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Coffea arabica is the most economically important coffee species worldwide. However, its production is severely limited by diseases such as rust. The mechanisms underlying constitutive defense responses in coffee are still poorly understood, compared with induced defense mechanisms. We aimed to characterize constitutive defense responses of thirteen cultivars of C. arabica. Cultivars were classified under field conditions according to the level of resistance to rust: resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), and susceptible (S). Based on this classification, the stability of eight reference genes (RGs) was evaluated. The most stable RGs were EF1α, APT1, and 24S. We also evaluated the expression of CaWRKY1, CaPAL1, CaCAD1, and CaPOX1, and activities of PAL, CAD, and POX, which are involved in lignin biosynthesis, and leaf content of total phenolic compounds and lignin. Gene expression and enzymatic activity were not correlated with defense metabolites in the R cultivar group but showed a negative correlation with phenolic compounds in MR cultivars. Cultivar S showed positive correlations of gene expression and enzyme activity with phenolic compounds. These results may assist coffee breeding programs regarding selection of genotypes and in optimization of rust resistance., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In this perspective, we draw on recent scientific research on the coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemic that severely impacted several countries across Latin America and the Caribbean over the last decade, to explore how the socioeconomic impacts from COVID-19 could lead to the reemergence of another rust epidemic. We describe how past CLR outbreaks have been linked to reduced crop care and investment in coffee farms, as evidenced in the years following the 2008 global financial crisis. We discuss relationships between CLR incidence, farmer-scale agricultural practices, and economic signals transferred through global and local effects. We contextualize how current COVID-19 impacts on labor, unemployment, stay-at-home orders, and international border policies could affect farmer investments in coffee plants and in turn create conditions favorable for future shocks. We conclude by arguing that COVID-19's socioeconomic disruptions are likely to drive the coffee industry into another severe production crisis. While this argument illustrates the vulnerabilities that come from a globalized coffee system, it also highlights the necessity of ensuring the well-being of all. By increasing investments in coffee institutions and paying smallholders more, we can create a fairer and healthier system that is more resilient to future social-ecological shocks., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Coffee leaf rust disease caused by <i>Hemileia vastatrix</i> resulted in high yield loss and difficult to control. Several chemical fungicides have been used to control this disease. However, the effectiveness of chemical control is low, so it is necessary to find other methods such as biological control. <i>Lecanicillium</i> spp. is well-known as mycoparasite on <i>H. vastatrix</i> uredospores but the study in Indonesia is still limited. This study aimed to collect and investigated the genetic variability of <i>Lecanicillium</i> spp. at various coffee plantations in Indonesia. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Samples of <i>Lecanicillium </i>spp. were collected from 20 districts in 7 provinces throughout Indonesia. Morphology of colony and conidia were identified by visual examination and by viewed under the light microscope. Genetic variability was conducted using Rep-PCR and clustered with UPGMA. <b>Results:</b> Morphological observation in this study revealed all isolates collected from uredospores of <i>H. vastatrix</i> were similar with <i>Lecanicillium </i>spp. Genetic variability analysis clustered the 80 isolates into eight clusters with their specific characters. <b>Conclusion:</b> Morphological identification in this study showed that 80 isolates of mycoparasite on <i>H. vastatrix</i> belong to <i>Lecanicillium</i> spp. Further study using the molecular technique is needed to identity the species of <i>Lecanicillium</i>.

Coffee is one of the most important commercial traded commodities in the international market, as well as the most popular beverage around the world. In Mexico, organic coffee cultivation (specifically, Arabica coffee crops) is a highly demanded that generates up to 500,000 employments in 14 federal entities. Among various coffee producers, Chiapas, Veracruz, and Oaxaca are responsible of 80% of the total coffee production in the country. Currently, Mexico is the leading producer of organic coffee in the world. However, there have been a slow recovery due to the large production losses since 2012, caused by earlier and highly aggressive outbreaks of coffee leaf rust (CLR), in the country, where the infectious agent is known as Hemileia vastatrix (HV). This phenomenon is becoming frequent, and climate change effects could be the main contributors. This spontaneous proliferation was generated in Mexico, due to the precipitation and temperature variability, during the last decade. As result, in Mexico, the biological interaction between coffee crops and their environment has been harmed and crucial characteristics, as crop yield and quality, are particularly being affected, directly by the negative effects of the greenhouse phenomenon, and indirectly, through diseases as CLR. Therefore, this review discusses the contribution of climate change effects in the early development of CLR in Mexico. The focus is also given on possible schemes and actions taken around the world as control measures to adapt the vulnerable coffee varieties to tackle this challenging issue., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an oceanic-atmospheric phenomenon influencing worldwide weather and climate. Its occurrence is determined by the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly of the 3.4 Niño region in the Pacific Ocean (5°N-5°S, 120°-170°W). El Niño (EN), Neutral (NT), and La Niña (LN) are the three possible phases of ENSO, respectively, for warm, normal, and cold SST anomaly. As in other regions around the world, weather in Brazil is influenced by ENSO phases. The country is the major coffee producer in the world, and production is strongly influenced by weather conditions, which affect plant yield, harvest quality, and interactions with pests and diseases. Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix , is a major cause of coffee yield and quality losses in Brazil, and requires fungicide spray applications every season. Because CLR is highly influenced by weather conditions, it is possible to use weather variables to simulate its progress during the cropping cycle. Therefore, the aims of this study were to estimate CLR infection rate based on a validated empirical model, which has daily minimum air temperature and relative humidity as inputs, and to assess the extent of ENSO influence on the annual risk of this disease at 45 sites in Brazil. Cumulative infection rates (CIR) were estimated daily from October to June of each growing season and location, based on the prevailing ENSO phase. Differences between the extreme phases (EN-LN) were assessed by the Two-One-Sided-Tests (TOST) method. Analysis of data from eight sites, located mainly in Paraná State, provided evidence of CIR differences between EN and LN phases (G1). Evidence of no difference of CIR between EN and LN was found in 18 sites (G2), whereas 19 sites showed no evidence of differences (G3) due to relatively large variation of CIR within the same ENSO phase. The G1 sites are located mostly in Southern Brazil, where ENSO exerts a well-defined influence on rainfall regime. In contrast, the G2 sites are mainly in Minas Gerais State, which is characterized as a transition region for ENSO influence on rainfall. The G3 sites are located between the northern region of Minas Gerais State and southern region of Bahia State, which is characterized by a subhumid climate that is usually very dry during winter, and where rainfall can vary up to 300% from one year to another, influencing relative humidity and resulting in a high CIR variability. Therefore, ENSO had a well-defined influence on CIR only in Paraná State, a region with minor importance for coffee production in Brazil. No ENSO influence was found in more northerly zones where the majority of Brazilian coffee is produced. This is the first evidence of ENSO-linked regional impact on the risk of coffee rust.

