, the association between neglect and somatic symptoms was fully mediated by experiential avoidance. These findings suggest that experiential avoidance might be one mechanism explaining how adverse emotional and neglect experiences influence somatic symptoms. Interventions addressing experiential avoidance through methods such as emotion-focused therapy and mindfulness are discussed as potential future directions for treating somatic symptoms in females who experienced emotional and neglect trauma.

There are in excess of 700 million women around the world married before 18 years old and there are 250 million women married before 15 years old. The early-age marriage is viewed as contributing variable to psychological trauma that influences mental and physical development. The review utilized the Arsksey and O’Malley method, specifically identifying relevant articles, selecting articles, data mapping, arranging, summing up and reporting results. The result of this review indicated that the early-age marriage has various effects on psychological disorders such as anxiety, stress and depression. However, not all articles explicitly state the psychological effect caused by the early-age marriage. Further study should be conducted to identify the psychological disorders on the early-age marriage.

Emotion dysregulation is associated with increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, research in this area has focused almost exclusively on dysregulation stemming from negative emotions. The present study aimed to address this gap in the literature by examining the associations between the specific domains of positive emotion dysregulation and both STBs and NSSI. Participants included 397 trauma-exposed community adults (Mage = 35.95; 57.7% female; 76.8% White). Results demonstrated significant associations between positive emotion dysregulation and both STBs and NSSI. In particular, higher levels of nonacceptance of positive emotions were found to be significantly related to risk for STBs (versus no risk), higher severity of STBs, and history of NSSI (versus no history). Findings suggest positive emotion dysregulation may play an important role in the etiology and treatment of both STBs and NSSI among trauma-exposed individuals.

International audience; Eye movements and alternating stimuli for brain integration (MOSAIC) is a promising but untested new therapy. Its four-step protocol is based on the effects of bilateral alternating stimulation (BAS) (as in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy) on the brain. This solution-oriented therapy promotes experiencing solutions through bodily sensations. Through BAS and bodily sensations, MOSAIC therapy aims to enrich the traumatic memory neuronal network with new information so that the client's psychological trauma is no longer distressing. Thus, MOSAIC can be used to treat psychological trauma without the pain associated with reliving the traumatic situation. This method may be particularly adaptive for patients who have experienced complex trauma and who have dissociative experiences.

