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The paper aims to analyse the relationship between the amount of global solar radiation (GSR) reaching the Earth's surface in Poland and the direction of air mass advection, using 72-h backward trajectories (1986–2015). The study determined average daily sums of GSR related to groups of trajectories with certain similarities in shape. It was found that the average daily sums of GSR during air mass inflow from all the directions (clusters) identified were significantly different from the average daily sum in the multi-year period. A significant increase in the amount of GSR over Poland is accompanied by air mass inflow from the north and east. The frequency of these advection directions is 27% of all days. The western directions of advection prompt different GSR sums: from slightly increased during advection from the north-west, to significantly decreased during advection from the west (from the central and western part of the North Atlantic). Special attention was given to days with extremely large (above the 0.95 percentile) and with the largest (above the 0.99 percentile) GSR sums. These are prompted by two main types of synoptic conditions: the Azores High ridge covering Central and Southern Europe; and the high-pressure areas which appear in Northern and Central Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper aims to analyse the relationship between the amount of global solar radiation (GSR) reaching the Earth’s surface in Poland and the direction of air mass advection, using 72-h backward trajectories (1986–2015). The study determined average daily sums of GSR related to groups of trajectories with certain similarities in shape. It was found that the average daily sums of GSR during air mass inflow from all the directions (clusters) identified were significantly different from the average daily sum in the multi-year period. A significant increase in the amount of GSR over Poland is accompanied by air mass inflow from the north and east. The frequency of these advection directions is 27% of all days. The western directions of advection prompt different GSR sums: from slightly increased during advection from the north-west, to significantly decreased during advection from the west (from the central and western part of the North Atlantic). Special attention was given to days with extremely large (above the 0.95 percentile) and with the largest (above the 0.99 percentile) GSR sums. These are prompted by two main types of synoptic conditions: the Azores High ridge covering Central and Southern Europe; and the high-pressure areas which appear in Northern and Central Europe.

Incoming solar radiation is the most important factor shaping climate system on Earth and the main element of the surface heat balance. The main aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the amount of global solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface in Poland during the 30‐year period 1986–2015. Trends in changes and fluctuations in the size of global solar radiation over Poland were determined. The solar radiation was described based on satellite products originating from the Surface Incoming Shortwave Radiation product from the Surface Solar Radiation Data Set – Heliosat, Edition 2 (SARAH‐2). The average annual sum of global solar radiation over Poland amounted to 3,902 MJ·m−2. The average annual radiation sums were the smallest in northern Poland and mountain basins, while they were the largest in southern Poland. The average annual radiation sum over Poland increased by 7.16 MJ·m−2·year−1 on average. The areas with the largest increase in the amount of solar radiation had the smallest average radiation sums during the multi‐year period (Pomerania, Northern Poland), and those where the increase in radiation was moderate had the highest average radiation sums (Central and Southern Poland). This shows that the spatial differentiation of the amount of solar radiation over Poland was gradually decreasing during this period. A several‐year cycle (of 12–13 years) of annual fluctuations in global solar radiation sums was observed using wavelet analysis. The cycle was visible between the early 1990s and 2005. It resulted from the medium‐term cyclical component (an 11.3‐year cycle which was the strongest until 2010) that occurred in summer. In the long term, the occurrence of cycles in the time series of solar radiation may result from cyclical or quasi‐cyclical changes in aerosol concentration, but this requires a separate study and further in‐depth research based on much longer data series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two different methods were applied to derive daily and monthly sunshine duration based on high-resolution satellite products provided by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring using data from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager). The satellite products were either hourly cloud type or hourly surface incoming direct radiation. The satellite sunshine duration estimates were not found to be significantly different using the native 15-minute temporal resolution of SEVIRI. The satellite-based sunshine duration products give additional spatial information over the European continent compared with equivalent in situ-based products. An evaluation of the satellite sunshine duration by product intercomparison and against station measurements was carried out to determine their accuracy. The satellite data were found to be within ±1 h/day compared to high-quality Baseline Surface Radiation Network or surface synoptic observations (SYNOP) station measurements. The satellite-based products differ more over the oceans than over land, mainly because of the treatment of fractional clouds in the cloud type-based sunshine duration product. This paper presents the methods used to derive the satellite sunshine duration products and the performance of the different retrievals. The main benefits and disadvantages compared to station-based products are also discussed.