Brazil is the major coffee producer in the world, with 2 million hectares cropped, with 75% of this area with Coffea arabica and 25% with Coffea canephora. Coffee leaf rust (CLR) is one of the main diseases that cause yield losses by reducing healthy leaf area. As CLR is highly influenced by weather conditions, this study aimed to determine the best linearization model to estimate the CLR apparent infection rate, to correlate CLR infection rates with weather variables, and to develop and assess the performance of weather-based infection rate models to be used as a disease warning system. The CLR epidemic was analyzed for 88 site-seasons, while progress curves were assessed by linear, monomolecular, logistic, Gompertz, and exponential linearization models for apparent infection rate determination. Correlations between CLR infection rates and weather variables were conducted at different periods. From these correlations, multiple linear regressions were developed to estimate CLR infection rates, using the most weather-correlated variables. The Gompertz growth model had the best fit with CLR progress curves. Minimum temperature and relative humidity were the weather variables most correlated to infection rate and, therefore, chosen to compose a CLR forecast system. Among the models developed, the one for the condition of high coffee yield at a narrow row spacing was the best, with only 9.4% of false negative occurrences for all the months assessed.

Coffee leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix (Hv), represents the biggest threat to coffee production worldwide and ranks amongst the most serious fungal diseases in history. Despite a recent series of outbreaks and emergence of hypervirulent strains, the population evolutionary history and potential of this pathogen remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to generate ∼19 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across a worldwide collection of 37 Hv samples. Contrary to the long-standing idea that Hv represents a genetically unstructured and cosmopolitan species, our results reveal the existence of a cryptic species complex with marked host tropism. Using phylogenetic and pathological data, we show that one of these lineages (C3) infects almost exclusively the most economically valuable coffee species (tetraploids that include Coffea arabica and interspecific hybrids), whereas the other lineages (C1 and C2) are severely maladapted to these hosts, but successfully infect diploid coffee species. Population dynamic analyses suggest that the C3 group may be a recent 'domesticated' lineage that emerged via host shift from diploid coffee hosts. We also found evidence of recombination occurring within this group, which could explain the high pace of pathotype emergence despite the low genetic variation. Moreover, genomic footprints of introgression between the C3 and C2 groups were discovered and raise the possibility that virulence factors may be quickly exchanged between groups with different pathogenic abilities. This work advances our understanding of the evolutionary strategies used by plant pathogens in agro-ecosystems with direct and far-reaching implications for disease control., (© 2018 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.)

Beverage quality is a complex attribute of coffee ( Coffea arabica L.). Genotype (G), environment (E), management (M), postharvest processing, and roasting are all involved. However, little is known about how G × M interactions influence beverage quality. We investigated how yield and coffee leaf rust (CLR) disease (caused by Hemileia vastatrix Berk. et Br.) management affect cup quality and plant performance, in two coffee cultivars. Sensory and chemical analyses revealed that 10 of 70 attributes and 18 of 154 chemical volatile compounds were significantly affected by G and M. Remarkably, acetaminophen was found for the first time in roasted coffee and in higher concentrations under more stressful conditions. A principal component analysis described 87% of the variation in quality and plant overall performance. This study is a first step in understanding the complexity of the physiological, metabolic, and molecular changes in coffee production, which will be useful for the improvement of coffee cultivars.