Individuals with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) smoke cigarettes at much higher prevalences than the general population. Less is known about PTSD and other smoking behaviors (e.g., smoking quantity and frequency) or about smoking among individuals who experience trauma. Objective To examine differences in cigarette smoking behaviors among adults in the United States (a) with no exposure to trauma or PTSD, (b) with trauma but no PTSD, and (c) with PTSD. Methods Data came from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-II (NESARC-II, 2004-2005) and included demographics, PTSD diagnoses, traumatic events, and smoking behaviors. Odds ratios and group differences in smoking prevalence and behaviors based on PTSD diagnoses and exposure to traumatic experiences were calculated. Results Traumatic events and PTSD diagnoses were both associated with greater smoking prevalences than persons without trauma or PTSD. Individuals with PTSD who smoke were more likely to report daily smoking than those without PTSD who smoke (Cohen's d = 0.19). Cigarette users with either trauma or PTSD smoked more cigarettes per day than cigarette users without trauma or PTSD (Cohen's d = 0.35). US adults with trauma exposure or PTSD have higher smoking prevalences and more intense smoking behaviors than those without PTSD or trauma. Conclusion Trauma or PTSD may each serve as a clinical indicator of increased risk of cigarette smoking-related health problems and prompt the implementation of targeted interventions to reduce the harms of smoking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Most mental health practitioners receive minimal trauma training in their degree curriculum and rely on supplemental training to build additional skills. Since 2016, the Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma (CCCT) has been used for brief in-service training of more than 2,000 mental health practitioners. Prior evaluation showed statistically significant learning outcomes posttraining, yet little was known about retention of learning or impact on clinical practice. Method: We collected 100 mixed-method follow-up surveys from participants completing CCCT training between October 2016 and August 2019. Results: Statistically significant increases were seen between pretraining and follow-up self-report (6-24 months later) for four child trauma skills (effect sizes: 0.90-1.07). Qualitative data identified four key impacts on clinical practice: increased empathy, understanding of trauma complexity, systematic approach to case conceptualization, and catalyzing further trauma learning. Conclusions: Positive learning outcomes 6-24 months posttraining suggest that the CCCT is an effective tool for in-service training and that retained learning can translate into improved trauma-informed clinical practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective There is little evidence that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is more likely to follow traumatic events defined by Criterion A than non-Criterion A stressors. Criterion A events might have greater predictive validity for International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11 PTSD, which is a condition more narrowly defined by core features. We evaluated the impact of using Criterion A, an expanded trauma definition in line with ICD-11 guidelines, and no exposure criterion on rates of ICD-11 PTSD and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). We also assessed whether 5 psychologically threatening events included in the expanded definition were as strongly associated with PTSD and CPTSD as standard Criterion A events. Method A nationally representative sample from Ireland (N = 1,020) completed self-report measures. Results Most participants were trauma-exposed based on Criterion A (82%) and the expanded (88%) criterion. When no exposure criterion was used, 13.7% met diagnostic requirements for PTSD or CPTSD, 13.2% when the expanded criterion was used, and 13.2% when Criterion A was used. The 5 psychologically threatening events were as strongly associated with PTSD and CPTSD as the Criterion A events. In a multivariate analysis, only the psychologically threatening events were significantly associated with PTSD (stalking) and CPTSD (bullying, emotional abuse, and neglect). Conclusions Certain non-Criterion A events involving extreme fear and horror should be considered traumatic. The ICD-11 approach of providing clinical guidance rather than a formal definition offers a viable solution to some of the problems associated with the current and previous attempts to define traumatic exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective This article aims to verify whether a cognitive treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) adapted to elderly subjects can lead to long-term improvement in symptomatology and quality of life. Method We present a longitudinal study of 32 subjects over the age of 65 years, with no cognitive impairment or mild impairment, residing in two nursing homes. We compare a target group (n = 16) with PTSD treated with 20 CBT sessions and a control group (n = 16) with PTSD without symptom treatment. The two groups are compared in four stages: (T1) before treatment of the target group's PTSD, (T2) after treatment of PTSD, (T3) after six months of follow-up and (T4) after 18 months of follow-up. The absence of cognitive impairment is verified with the MMSE. The evolution of PTSD is monitored with the CAPS. The evolution of the quality of life of the subjects in the target group is verified with the ADRQL. Results If both groups show elevated PTSD symptoms at the beginning of the study (T1), the signs of PTSD disappear for the target group at the end of treatment (T2) at the same time as quality of life improves (scores more than doubled). These improvements continue for more than 18 months (T4). Conversely, the control group retains high PTSD symptoms, without significant decrease over time. Conclusion The treatment of PTSD by cognitive-behavioural therapy adapted to elderly people without cognitive impairment, or with mild cognitive or memory disorders, allows for a lasting disappearance of symptoms and an improvement in quality of life.

