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The illegal trade in totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is causing adverse social, ecological, and economic impacts. This illegal activity is accelerating the overexploitation of totoaba and pushing the critically endangered vaquita (Phocoena sinus) closer to extinction. Despite extensive efforts to recover vaquita populations, scant attention has been given to the totoaba trade as an independent issue. As a result, data on the totoaba trade are limited, which hampers robust analyses and development of effective interventions to reduce illegal harvesting. We used a previously developed framework specifically designed to examine dynamics of illegal markets and guide measures to mitigate illegal use of totoaba. This framework separates markets into 3 analytical levels: characterization of participating actors (e.g., fishers, intermediaries); examination of how actors interact within the market (e.g., organization of supply chains); and assessment of the overall market dynamics that result from these interactions (e.g., factors determining price and quantity). We reviewed existing literature (108 initial articles) and interviewed key market actors, academics, and nongovernmental organization experts (14) to obtain data for this framework. Our findings offer an overview of the totoaba illegal market operation, highlighting intervention points (e.g., customs agents) and areas where additional information is required to decrease information gaps (e.g., US local market). We describe the structure and complexity of this market, emphasizing the influential role of organized crime in shaping its dynamics (e.g., controlling prices paid to fishers and stockpiling). By providing a systematic and in-depth understanding of the market operation, we aimed to establish a benchmark for effective interventions and future research aimed at reducing uncertainties. Our results provide a crucial step toward addressing this critical issue and can help facilitate development of effective strategies to combat the illegal totoaba trade and promote biodiversity conservation more broadly., (© 2024 Society for Conservation Biology.)

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere-producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3-fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4-fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans-Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic-level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere., (© 2013 Society for Conservation Biology.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the second half of the 17th century, it was increasingly evident the distance between the royal legislation that revolved around the Carrera de Indias and the activity linked to the trade and navigation practised in it. This forced the Crown to use an instrument that lets it recover a certain position in terms of the benefit obtained by royal taxation: the pardon. This adaptation of taxation to the operation of the Carrera de Indias was not unknown by the Manila Galleon, a route for which it was also proposed as an agreement between both parties. Not only the king interceded in this process, but also neighbours and traders who, as mainly interested, had the necessary and indispensable participation of the viceregal authorities between the 1670s and 1680s in a new framework to reform the Carrera del Pacífico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are witnessing a new space race. In the past few years, the number of successful launches to low Earth orbit has been higher than at any time since Sputnik. Commercial space companies, led by SpaceX and Blue Origin, have developed reusable rockets that are fundamentally changing the economics of spaceflight and opening new markets for recreation and tourism. Large numbers of small satellites are being deployed to monitor Earth resources and deliver high speed Internet to developing countries. Meanwhile, a growing number of countries have built space programs, and a superpower rivalry between China and America has replaced the traditional competition between Russia and America. All this activity raises legal and ethical issues. Space debris is accumulating at a rapid rate, creating a hazard for humans and hardware in low Earth orbit. Currently, there is no real incentive for companies or governments to mitigate this threat. The ownership of space resources is not covered by international law and in most countries, spaceflight is subject to very little regulation. Another concern is the potential militarization of space by the major powers. As we explore space, exploitation may be taking precedence over conservation. Hopefully, the economic benefits of space will be realized while the activity grows ethically and sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempo y Economía is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempo y Economía is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of COVID-19, new dynamics emerged in many urban systems, including the acquisition and distribution of food. The pandemic revealed vulnerabilities in the functioning of facilities and intensified problems such as informality, insecurity, and immigration. In order to contribute to the identification and characterization of these dynamics within food markets, a case study methodology was adopted for this article using mixed techniques-a quantitative approach using a survey and a qualitative approach featuring a focus group. Both methods were applied in the San Roque market in the Metropolitan District of Quito, an iconic food market and distribution facility. The results highlight new commercial dynamics and preferences, as in recent years informal trade and the presence of supermarket chains have proliferated; new logistic means have been created; and wholesale trade has intensified. In addition, the pandemic accentuated the vulnerability of the market at the administrative level and the precariousness of some informal jobs, in turn, accelerated changes among traders. It is concluded that these dynamics merit new conceptual, organizational, and spatial approaches in architectural and urban terms, as well as different policies that favor the sustainable management of markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning have become buzzwords lately due to technological changes and data quality testing, especially in shape and finish analysis. Lots of research has been conducted for linear regression algorithms to predict the price in different sectors for share stock, rental properties, prices of used cars etc. This study provides suitable data split ratio for optimum cost estimation based on linear regression model. In present days there is an increasing demand for having own car for every middle-class family therefore this have given opportunity to motor vehicle business to offer wide range of used vehicle for re-sale especially companies like Maruti Suzuki, Tata motors & Mahendra motors in Indian motor vehicle industries. Therefore, it is important to know the current value of your car before spending your hard-earned money on any item. Objective: the objective of this paper is finding appropriate value of cars in Metropolitans or even in state capitals. Features like model, mileage, AC, seating