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), caused by Hemileia vastatrix, poses a significant threat to global coffee production, resulting in substantial economic losses. This study explores the effectiveness of triazole derivatives synthesized from glycerol in controlling CLR in conilon coffee (Coffea canephora). In vitro assays evaluated the inhibitory effect of triazole derivatives (4a–4q) at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm on H. vastatrix urediniospore germination, followed by greenhouse experiments to assess their preventive and curative potential. Preventive and curative sprayings of the four most efficient triazoles were conducted on seedlings inoculated with H. vastatrix at concentrations ranging from 0 to 400 ppm, evaluating severity, sporulation, incubation and latent periods. Triazole derivatives 4b, 4d, 4f and 4o effectively suppressed H. vastatrix urediniospore germination, achieving reductions between 9.9% and 78.8%. In greenhouse trials, these compounds demonstrated preventive efficacy by prolonging incubation and latent periods, reducing sporulation and mitigating rust severity, with triazole 4f exhibiting the highest efficiency. Furthermore, the derivatives showed effectiveness in curative treatments, particularly triazole 4f. Physiological analyses indicated no significant alterations in coffee plant metabolism, suggesting the safety of these compounds for agricultural use. Molecular docking studies elucidated their mechanism of action, suggesting their potential as antifungal agents by interacting with the HvCYP51 enzyme involved in ergosterol biosynthesis. Overall, the study underscores the promising efficacy of glycerol‐derived triazole derivatives in managing CLR, providing sustainable solutions for disease control in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IPR Pérola is a Coffea arabica cultivar developed from a cross between IAPAR 59 and Mundo Novo IAC 376-4. It features a dwarf-medium size, high yield, excellent cup quality, a medium-early ripening cycle, and large beans. Additionally, it boasts high resistance to coffee leaf rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee leaf rust, caused by Hemileia vastatrix, is the most important disease affecting Coffea arabica. The use of molecular markers through marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an effective approach to develop cultivars with multiple and durable resistance, which is economically and environmentally beneficial for this disease control. In this work, a new molecular marker based on allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) associated with the quantitative trait locus (QTL) of the linkage group 5 (LG5), which confers resistance to races I, II and pathotype 001 of H. vastatrix, was developed. The CaRHv10-AS marker was validated in a segregating genetic mapping population of 247 F2 genotypes and demonstrated selection efficiency greater than 97% for genotypes with resistance to three races. Thus, this work provides a fast, robust, and affordable molecular marker for use in MAS, facilitating the development of coffee plants with multiple resistance and ensuring sustainable coffee production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee leaf rust (CLR) is caused by the biotrophic pathogenic fungus Hemileia vastatrix. Despite being the most researched coffee disease, mysteries still exist relating to its epidemiology and biology. The objective of this work is to highlight past and present events concerning this prominent coffee disease. We start with an historical overview of the homeland of Coffea arabica, the Afromontane forest of south‐west Ethiopia, and then follow its journey across the globe linked to colonial trade and power struggles. We report the relevance of CLR to coffee production today, with a focus on the Americas and summarize unproven hypotheses in relation to the cause of recent epidemics. We present an original hypothesis concerning the first major outbreak occurring in 1869 in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), based on geopolitical connections to global trade. We review old and new options for management of the disease. The likelihood of a yet undetected alternate host of H. vastatrix is also considered as an additional piece of the epidemiological puzzle. Finally, we reflect on the interactions between H. vastatrix and a changing climate. By better understanding past events, linked to CLR, we may be better prepared for future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee has immense value as a worldwide-appreciated commodity. However, its production faces the effects of climate change and the spread of severe diseases such as coffee leaf rust (CLR). The exploration of fungal endophytes associated with Coffea sp. has already found the existence of nearly 600 fungal species, but their role in the plants remains practically unknown. We have researched the diversity of leaf fungal endophytes in two Coffea arabica varieties: one susceptible and one resistant to CLR. Then, we conducted cross-infection essays with four common endophyte species (three Colletotrichum sp. and Xylaria sp. 1) and Hemileia vastatrix (CLR) in leaf discs, to investigate the interaction of the endophytes on CLR colonisation success and severity of infection. Two Colletotrichum sp., when inoculated 72 h before H. vastatrix, prevented the colonisation of the leaf disc by the latter. Moreover, the presence of endophytes prior to the arrival of H. vastatrix ameliorated the severity of CLR. Our work highlights both the importance of characterising the hidden biodiversity of endophytes and investigating their potential roles in the plant-endophyte interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural enemies of plant pathogens might play an important role in controlling plant disease levels in natural and agricultural systems. Yet, plant pathogen–natural enemy interactions might be sensitive to climatic changes. Understanding the relationship between climate, plant pathogens and their natural enemies is thus important for developing climate‐resilient, sustainable agriculture.To this aim, we recorded shade cover, daily minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity, coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite at 58 sites in southwestern Ethiopia during the dry and wet season for 2 years.Coffee leaf rust severity was positively related to the maximum temperature. Hyperparasite severity was higher when the minimum temperature was low (i.e. in places with cold night temperatures). While canopy cover did not have a direct effect on rust severity, it reduced rust severity indirectly by lowering the maximum temperature. Canopy cover had a direct positive effect on the hyperparasite severity during one surveying period.Synthesis and applications. Our findings highlight that coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite are both affected by shade cover and temperature, but in different ways. On the one hand, these niche differences lead to the worrying prediction that levels of coffee leaf rust will increase, and its hyperparasite will decrease, with climate change. On the other hand, these niche differences between coffee leaf rust and its hyperparasite provide opportunities to develop strategies to manage the environment (such as shade cover and microclimate) in such a way that the rust is disfavoured and the hyperparasite is favoured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee industry faces coffee leaf rust caused by Hemileia vastratix, which is considered the most devastating disease of the crop, as it reduces the photosynthetic rate and limits productivity. The use of plant resistance inducers, such as chitosan, is an alternative for the control of the disease by inducing the synthesis of phytoalexins, as well as the activation of resistance genes. Previously, the effect of chitosan from different sources and physicochemical properties was studied; however, its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. In this work, the ability of food-grade high-density chitosan (0.01% and 0.05%) to control the infection caused by the pathogen was evaluated. Subsequently, the effect of high-density chitosan (0.05%) on the induction of pathogenesis-related gene expression (GLUC, POX, PAL, NPR1, and CAT), the enzymatic activity of pathogenesis-related proteins (GLUC, POX, SOD, PPO, and APX), and phytoalexin production were evaluated. The results showed that 0.05% chitosan increased