Objective Exposure to traumatic life events is associated with increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health problems such as suicidal ideation (SI), alcohol use disorder (AUD), and decreased quality of life (QOL). Mindfulness, which involves attending to the present moment, may help individuals cope with traumatic events by increasing acceptance of trauma-related experiences and decreasing trauma-related negative affect and avoidance of trauma reminders. The current study evaluated whether mindful attention to the present moment mediated the association between number of lifetime traumas and mental health. Method The sample consisted of 1,268 trauma-exposed U.S. veterans who participated in the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, a nationally representative study of U.S. veterans. On average, the sample was 60.6 years of age (SD = 15.2, range = 20-94), predominantly male (89.8%), Caucasian (75.0%), and noncombat veterans (59.2%). Results Path analyses revealed that mindfulness partially mediated the relation between number of lifetime traumas and PTSD symptoms (β = -.55), AUD (β = -.17), and QOL (β = .38), and fully mediated the relation between number of lifetime traumas and SI (β = -.36). Conclusions The relationship between lifetime trauma burden and various mental health issues of relevance to U.S. veterans may be mediated by mindfulness, or the ability to pay attention to the present moment. Interventions that bolster mindfulness may help mitigate the negative impact of cumulative traumas in this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: The present study, conducted after the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict, was aimed to investigate 2 resources (i.e., personal mastery and community dedication) hypothesized to have a mediating effect on the relationship between trauma exposure and PTSS (posttraumatic stress symptoms) and PTG (posttraumatic growth) in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Method: Israeli civilians (N = 1,014) completed a questionnaire assessing levels of trauma exposure (the predictors), sense of mastery and community dedication (the mediators), and PTSS and PTG (the outcomes). Results: PTSS and PTG were positively related. Sense of mastery mediated the association between trauma exposure and PTSS symptoms and was negatively associated with PTSS and PTG. Community dedication was positively related to PTG and mediated the association of trauma with PTG. Conclusions: People higher in mastery may not need to search for a "silver lining" in coping with psychological consequences of trauma as they believe they are capable of handling it. Conversely, persons with higher levels of coping self-confidence may be denied the benefits of posttraumatic growth in coping with trauma. People's connections to the community in times of coping with collective upheavals may not protect them against PTSS yet community orientation may bring postevent benefits of posttraumatic growth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Memory problems are a frequent complaint in neuropsychological settings, particularly among individuals in mid-to-late adulthood and those who have experienced neurological insult (e.g., head trauma; Bay et al., 2012; Lezak et al., 2004; Wammes et al., 2017). Neuropsychiatric comorbidities that influence cognitive functioning (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress) are also common among neuropsychological patients, which can challenge interpreting etiology and predicting prognosis (Campbell et al., 2009; Reischies & Neu, 2000). Prolonged trauma exposure is associated with brain abnormalities in regions that subserve memory and executive functions (Daniels et al., 2016; Woon et al., 2010). Furthermore, a subgroup of individuals with trauma exposure experience dissociative symptoms, which can also interfere with memory and performing goal-directed behaviors (Bergouignan et al., 2014; Brewin et al., 2013; Ozdemir et al., 2015). Method: In this article, we focus on symptoms that are consistent with dissociation and present three case studies of trauma-exposed women who were referred for neuropsychological testing following complaints of memory decline. Results: Formal neuropsychological testing did not fully support the degree of amnestic symptoms reported. Based upon the complex pattern of results, we propose a potential hypothesis for consideration: the dissociative interference hypothesis. Conclusions: For all three women presented, dissociation was a common symptom that may have contributed to an exacerbation of memory failures and amnestic experiences. Thus, interventions targeted at increasing awareness, rather than withdrawal, during times of stress may lead to a reduction in their memory complaints. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Aim: The aim of the study was to study the association of childhood psychological trauma with eating disorders (EDs) and to assess and compare the relationship with food, concerns about weight gain, and restrictive or compensatory practices in male and female undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study was performed in a Tertiary Care Medical College and Research Hospital in a suburban area of India. After obtaining ethical clearance, 100 final-year undergraduate students were included in the study with their informed consent. Self-made questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Stirling ED Scale with Disordered Eating Attitude Scale were used. Spearman's correlation coefficient (Rho) was calculated. Results: There was a significant correlation of history of childhood psychological trauma in the form of emotional abuse, emotional neglect or physical abuse and physical neglect with higher prevalence of disordered eating behaviors and relationship with food, concern about weight gain, and compensatory practices. No significant relationship was found in a history of sexual abuse. Conclusion: The importance of a healthy psychosocial upbringing and nurturing by parents to prevent development of psychiatric comorbidities is an important finding in this study.

Contains fulltext : 230530.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Regulating social emotional actions is essential for coping with life stressors and is associated with control by the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) over the amygdala. However, it remains unclear to what extent prefrontal emotion regulation capacities contribute to resilience against developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Here, 185 police recruits who experienced their core trauma in the line of duty participated in a prospective longitudinal study. Pre- and post-trauma, they performed a well-established functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approach-avoidance task, mapping impulsive and controlled emotional actions. Higher baseline aPFC, dorsal and medial frontal pole activity was related to lower PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure. aPFC activity predicted symptom development over and above self-reported and behavioural measures. Trauma exposure, but not trauma symptoms, predicted amygdala activation at follow-up. These findings suggest that prefrontal emotion regulation activity predicts increased resilience against developing post-traumatic stress symptoms and may provide fruitful starting points for prediction and intervention studies. 10 p.

