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The purpose of this study was to examine whether components of the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive (PASS) processing theory of intelligence predict reading and mathematics proficiency in a group of intellectually gifted children. One hundred forty-two intellectually gifted children (70 females, 72 males; M[subscript age] = 127.41 months, SD = 10.76) were assessed on PASS processes as well as on reading and mathematics. Results of regression analyses showed that planning was a significant predictor of both reading and mathematics. In addition, simultaneous processing predicted mathematics and successive processing predicted reading. These findings suggest that when intelligence is operationalized on the basis of neurocognitive processes it can explain individual differences in academic achievement even among a restricted range of high ability students.

Although the role of cognitive processes, such as planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive (PASS) processing in reading ability has been examined in samples of typically developing children and children with reading difficulties, it remains unclear if these processes also contribute to superior reading performance. Thus, in this study we examined (a) which PASS processes differentiate superior readers from average readers and (b) what is the individual profile of the superior readers. Thirty-six children with superior reading performance (standard score in Broad Reading equal to or higher than 130) and 43 average readers (standard score in Broad Reading between 85 and 115) were assessed on measures of general intelligence, planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive processing. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that the superior readers performed significantly better than the average readers only in simultaneous and successive processing. However, the superior readers exhibited diverse individual profiles of cognitive assets. The psychoeducational implications of these findings are discussed.

The present study provides empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that pre-school children's cognitive functions can be developed by virtue of a training tool named COGENT (Cognitive Enhancement Training). We assumed that COGENT (COGEST in Spain) which is embedded in speech and language, will enhance the core cognitive processes that are required for reading acquisition. The participants included 97 students aged four and five, who received COGEST for six months. The two core cognitive processes targeted were simultaneous and successive. These were measured before and after the application of COGEST. Simultaneously, we assessed a control group in the same manner, but it did not receive any COGEST training. Results showed that the COGEST group improved its simultaneous and successive processing performance significantly (p?

The present study aimed to examine the nature of the working memory and general cognitive ability deficits experienced by university students with a specific reading comprehension deficit. A total of 32 university students with poor reading comprehension but average word-reading skills and 60 age-word-matched controls with no comprehension difficulties participated in the study. The participants were assessed on three verbal working memory tasks that varied in terms of their processing demands and on the "Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System," which was used to operationalize intelligence. The results indicated first that the differences between poor and skilled comprehenders on working memory were amplified as the processing demands of the tasks increased. In addition, although poor comprehenders as a group had average intelligence, they experienced significant difficulties in simultaneous and successive processing. Considering that working memory and general cognitive ability are highly correlated processes, these findings suggest that the observed differences between poor and skilled comprehenders are likely a result of a deficient information processing system.

Two Canadian First Nations samples of Grades 3 and 4 children were assessed for cognitive processing, word reading, and phonological awareness skills. Both groups were from Plains Cree rural reservations in different provinces. The two groups showed significant differences on several key cognitive variables although there were more similarities than differences. Groups, separately and combined, showed a significant relationship between decoding, phonological awareness variables, word decoding, and successive processing that has also been observed among children from the mainstream culture. In general, the cognitive processing, reading, and reading subskills of First Nations children are, on average, below the norms for these measures. The findings are discussed in terms of reading disability identification practices from a Discrepancy Model and the Consistency-Discrepancy Model using PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive) theory among First Nations children.

The objectives of the present study were twofold: (a) to explore the interrelationship among distal, proximal cognitive skills, and word reading; and (b) to identify those cognitive processes that predict phonological awareness and rapid naming. Seventy First-Nation Canadian children attending grades 3 and 4 were examined on phonological awareness, rapid naming, Word Identification, Word Attack, and the cognitive processing measures of planning, attention, successive, and simultaneous (PASS). Results indicated that phonological awareness and rapid naming uniquely predicted reading, whereas PASS variables did not, when the effects of phonological awareness and rapid naming were controlled. Finally, both phonological awareness and rapid naming were predicted by planning. Implications for diagnosis of children at risk for reading difficulties and remediation are discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)