the activity and gene expression of ß-1,3 glucanases and induced a differentiated response in enzymes related to the antioxidant system of plants. In addition, a correlation was observed between the activities of polyphenol oxidase and the production of phytoalexin, which allowed an effective defense response in coffee plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee leaf rust (CLR) is caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Br., a disease of economic importance, reducing coffee yield up to 60%. Currently, CLR epidemics have negatively impacted food security. Therefore, the objective of the present research study is to show a current framework of this disease and its effects on diverse areas, as well as the biological systems used for its control, mode of action, and effectiveness. The use of essential plant oils and antagonistic microorganisms to H. vastatrix are highlighted. Terpenes, terpenoids, and aromatic compounds are the main constituents of these oils, which alter the cell wall and membrane composition and modify the basic cell functions. Beneficial microorganisms inhibit urediniospore germination and reduce disease incidence and severity. The antagonistic microorganisms and essential oils of some aromatic plants have great potential in agriculture. These biological systems may have more than one mechanism of action, which reduces the possibility of the emergence of resistant strains of H. vastatrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to validate markers linked to the SH3 gene of coffee leaf rust (CLR) resistance and use them in assisted selection. Initially, we validated the markers in genotypes already known to carry SH3. Next, we performed phenotype and genotype evaluation for resistance to CLR in coffee plants growing under field conditions. We used Arabica coffee progenies derived from BA-10, which carries the SH3 gene due to introgression of C. liberica. Three SCAR markers (SP-M16-SH3, BA-48-21O-f, and BA-124-12K-f) and one SSR marker (Sat244) linked to SH3 gene were used to amplify the coffee plants' DNA. Our assessments of markers validation in resistant genotypes, SP-M16-SH3 and BA-124-12K-f, were efficient to identify the SH3 gene. These two markers were used to evaluate the progenies derived from BA-10 and were significantly linked to the phenotype evaluations. The SP-M16-SH3 marker was more efficient, with the advantage of being codominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is the second most significant commodity worldwide, with C. arabica being its most representative species. The coffee crop is affected by different fungal diseases that reduce the photosynthetically active area of its leaves and the production of grains. In order of agronomic importance, the rust caused by the biotrophic pathogen Hemileia vastatrix is a disease difficult to manage due to its type of reproduction. Another no less important, Thread Blight, caused by the basidiomycetes Ceratobasidium noxium (Syn. Corticium koleroga) and C. chavesanum, affects all aerial tissues of plants. The third disease, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora coffeicola, infects both leaves and grains, making it difficult to manage. Although there is enough scientific information on Rust, very little is known about the etiology, symptomatology, life cycle, and management of Thread Blight and Cercospora leaf spot. High-resolution photographs and micrographs were used and related with available scientific information. In addition, current scientific information on each disease was compiled, and with that, the life cycles were developed. Likewise, this manuscript describes the management of the three diseases based mainly on the use of genetic, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical measures and their integration as a sustainable alternative in the coffee agroecosystem. Current and future challenges in coffee include the evaluation of cultivars, genetic diversity of Ceratobasidium spp. and C. coffeicola, plant-pathogen interactions, and agroecological management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee production is negatively affected by coffee leaf rust, a disease caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix. As a natural product-based alternative to chemically control the disease, this study evaluated the effect of two chitosan-coated nanoemulsions prepared from Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) and the thymol: pyruvic acid (1:1) natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) on the in vitro germination of H. vastatrix urediospores and on the in vivo control of the disease in Coffea arabica plants under greenhouse conditions. Both nanoformulations inhibited urediospores in vitro germination but only that prepared with EO did it significantly more than its free form active ingredient (the observed reduction was around 60 %). On the other hand, the in vivo experiment showed that the EO and NADES chitosan-coated nanoemulsions offered similar and significant protection for Coffea arabica plants against leaf rust; the disease severity level was found to be less than 2.6 % after 81 days from the application of the treatments to the plants (comparable to the cooper oxychloride, which is one of the commercial fungicides traditionally used), while the free components did not (9.0–13.3 % of severity level by day 81, such as the control). This is the first report demonstrating that chitosan-coated nanoemulsions, containing NADES or EO, protect coffee plants against H. vastatrix infection and can be two alternatives for sustainable pest management. Furthermore, this study contributes to broadening the prospects for using hydrophobic NADES in the design of biopesticides. [Display omitted] • Natural deep eutectic solvents inhibit the germination of urediospores. • Lemongrass oil and a eutectic solvent were nanoemulsified and chitosan-coated. • Chitosan-coated nanoemulsions showed a slow release of monoterpene over 36 days. • Nanostructured systems protect coffee plants from rust under greenhouse conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemileia vastatrix (HV) is the pathogen responsible for the coffee leaf rust (CLR) disease that has spread globally. CLR causes losses of up to a billion dollars annually and affects all types of crops regardless of their production regime (organic or inorganic). Additionally, smallholders produce approximately 80% of coffee in developing countries. The condition causes losses of up to a billion dollars annually. It affects all types of crops regardless of their production regime (organic or inorganic). Approximately 80% of coffee is produced by smallholders in developing countries. Until the 90s, shaded-production systems and native varieties were encouraged; however, the rapid spread of CLR has forced farmers to migrate towards inorganic schemes, mainly due to a lack of knowledge about natural alternatives to pesticides that can be implemented to control HV. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to compile the currently existing options, emphasizing two key factors that guarantee efficient rust control: selective fungicidal activity against HV and the nutrition of coffee crops. Thus, by comprehending how these natural compounds (such as plant, bacteria, fungi, animals, or algae metabolites) impact coffee rust proliferation. Furthermore, since a various range of biochar effects contributes to the control of foliar fungal pathogens through modification of root exudates, soil properties, and nutrient availability, which influence the growth of antagonist microorganisms, we present a review of the pathogen-suppressive effects of biochar, and new control strategies suitable for organic schemes can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the incidence and population genetics of coffee leaf rust (CLR) fungus, Hemileia vastatrix , to estimate the possible original source(s) and subsequent migration pathways of wind-borne and human-aided spores in three main coffee production regions (Northwest, Central Highlands, and Southeast) in Vietnam. In southern Vietnam (Central Highlands and Southeast), Coffea canephora covers the majority area, while Catimor lines of C. arabica accounts for 95% of the coffee plantations in northwestern Vietnam. Field surveys conducted at eighty-five plantations, show coffee leaf samples infected by the rust fungus across forty-one plantations. Catimor varieties exhibited high levels of susceptibility with severe rust symptoms, while