The article attempts to determine its socio-psychological essence through the analysis of the social form of psychological trauma, as well as to identify the psychological nature of the pathological neoplasms that have arisen as a result of it, the specificity of which largely determines the methods and technology of personalistic counseling. These neoplasms are both individual psychological, including the sphere of experiences, and socio-psychological, affecting the relationship of the victims. The integration of the dominant parasitic "Ego" into the depth of the victim's personality, up to the very first level of the primary trusting relationship between the all-powerful and loving mother and a helpless child, we called the introjection of the personifier. As a result of the analysis, we come to the need for a specific restructuring of the irrational relationships of the victim with two other participants in the traumatic situation: the beneficiary, who receives personal benefits from this situation, and the reference group of the victim, who is traumatically personified by him in the image of an impersonal social personifier. The main methods of victims’ examination during the thirty years of counseling were: clinical conversation and projective methods of personality research.

The article summarizes empirical studies on the problem of genetic predisposition to post-traumatic stress disorder. It is showed that the development of some symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder is caused by neurobiological mechanisms, the functioning of which depends on the expression of specific genes. Differences in the effectiveness of the use of certain types of psychological assistance can also be associated with the influence of genetic factors. A review of the most relevant patterns is presented. More specifically, this is the effect of the gene of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as the genes of serotonergic (SLC6A4, SLC6A3), dopaminergic (DRD2, COMT), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (FKBP5, ADCYAP1) systems on the manifestation of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Based on the results of genome-wide association studies, assumptions are made about the role of genes (RORA, NLGN1, TLL-1, PARK2, PODXL, SH3RF3, and ZDHHC14) in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. The issue of the applicability of genetic testing in the practice of psychological assistance to individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder is considered. The question of the applicability of genetic testing to improve the diagnosis and development of a personalized strategy for clinical and psychological intervention is discussed.

This article investigates the concepts of charisma and charismatic leadership in psychotherapeutic, religious and political settings. The author explores the associations of charisma with power and emotional arousal and differentiates between charismatic leadership exercised with benign and harmful intent. Personal narratives of charismatic figures are drawn on to illustrate the psychological underpinnings of charisma as well as the social climate in which charismatic leadership flourishes. The author argues that charismatic leaders make use of techniques such as dramatization, paradox and the simultaneous instillation of hope and fear in order to foster bonds of dependence. The therapeutic and counter-therapeutic implications of these techniques are examined.

Relevance. Internal Affairs employees during the anti-epidemic measures of COVID-19 period protected public order and the safety of citizens in crowded places. During the pandemic, according to departmental statistics, morbidity rates in police officers were 6.6 times higher than in general population and close to the healthcare professionals. Due to police officers' professional activities, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated not only with high contamination risks, but also with certain emotional stress and destabilization.Intention. To identify mental traumatization features in police officers who serve to protect public order and citizens safety during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodology. 371 male employees of the Internal Affairs Headquarters in Moscow were surveyed. Three groups were identified: Group I - 127 police officers (average age 33.3 ± 1.1 years, service experience 6.1 ± 1.3 years) with positive test results and COVID-19 clinical manifestations (mild and moderate severity, inpatient and outpatient treatment) over the period from 10.04.2020 to 9.06.2020 (the restrictive measures and self-isolation period announced by the decree of the Russian Chief State Sanitary Doctor on 30.03.2020 N 9 “On additional measures to prevent the COVID-2019 spread in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic”); Group II - 118 healthy police officers (average age 30.9 ± 1.5 years, service experience 5.6 ± 1.9 years), without COVID-19 clinical manifestations but released from their duties as contacts; Group III - 126 healthy police officers (average age 32.4 ± 1.5 years, service experience 7.1 ± 1.9 years) not released from their duties during the COVID-19 pandemic, who protected public order in crowded places (patrolling streets, metro duty, etc.). Our questionnaire was intended for self-assessing mental state, and experimental psychological examination was also included. To meet the anti-epidemic requirements, respondents were surveyed online using electronic digital resources.Results and Discussion. Based on self-assessment results, police officers in all groups showed high levels of well-being, mood, performance and emotional stability on duty during the COVID-19 pandemic.Mental traumatization in police officers of the Group 1 was associated with increased personal anxiety and responses to everyday situations tended to be maladaptive, with physical and verbal aggression, irritation. In Group 2 employees, mental trauma included emotional stress and situational anxiety associated with the COVID-19 risk. Healthy police officers who were not released from their duties during the COVID-19 pandemic and continued to serve as law enforcement officers in crowded areas were prone to non-constructive responses to stress in the form of feelings of guilt, hostility, and irritability. In all respondents, constructive business relationships with direct managers and additional financial incentives helped prevent psychological trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion. The study results justify developing an algorithm for psycho-prevention in police officers during medical and biological emergencies, including psychological support, social support and a positive social environment in service teams. This will help prevent the psychological trauma and borderline mental disorders in police officers and, accordingly, increase their personal reliability and reduce damage to the Department image.

