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Meso-tetrakis(1,2-dimethylpyrazolium-4-yl)porphyrin sulfonate (TDMPzP), a water-soluble porphyrin derivative, was synthesized and used as a colorimetric reagent for Cu 2+ detection on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) using distance-based quantification. TDMPzP showed a high selectivity for Cu 2+ detection in aqueous solutions. When Cu 2+ was added to the TDMPzP under acidic conditions, a color change from green to a pink was observed by the naked eye. Under optimized conditions, the application of this system to a distance-based μPAD exhibited good analytical response. The presence of common metal ions (Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , Zn 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cd 2+ , Sn 2+ , and Ni 2+ ) did not interfere with Cu 2+ detection within reasonable tolerance ratios. The lowest concentration of copper that could be measured was 1mgL -1 (1ppm) which meets the requirements for drinking water contamination regulations from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. Real drinking water samples were analyzed to confirm the practical application of this system and the results showed good agreement with ICP-MS data. This distance-based µPAD based on TDMPzP for Cu 2+ detection is convenient and effective for real-time drinking water analysis., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]