robusta varieties had varying degrees of susceptibility. We analyzed 863−869 base pairs of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from 83 samples (41 sequences from Vietnam, 2 from Thailand, and the remaining 40 from American countries); and fifty-two haplotypes consisting of 123 polymorphic sites were detected. Although the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicates significant genetic differentiation in the H. vastatrix populations in Vietnam, there was no clear genetic structure with respect to the three geographic areas surveyed. Based on the haplotype network, NeighborNet analysis, and geographical distribution patterns of the haplotypes, five haplotypes were identified as early established, from which most other haplotypes in Vietnam were derived. The early established haplotypes were found in the highest frequency in Northwest Vietnam. This finding corresponds to the earliest record of CLR in Vietnam. The phylogenetic network analysis also illustrated that H. vastatrix had expanded from the northwest to southern Vietnam. Pairwise genetic distance analysis and the geophylogenetic tree also suggests that CLR was first established in the Northwest. In addition, some scattered individuals on the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) diagram and several separated haplotypes in the phylogenetic networks indicated that other branches of CLR in Vietnam were initiated in the Central Highlands. Hemileia vastatrix from these branches have been spreading in southern Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of disease resistant coffee cultivars is of paramount importance to increase grain yield and decrease production costs. The lack of information on how the new cultivars resist the attack of diseases and pests is a limiting factor in the selection of the best cultivars. Thus, the objective of the present work was to select superior genotypes of the Big Coffee VL group for resistance to Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola. The experiment consisted of 18 progenies pre-selected from a group of 100 genetic materials, for the trait of productivity. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with six blocks and one plant per experimental plot, totaling 108 individuals. The selected coffee plants were evaluated for 10 months for injuries caused by coffee leaf rust and brown eye spot using commonly used diagrammatic scales. During the evaluated months, the genotypes G10, P32 and M22 were more tolerant to rust and brown eye spot. Thus, they are good candidates for genetic improvement programs with the objective of producing larger grains and adding resistance to the main diseases of arabica coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of technification and the conditions for the production of coffee (Coffea arabica) in producing countries differ from one to another, although they share low prices for the grain in the market as a particular problem. The decrease in production aggravates losses, since coffee rust is the disease with the greatest economic importance. The aim of this study was to examine the traditional management of the coffee crop regarding the control of rust in small production units in the region of Tierradentro, department of Cauca, Colombia, as well as to identify the main problems in the design of lines of action to solve them. The methodology consisted in selecting production units, using an intentional or convenience collection of samples, with the application of semi-structured interviews, and the information was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results obtained indicated that farmers continue using the traditional farming system and incorporate agronomic practices to increase yields and improve grain quality. Such practices include renovation of the coffee plantation with rust-resistant varieties, the use of fertilizers, soil analysis, planting under shade and cleaning the plantation. The main problem identified was the high cost of inputs and the low prices of coffee in the market. We therefore conclude that the traditional coffee plantation methods, along with the adoption of others agricultural practices, helped to modify the hierarchy of the problems by facing the importance of rust, since it allowed to control the incidence of the disease in the coffee plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is an important agricultural commodity in the world. However, it is susceptible to Hemileia vastatrix (Hv), an obligatory biotrophic fungus that causes coffee leaf rust (CLR). Natural resistance to rust has been identified in the wild species Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica. These species have been used in breeding programs where interspecific resistant hybrids have been generated. The SH3 gene, derived from C. liberica, has been shown to confer extreme and long-lasting resistance to Hv. A total of 167 accessions of the INIA’s Coffee Germplasm Collection of Peru (INIA-CGC) were screened with 4 markers linked to the SH3 gene. As positive controls, EA67 (C. liberica) and the hybrid S.288 (C. arabica x C. liberica) were used. Separation of PCR products was done by capillary electrophoresis, which allow to discriminate the alleles of each marker. For three markers, specific alleles for either C. arabica or C. liberica species were found. In all cases, S.288 exhibited specific alleles for both species; whereas the INIA-CGC accessions had exclusively C. arabica alleles and EA67 had C. liberica alleles. The BA-48-21O-f marker did not produce PCR fragments for any of the positive controls, suggesting that this marker is not as predictive as the other three to determine the presence of SH3. This work reports the existence of multiple alleles for the Sat244 marker; however, the collection does not have the SH3 mediated-resistance gene. Finally, the utility of capillary electrophoresis as a tool to identify alleles linked to SH3 was demonstrated.

Coffee leaf rust is the main disease that causes significant losses in Coffea arabica. In Peru, this disease caused epidemics between 2008 and 2013 with production losses of 35 %. The objective was to identify H. vastatrix using a morphological and molecular approach based on a phylogenetic species concept. Coffee leaf samples with symptoms of chlorotic lesions with the presence of yellow uredospores at different severity stages of different cultivars were collected from 11 locations in the departments of Pasco and Junin during 2017-2018. DNA was purified as proposed by Cristancho and coworkers. The major subunit of ribosomal DNA was amplified with universal primers LR0R and LR5, and sequenced by Macrogen and deposited in GenBank. Sequences from the genera Achrotelium, Blastospora, Cystopsora, Hemileia, and Mikronegeria were included for phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that the rust was distributed in coffee growing regions of Pasco: Villa Rica (Catimor, Caturra, and Gran Colombia); Oxapampa (Yellow Caturra), and Junín: San Luis de Shuaro (Catimor), Chanchamayo (Catimor), San Ramón (Catimor), Vitoc (Caturra), Pichanaki (Caturra), Río Negro (Caturra), Pangoa (Yellow Caturra, Gran Colombia, Limani). It was also grouped into a single clade with isolated H. vastatrix from Mexico and Australia, suggesting that they come from a common ancestor. This is the first confirmed report using molecular barcoding of H. vastatrix in the central jungle of Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shade effects on coffee diseases are ambiguous because they vary depending on the season and environment. Using Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) as an example, we demonstrate relationships between the environment and shading systems and their effects on disease intensity. We characterized seasonal variations in microclimate and CLR incidence across different altitudes and shading systems, and integrated effects between the environment, shading systems, microclimate and CLR into a piecewise structural equation model. The diurnal temperature range was higher in unshaded systems, but differences decreased with altitude. Humidity related indicators in shaded systems decreased with altitude. At mid and high altitudes, high CLR incidence occurred in the shading system showing a low diurnal temperature range and a high dew point temperature. Our study demonstrates how microclimatic indicators vary as a function of the season, altitude and the coffee shading system, and how this in turn is related to CLR.