Introduction The birth experience of adolescents is understudied even though they are a particularly vulnerable population to experience a negative birth event, given that they exhibit many known risk factors. Objective To ascertain whether a cesarean birth mediates the impact of infant complications on the birth experience of adolescent mothers. Methods Using a secondary analysis of data collected from 303 postpartum adolescents previously evaluated for depression and post-traumatic stress, we employed counterfactual causal analysis to determine if delivery type mediated the birth experience at different levels of depression. Noted limitations pertain to methodological assumptions and computational feasibility as well as potential sample bias. Results We found that the mediating effect of delivery mode depended on the adolescent’s depression level as well as on the specific operationalization of the birth experience. At low levels of depression, the odds of a negative birth appraisal were reduced by around 30% when operationalized as a single item subjective rating. In contrast, at high levels of depression, the odds of a negative birth experience increased by 80% when operationalized as an Impact of Event Scale (IES) subconstruct. Conclusion Depression level plays a pivotal role in moderating how delivery mode mediates the birth experience. The direction of impact also depends on how the birth experience is operationalized.

Although transgender women of color, specifically Black and Latina experience gender-based violence in a variety of contexts, one of the most consistently reported is from a dating or romantic partner. This qualitative study sought to understand the manifestations and consequences of stigma experienced by transgender women of color in their dating or romantic relationships. Between January and February 2019, we purposively recruited 33 transgender women of color to participate in five focus group discussions and complete a brief survey. We employed both inductive and deductive approaches to coding and thematic analysis. We identified different forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma experienced by transgender women of color seeking romantic relationships and by those in romantic relationships. For those dating and seeking relationships, anti-transgender interpersonal stigma took the form of dehumanizing stereotypes and sexual objectification. While these manifestations of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma persisted for some within relationships, concealment behaviors from partners was the predominant type of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma. Each of these forms of anti-transgender interpersonal stigma had significant gender-based violence consequences, specifically encountering physical violence, experiencing psychological trauma, and engaging in survival strategies. In the current climate of COVID-19, which is exacerbating risks of gender-based violence, there is an urgent need to understand and address the nuanced manifestations of stigma in relationships and their consequences on the lives of transgender women of color. Culturally grounded gender-based violence prevention policies and programs with transgender women should address these forms of stigma and build on community strengths. Findings also highlight the importance of future research and gender-based violence prevention programming with cisgender men in/seeking partnerships with transgender women of color.

Following trauma exposure, two frequently co-occurring forms of psychopathology include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Although these diagnoses have been identified as distinct constructs, the proper classification of these disorders remains a challenge due to overlapping symptoms. Instead, systematically establishing higher- and lower-order personality traits associated with each diagnosis may avoid this confound and improve differential diagnosis. In the present study, we examined how higher-order negative affect and its lower-order facets (i.e., anxiousness, emotional lability, and separation insecurity) may be associated with a diagnosis of PTSD only, MDD only, both diagnoses, or neither diagnosis. Participants were 1,175 veterans enrolled in the Veterans After Discharge Longitudinal Registry. Higher- and lower-order negative affect were assessed using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), and PTSD and MDD diagnoses were based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5). Multinomial logistic regressions were used to model the association between higher- and lower-order negative affect and diagnostic status, after controlling for potential covariates. Diagnostic utility analyses were conducted to examine the degree to which higher- and lower-order negative affect classified participants across groups. Higher-order negative affect and lower-order anxiousness differentiated diagnostic groups, ORs = 1.76-4.66, and had strong specificity and negative predictive value for individuals with PTSD and MDD and those with MDD only. These findings help explain the role of higher-order negative affect and lower-order anxiousness in differentiating PTSD from MDD and comorbid PTSD and MDD and may have implications for assessment, differential diagnosis, and treatment planning.

This article attempts to delineate social pain or the pain of the social – a suffering that comes from human relations as a collective. I attempt to find the word, the signifier, that can transmit ...