Forty-five Grade 3 students from a reservation school in Western Canada were divided into two remedial groups and a no-risk control group. One remedial group was given a classroom-administered cognitive enhancement program (COGENT) throughout the school year. The second group received COGENT for the first half of the year followed by a pull-out cognitive-based reading enhancement program (PREP). Children were assessed across phonological awareness, rapid naming, reading, and cognitive ability at the beginning of the year, midterm, and at the end of the school year. MANOVA results showed a significant interaction for reading measures, with students receiving classroom intervention over the school year making the greatest gains. Results are discussed in terms of group, remediation program, and individual participant improvements.

This study examines some relationships pertaining to socioeconomic status and cognitive ability patterns in fourth graders. Specifically, it explores the relative merits of Jensen's hierarchical theory of two levels of cognitive ability, in contrast to a process scheme, positing two parallel modes of coding information. (Editor/SJL)

Two Canadian First Nations samples of Grades 3 and 4 children were assessed for cognitive processing, word reading, and phonological awareness skills. Both groups were from Plains Cree rural reservations in different provinces. The two groups showed significant differences on several key cognitive variables although there were more similarities than differences. Groups, separately and combined, showed a significant relationship between decoding, phonological awareness variables, word decoding, and successive processing that has also been observed among children from the mainstream culture. In general, the cognitive processing, reading, and reading subskills of First Nations children are, on average, below the norms for these measures. The findings are discussed in terms of reading disability identification practices from a Discrepancy Model and the Consistency–Discrepancy Model using PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive) theory among First Nations children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five Grade 3 students from a reservation school in Western Canada were divided into two remedial groups and a no-risk control group. One remedial group was given a classroom-administered cognitive enhancement program (COGENT) throughout the school year. The second group received COGENT for the first half of the year followed by a pull-out cognitive-based reading enhancement program (PREP). Children were assessed across phonological awareness, rapid naming, reading, and cognitive ability at the beginning of the year, midterm, and at the end of the school year. MANOVA results showed a significant interaction for reading measures, with students receiving classroom intervention over the school year making the greatest gains. Results are discussed in terms of group, remediation program, and individual participant improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive functions in 111 adolescent male offenders were examined using the Cognitive Assessment System (CAS). As hypothesized, mean scores for the sample were significantly lower than norms on CAS measures of Planning, Attention, and Successive Processing, and deficits remained for individuals with a childhood-onset when the sample was divided by age-of-onset for antisocial behaviors. Contrary to our hypothesis, mean scores for individuals with adolescent-onset antisocial behaviors were significantly below norms for Planning and Successive Processing. The study provides a direct rather than putative assessment of executive functions and identifies specific executive function deficits regardless of age-of-onset of antisocial behaviors. Implications for practice and limitations of the study are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the research on the works relating to child cultural deprivation and cognitive competence. The research observed that disadvantaged children may gain substantially from an enrich environment. A report also noticed that parental expectation was positively related to the child's achievement and intelligence in more than one subcultural group. A definition of intelligence suggests the ability to plan and structure behavior effectively for goal attainment.

The article discusses the patterns of cognitive ability in nonretarded and retarded children in the U.S. A group of nonretarded and retarded children with matched mental age were given some cognitive tasks of reasoning and memory. It showed that nonretarded children performed the tasks efficiently compared to those who were retarded. Results were factor analyzed for each sample reflecting two modes of coding information, the successive and the simultaneous process

The article examines the patterns of cognitive ability in nonretarded and educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. Subjects of the study consist of 60 nonretarded children and 60 EMR children, both matched on mental age. Cognitive tasks of reasoning and memory are being administered to the respondents. Results show that both samples have disparate loadings for some of the tests, which suggest that distinct modes of coding information might be used by the two groups.

The article presents a reply of the author to a comment on his article about the cognitive ability of mentally retarded children in the U.S. According to the author, the comment that his sample was from an organically impaired rather than from a familial retarded population was shown to be unfounded.