Coffee is an important agricultural commodity in the world. However, it is susceptible to Hemileia vastatrix (Hv), an obligatory biotrophic fungus that causes coffee leaf rust (CLR). Natural resistance to rust has been identified in the wild species Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica. These species have been used in breeding programs where interspecific resistant hybrids have been generated. The SH3 gene, derived from C. liberica, has been shown to confer extreme and long-lasting resistance to Hv. A total of 167 accessions of the INIA’s Coffee Germplasm Collection of Peru (INIA-CGC) were screened with 4 markers linked to the SH3 gene. As positive controls, EA67 (C. liberica) and the hybrid S.288 (C. arabica x C. liberica) were used. Separation of PCR products was done by capillary electrophoresis, which allow to discriminate the alleles of each marker. For three markers, specific alleles for either C. arabica or C. liberica species were found. In all cases, S.288 exhibited specific alleles for both species; whereas the INIA-CGC accessions had exclusively C. arabica alleles and EA67 had C. liberica alleles. The BA-48-21O-f marker did not produce PCR fragments for any of the positive controls, suggesting that this marker is not as predictive as the other three to determine the presence of SH3. This work reports the existence of multiple alleles for the Sat244 marker; however, the collection does not have the SH3 mediated-resistance gene. Finally, the utility of capillary electrophoresis as a tool to identify alleles linked to SH3 was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rust (Hemileia vastatrix) is the most destructive and economically important disease in coffee worldwide, especially in Coffea arabica L. It occurs throughout the plant cycle and chemical, biological and cultural methods are used to control it. integrated management and genetic resistance; although some are ineffective, expensive and polluting. The objective was to evaluate the incidence and severity of rust in coffee seedlings var. Geisha under the effect of different biofungicides. The research was carried out at the El Nueve farm, Santa María Huatulco, Oaxaca; during 2018 in nursery. Different treatments were evaluated: control, products based on microorganisms: Baci-Sur subtilis, Bacit-Sur, Michoderma, Blite Free F-07/Guanobras; the minerals: Copper Oxychloride, Bordeaux Broth, Visous Mineral Broth, Sulfocal and a homeopathic (Nat-Rx), plus some combinations, for a total of 24 treatments. The design was completely randomized with 10 repetitions. The variables to assess incidence were total leaves, healthy leaves and rust damaged. Photographs of damaged leaves were used to assess visual severity using the logarithmicdiagrammatic scale. To assess digitized severity using Adobe Photoshop® CC 2017 software, total leaf area, rust-damaged area, and healthy area were measured. They were analyzed by the Kruskal- Wallis test in SAS software. Significant statistical differences were found between the biofungicides at 150 dda on the incidence of rust (IR), without significant differences in severity. The treatments with the lowest IR were the combination of microorganisms Bacit-Sur+Nat-Rx, Baci-Sur subtilis+Blite FreeF-07/Guanobras and Michoderma+Blite Free F-07/Guanobras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf rust disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix fungus may become an important issue on highland coffee (Coffea arabica) especially related to the progressive increase in terms of global temperature. A research aimed at evaluating the mineral composition of some rusted coffee leaves from a single clone S 795 was carried out in Andungsari Experimental Station, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute. A single block experiment was situated at 1451 m asl. The intensity of rust spot in the leaves were identified, and estimated to correspond with the score of 5 to 7 out of 10. The difference in the nutrient status between normal and rusted leaves were statistically evaluated by comparing the mean values using unpaired t-test. The leaf analysis shows an optimal range for potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and silicon (Si). Silicon distribution exhibits a high vari- ability with coefficient of variation (CV) around 30%, while K is slightly lower with CV less than 10%. Principal component analysis shows that Ca, Mg and K may have explained the most variation in the original variables as defined by PC1 (54.76%), PC2 (23.22%), and PC3 (14.01%). The rusted leaves are associated with Ca and Si while normal leaves are associated with K. A considerable high of K may explain for the depression of Ca in normal leaves which is, however, associated with an antagonism between these two minerals. The ratio of has a negative correlation with Ca, and may show a potential as an indicator for leaf mineral evaluation in the context of Hemileia vastatrix fungus infected coffee.

Crop health management systems can be designed according to practices that help to reduce crop losses by restricting pathogen development and promoting host plant growth. A good understanding of pathogen and host dynamics, which are interdependent, is therefore needed. In this article, we used a holistic approach to explain the behavior of coffee leaf rust (CLR), a major coffee disease. We monitored coffee plant and CLR dynamics simultaneously in plots under different disease management and agroforestry systems. Diseased leaves were also collected to characterize inoculum stock and rust life stages (latent rust area, area with uredospores, necrosis due to rust) through picture analysis. We used structural equation modeling to obtain an overview of CLR pathosystem functioning on a plant scale. This overview integrates processes such as disease dilution by host leaf renewal, direct and indirect effects of fruit load on CLR development, antagonistic effects of shading depending on rust life stages, the tonic effect of copper-based fungicides on leaf retention, and effects on rust life stages depending on fungicide types. From our results, we also deduced that the inoculum stock could be calculated in unsprayed plots from the rust area with uredospores, with uredospores at 58 × 10³ cm-2, on average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the transcriptional profile of genes related to nitrogen (N) assimilation in coffee plants susceptible and resistant to rust fungi under N sufficiency and N suppression. For this purpose, we inoculated young coffee leaves with Hemileia vastatrix uredospores and collected them at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI) to evaluate the relative expressions of genes encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (CaGS1), plastid glutamine synthetase (CaGS2), nitrate reductase (CaNR), and asparagine synthetase (CaAS). The genes exhibited distinct patterns of transcriptional modulation for the different genotypes and N nutritional regimes. The resistant genotype (I59) presented high levels of transcription in response to pathogen inoculation for CaNR and CaGS1 genes, evaluated under N sufficiency in the initial moments of infection (12 HPI). The gene CaGS1 also showed a peak at 48 HPI. The susceptible genotype (CV99) showed increased transcript rates of CaNR at 12 and 24 HPI in response to rust inoculation. The transcriptional patterns observed for CV99, under N suppression, were high levels for CaAS and CaGS2 at all post-inoculation times in response to coffee leaf rust disease. In addition, CaGS1 was up-regulated at 48 HPI for CV99. Cultivar I59 showed high transcript levels at 12 HPI for CaAS and peaks at 24 and 48 HPI