In this work, the effect that two basic air quality indexes, aerosols and tropospheric NO2, exert on surface solar radiation (SSR) is studied, along with the effect of liquid and ice clouds over 16 locations in Greece, in the heart of the Eastern Mediterranean. State-of-the-art satellite-based observations and climatological data for the 15-year period 2005–2019, and a radiative transfer system based on a modified version of the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) model are used. Our SSR simulations are in good agreement with ground observations and two satellite products. It is shown that liquid clouds dominate, with an annual radiative effect (RE) of −36 W/m2, with ice clouds (−19 W/m2) and aerosols (−13 W/m2) following. The radiative effect of tropospheric NO2 is smaller by two orders of magnitude (−0.074 W/m2). Under clear skies, REaer is about 3–4 times larger than for liquid and ice cloud-covered skies, while RENO2 doubles. The radiative effect of all the parameters exhibits a distinct seasonal cycle. An increase in SSR is observed for the period 2005–2019 (positive trends ranging from 0.01 to 0.52 W/m2/year), which is mostly related to a decrease in the aerosol optical depth and the liquid cloud fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud screening in satellite imagery is essential for enabling retrievals of atmospheric and surface properties. For climate data record (CDR) generation, cloud screening must be balanced, so both false cloud-free and false cloudy retrievals are minimized. Many methods used in recent CDRs show signs of clear-conservative cloud screening leading to overestimated cloudiness. This study presents a new cloud screening approach for Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) imagery based on the Bayesian discrimination theory. The method is trained on high-quality cloud observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite. The method delivers results designed for optimally balanced cloud screening expressed as cloud probabilities together with information on for which clouds (minimum cloud optical thickness) the probabilities are valid. Cloud screening characteristics over 28 different Earth surface categories were estimated. Using independent CALIOP observations (including all observed clouds) in 2010 for validation, the total global hit rates for AVHRR data and the SEVIRI full disk were 82% and 85%, respectively. High-latitude oceans had the best performance, with a hit rate of approximately 93%. The results were compared to the CM SAF cLoud, Albedo, and surface RAdiation dataset from AVHRR data–second edition (CLARA-A2) CDR and showed general improvements over most global regions. Notably, the Kuipers' Skill Score improved, verifying a more balanced cloud screening. The new method will be used to prepare the new CLARA-A3 and CLAAS-3 (CLoud property dAtAset using SEVIRI, Edition 3) CDRs in the EUMETSAT Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM SAF) project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five satellite top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo products over land were evaluated in this study including global products from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (TAL-AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (TAL-MODIS), and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES); one regional product from the Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM SAF); and one harmonized product termed Diagnosing Earth's Energy Pathways in the Climate system (DEEP-C). Results showed that overall, there is good consistency among these five products, particularly after the year 2000. The differences among these products in the high-latitude regions were relatively larger. The percentage differences among TAL-AVHRR, TAL-MODIS, and CERES were generally less than 20%, while the differences between TAL-AVHRR and DEEP-C before 2000 were much larger. Except for the obvious decrease in the differences after 2000, the differences did not show significant changes over time, but varied among different regions. The differences between TAL-AVHRR and the other products were relatively large in the high-latitude regions of North America, Asia, and the Maritime Continent, while the differences between DEEP-C and CM SAF in Europe and Africa were smaller. Interannual variability was consistent between products after 2000, before which the differences among the three products were much larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CM SAF Cloud Fractional Cover dataset from Meteosat First and Second Generation (COMET, https://doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/CFC_METEOSAT/V001 ) covering 1991–2015 has been recently released by the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility for Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). COMET is derived from the MVIRI and SEVIRI imagers aboard geostationary Meteosat satellites and features a Cloud Fractional Cover (CFC) climatology in high temporal (1 h) and spatial (0.05° × 0.05°) resolution. The CM SAF long-term cloud fraction climatology is a unique long-term dataset that resolves the diurnal cycle of cloudiness. The cloud detection algorithm optimally exploits the limited information from only two channels (broad band visible and thermal infrared) acquired by older geostationary sensors. The underlying algorithm employs a cyclic generation of clear sky background fields, uses continuous cloud scores and runs a naïve Bayesian cloud fraction estimation using concurrent information on cloud state and variability. The algorithm depends on well-characterized infrared radiances (IR) and visible reflectances (VIS) from the Meteosat Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) provided by EUMETSAT. The evaluation of both Level-2 (instantaneous) and Level-3 (daily and monthly means) cloud fractional cover (CFC) has been performed using two reference datasets: ground-based cloud observations (SYNOP) and retrievals from an active satellite instrument (CALIPSO/CALIOP). Intercomparisons have employed concurrent state-of-the-art satellite-based datasets derived from geostationary and polar orbiting passive visible and infrared imaging sensors (MODIS, CLARA-A2, CLAAS-2, PATMOS-x and CC4CL-AVHRR). Averaged over all reference SYNOP sites on the monthly time scale, COMET CFC reveals (for 0–100% CFC) a mean bias of −0.14%, a root mean square error of 7.04% and a trend in bias of −0.94% per decade. The COMET shortcomings include larger negative bias during the Northern Hemispheric winter, lower precision for high sun zenith angles and high viewing angles, as well as an inhomogeneity around 1995/1996. Yet, we conclude that the COMET CFC corresponds well to the corresponding SYNOP measurements, and it is thus useful to extend in both space and time century-long ground-based climate observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]