for CaGS2 in inoculated samples. Consequently, total chlorophyl concentration was influenced by N suppression and by rust infection. Regarding enzyme activities in vitro for glutamine synthetase and CaNR, there was an increase in infected coffee leaves (I59) and under N sufficiency. Moreover, CV99 was modulated in both N nutritional regimes for GS activity in response to rust. Our results indicate that N transport genes trigger a differential modulation between genotypes through the action of rust disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shade effects on coffee diseases are ambiguous because they vary depending on the season and environment. Using Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) as an example, we demonstrate relationships between the environment and shading systems and their effects on disease intensity. We characterized seasonal variations in microclimate and CLR incidence across different altitudes and shading systems, and integrated effects between the environment, shading systems, microclimate and CLR into a piecewise structural equation model. The diurnal temperature range was higher in unshaded systems, but differences decreased with altitude. Humidity related indicators in shaded systems decreased with altitude. At mid and high altitudes, high CLR incidence occurred in the shading system showing a low diurnal temperature range and a high dew point temperature. Our study demonstrates how microclimatic indicators vary as a function of the season, altitude and the coffee shading system, and how this in turn is related to CLR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. & Broome) is the main disease of coffee cultivation, and given the need to reduce the losses it causes, ecological alternatives have been implemented for its control and under this concept this research aimed to quantify the effect of four homeopathic preparations and 0.5% Bordeaux mixture in the severity, foliar infestation and defoliation caused by this fungus, the experiment was carried out in the East Regional Center of the Autonomous University Chapingo in Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico, from September to November of 2014, where the homeopathic plants were sprayed every week for 60 d, with four repetitions/trees per treatment in a randomized complete block design. The Bordeaux mixture at 0.5% was applied twice for 60 days and the control trees were not applied. At 60 d the severity was recorded in 10 leaves per tree and at 30 and 60 d the foliar infestation and defoliation were quantified. The results showed that the severity was not affected at 60 d or the foliar infestation at 30 d, the plant polypharm (mixture of 72 anti-stress homeopathic preparations and diseases, nutrients, pests and plants of agricultural importance)/212 Centesimal Hahnemanniana, 49.75% decreased the defoliation at 30 d and the homoeopathic mixture reduced 26.65 and 45.06% foliar infestation and defoliation at 60 d. The homeopathic mixture allows to protect the plant rather than to manage or eliminate the pathogen, it is an ecological and organic alternative to solve the current contingency of coffee rust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee rust is a devastating disease that causes large economic losses across the world. The severity of this disease changes over time so the farmers are not fully aware of the economic importance of the rust disease in the coffee crops. From a computational science perspective, several investigations have been proposed to decrease the effects caused by the coffee rust appearance from Expert systems based on machine learning techniques. However, because samples about coffee rust incidence are few, the rules created from machine learning techniques do not contain enough information to consider the diversity of scenarios for detecting coffee rust. This paper proposes an expert system based on rules, where the rules are created considering the expert knowledge of specialists and technical reports about the behavior of the disease during a crop year. As far as we know, this is the first expert system proposed using not only expert knowledge but also technical reports in the coffee rust problem. The Buchanan methodology is used to design the proposed system. Experiment results present an average accuracy of 66,67% to detect a correct warning of coffee rust levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world, since more than 56 countries are dedicated to its cultivation and it is the main agricultural commodity since the period 1962-1989 and coffee orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome) is the most devastating disease for this crop. In Central America, the losses caused by this pathogen were up to 50% in the 2011-2012 production cycle. Coffee production in the state of Veracruz decreased by 8% since 2011 due to rust infestations, consequently research has been carried out on beneficial microorganisms that provide tolerance to the pathogen, whose obtaining and application does not represent a risk of deterioration of the soil resource. Therefore, the endomycorrhizal meet these requirements, however it is necessary to know the diversity and conditions of association with the agricultural species of interest so that the management is effective. The objective was to characterize endomycorrhic populations present in coffee plants (C. arabica L.) Typica variety with and without signs of rust infection in Ixhuatlán del café, Veracruz. We identified 37 species that correspond to 14 genera of endomycorrhizal, being the most common Acaulospora and Rhizophagus, the latter being the most frequent in plants without signs of rust infection. A higher percentage of root colonization and spore density was also found in plants without signs of infection (7.70% and 661.68 spores / 100 g of soil, respectively) but the Shannon (H) diversity index and the Simpson (D) does not indicate that the endomycorrhizal populations found are diverse. These results show that the plants that interact in symbiosis with mycorrhiza are able to tolerate better the biotic and abiotic stress, besides the prevalence of certain endomycorrhizal genera in coffee plants with particular physiological characteristics gives a guideline to deepen the study of the established differential symbiosis between plants and microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IAC 125 RN was derived from a cross between the coffee cultivar Villa Sarchí and the Hibrido de Timor CIFC 832/2. The coffee trees are short and resistant to races 1 and 2 of the nematode Meloidogyne exigua and to all races of coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix, present in Brazil. Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how differences in state's 'embedded autonomy' (i.e., the historical relationship between farmers and the state, public institutions, and state capacity) in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua shaped the management of the 2012 coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemic, resulting in differential responses. We conducted 80 interviews with key coffee-sector actors and six focus groups representing 20 farmer organizations and 19 technical assistance providers to understand these divergent responses. We first examined the dynamic, historical, and relational contexts of contradictions, contestation, and negotiation in agri-food networks influencing each response. We then explored how the role of the state and agrarian structures in each country affected farmers' performance and access to different support systems for renovating and rehabilitating coffee plantations in response to the CLR epidemic. In El Salvador and Nicaragua, oligarchic control, weak state relationships with small coffee farmers and fragmented bureaucracies hindered effective CLR crisis response and recovery. Although farmers' organizations, NGOs, and the private sector attempt to fill the gap using market or 'user pay' mechanisms for CLR management, they cannot fully compensate for the state's shortcomings. In contrast, Honduras, which is closest to a 'developmental state' in the coffee sector, performed better. This is attributed to its more pro-smallholder development path since the 1970s, which bolstered state institutional structures and fostered social ties and dynamism within smallholder organizations in the coffee sector. However, decentralization and clientelist relations limited the country's ability to propose long-term CLR management strategies. We argue that a state's 'embedded autonomy' is critical in determining its approach and effectiveness in managing CLR crises and collaborating with and supporting coffee farmers. Finally, we highlight the importance of considering both conjunctural factors (such as meteorological and economic conditions) and the state's historical capacity and embeddedness in analyzing CLR outbreaks and their effects across different countries. • This study investigates El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua's divergent responses to and recovery trajectories from the 2012 coffee leaf rust (CLR) crisis. • The role of the state and agrarian structures in each country affected farmers' performance and access to different support systems after 2012 CLR crisis. • Weak state relationships and fragmented bureaucracies in El Salvador and Nicaragua hindered effective crisis response and recovery. • Honduras outperformed El Salvador and Nicaragua in CLR management due to existing state structures and social ties built since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix (Berk and Br.) is a major disease occurring in coffee plantations. Although the rust fungus exists in different physiological races, the genetic difference between them is meagrely understood. In this study, genetic diversity of 14 identified and two unidentified leaf rust races was determined by sequence-related amplified polymorphism ( SRAP) markers. Of 48 SRAP primer pairs tested, 35 primers are polymorphic and generated 347 distinct scorable fragments. The number of fragments ranged from 4 to 18 with a mean of 9.97 fragments per primer combination. Of the total 347 amplified fragments, 185 fragments (53.31%) are polymorphic with an average of 5.41 fragments per primer combination. The average resolving power (Rp) and the average polymorphism information content ( PIC) of the 35 SRAP primer combinations were 13.60 and 0.356, respectively. Of 35 SRAP primer pairs, 15 primer pairs were more informative and generated 25 unique fragments, which are useful for race discrimination. The study demonstrated the existence of genetic variability among various leaf rust races and this information will be helpful in coffee breeding programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pucciniomycete fungus Hemileia vastatrix causes leaf rust on coffee trees. The pathogen is responsible for considerable yield losses in susceptible coffee cultivars if appropriate management strategies are not implemented. Rapid spread and epidemics of rust fungi are usually associated with the emergence of new races of the pathogen that overcome resistance or with the emergence of more aggressive populations of the pathogen. In Brazil, coffee production is dominated by susceptible cultivars of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. We assessed aggressiveness in 46 populations of H. vastatrix from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, two of the most important coffee-producing states in Brazil. We observed a significant difference in the incubation period between the populations from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo when 183 single-pustule isolates were inoculated onto Catuaí Vermelho IAC 44, a susceptible C. arabica cultivar. Variation in aggressiveness components was observed between and within localities. Isolates with longer incubation periods also tended to have longer latent periods, although there was only a low correlation between these two aggressiveness components ( r2 = 0.34, P = 2.2 × 10−16). Low-sporulating isolates also had significantly longer incubation and latent periods. The H. vastatrix population from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo is structured by the formation of groups of individuals with differential level of aggressiveness. Our results indicate that the variation in aggressiveness of the Brazilian H. vastatrix population may be associated with the geographic coffee-producing areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting superior genotypes is facilitated by marker-assisted selection (MAS), which is particularly suitable for transferring disease resistance alleles because it nullifies environmental effects and allows selection of resistant individuals in the absence of the pathogen or race, enabling preventive breeding. Molecular markers linked to two major genes (S3 and S?), conferring resistance to coffee rust, and those linked to the Ck-1 gene, conferring resistance to coffee berry disease (CBD), have previously been identified. These markers were validated and used in a progeny of crosses between Indian selections with Coffea arabica cultivars. Eleven resistant individuals homozygous for S3 were identified by MAS. Of these, seven carry S? from Híbrido de Timor and the gene introduced from Coffea liberica (S3). S? was characterized as derived from Coffea canephora. Thus, it was possible to identify C. arabica genotypes carrying important genes for rust resistance introgressed from other coffee species. MAS also allowed identification of sources of CBD resistance for use in preventive breeding for resistance to this serious disease. Using two validated molecular markers, two coffee plants carrying Ck-1 were identified: the UFV 328-60 genotype (F) was resistant and homozygous based on both molecular markers but exhibited no markers related to S3 and S?, and the UFV 317-12 genotype (F) was resistant and homozygous but resistant and heterozygous based on CBD-Sat207 and CBD-Sat235, respectively. Along with possessing Ck-1, the latter carries S?. Overall, plants carrying different genes for resistance to rust and CBD were identified. These plants are important sources for gene pyramiding in breeding programs aimed at multiple and durable resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian arabica coffee production is based on a set of highly productive cultivars sexually propagated. All of them are susceptible to coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, and most of them are also susceptible to coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix. Aiming to reduce the selection process of cultivars with multiple resistances to both biotic constraints, the Coffea arabica clones 760, 1059, 1064 and 1215 were evaluated under field conditions. The mean yield of four C. arabica clones was not statistically different from the experimental controls; however, the yield of clone 1059 was 21% higher than the control cultivar Obatã IAC 1669-20. Leaf miner resistance level in all the evaluated clones remained the same as the mother plant's. However, the same did not occur for resistance to H. vastatrix, due to the emergence of new pathogen races. In summary, it is potentially feasible the adoption of clone 1059 as a new clonal cultivar resistant to coffee leaf miner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]