capacities, fuel type automatic will be taken into account when doing this. This estimate is designed to help customers find the right options to suit their needs. Method: we have used a linear regression model to estimate the value of the respective car. Results: for doing this price prediction in this paper using liner regression we have tried to find the optimum accuracy of model by varying data split ratio for training and test data set and concluded with the result that 80/20 ratio is the best ratio with optimum model accuracy for business domain analysis with labelled data set. Conclusions: the findings underscore the importance of careful consideration when selecting a data split ratio for price prediction models in the used vehicle market. The insights gleaned from this study can inform future research and contribute to the development of more accurate and reliable regression models in similar domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed to evaluate the potential for resilient performance in the face of crises and adversities for companies located in the city of Santa Maria - RS (Brazil). Design/methodology/approach: We adopted a quantitative approach. The research was carried out through five sequential steps: (i) construction and validation of the research instrument; (ii) definition of the sample size and sampling procedures; (iii) data collection; (iv) data analysis and interpretation of results; and (v) elaboration of recommendations. A research instrument containing 44 questions was built and distributed among potential respondents, obtaining 87 valid answers, which corresponds to a statistically representative sample for the parameters adopted. Findings: Our sample was divided into two subsets, representing the Industrial and Commerce sectors. Resilience assessment accounted for four dimensions: the ability to respond, to anticipate, to monitor, and to learn. Results for both sectors showed scores ranging from 3.4 to 3.7 (out of 5) in the four dimensions evaluated. This reveals both sectors have been developing practices that positively contribute to the improvement of resilience, although there are opportunities for improvement. Originality/value: This research sheds light on the resilience ability of the cases surveyed, enabling managers to take action to strengthen their organizations and overcome crises and adversities. Additionally, our findings demonstrate how resilience abilities can be assessed, considering the scope of an economic sector and a geographical area. This approach can be adopted by researchers, policymakers, and development agencies to assess the resilience abilities of firms within their sphere of influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction among countries, companies and individuals makes it essential to find better tools for data collection, in the framework of which trade intelligence becomes relevant as a process of exploration of indicative variables of the supply, demand and prices of a product at a global level or in specific niches. The objective of this work was to design a transversal training model that allows students of the Faculty of Economics, National University of Asunción (FCE-UNA) to improve their knowledge and practices on trade intelligence. Applied research, of a mixed type, was proposed, in which 277 students from the three careers of the FCE-UNA were surveyed. The approach was qualitative, using a cross-sectional analytical-descriptive and propositional methodology. Among the main findings, it is important to mention that students are generally unaware of the concept of trade intelligence and its implications. However, 89% of those surveyed expressed their interest in being trained in the subject. Finally, a project of academic formation in trade intelligence was proposed, with an active learning methodology, to promote the competitiveness of FCE-UNA students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Cultura Económica is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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In Fall 2020, all universities in Alberta went with remote delivery of classes due to COVID-19 restrictions. This provided not only teaching challenges, but also opportunities. Professors at three Canadian universities teaching similar undergraduate courses in international political economy decided to use the challenges/opportunities of COVID-19 restrictions to experiment with a World Trade Organization (WTO) simulation across three campuses through remote delivery. Simulations are frequently used for teaching in political science, but what was unusual was doing it through remote delivery. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the experiment. It traces the origins/evolution of the idea, learning objectives for the students, preparation by the professors to design the WTO simulation, and the experience of the actual simulation. It also addresses the challenges (technological, timing, assignments, grading, student anxiety, etc.). In addition, it identifies the steps that were taken to reduce and mitigate the challenges. It also acknowledges the mistakes that were made by the professors in designing and implementing the assignment. These observations and reflections are informed by the materials that the professors prepared, their thoughts on the experience, and the feedback from participating students (through official student evaluations as well as a special survey instrument). It provides lessons for future online simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The French consulate in Galicia had to defend the commercial interests of the Crown in a territory where the activity of smuggling, especially of tobacco, was closely monitored. In the context of a transformation of the tobacco revenue administration system in 1730, there was an intensification in the fight against the illegal trade, which the documentation shows was supported by the consular body. This is an example of the determined defense of what are considered to be the privileges and exemptions that French ships must enjoy in Spanish ports; it does not obey their economic relevance to France. The rejection of the inspection of vessels, the placement of guards on board, and the obligation to anchor, are elements that contribute to facilitating smuggling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluated the implementation of a pairing guide in a family-owned business in the food industry. The study had a descriptive-exploratory nature, addressing issues qualitatively, ultimately resulting in a technical report. To identify the main challenge of the company, a situational diagnosis was conducted guided by the SWOT analysis. From this analysis, the manager considered the sales process as the item requiring the most intervention. The primary driver for this was the various issues related to the limited knowledge of both the saleswomen and the customers regarding the pairing of wines and cheeses sold at the establishment. In order to mitigate this issue, a guide for pairing the products with food options was developed. The evaluation of the implementation of this guide through opinion questionnaires yielded the following results: a) from the customers, it was found that the tool greatly assists in making clear, concise, and easy choices for wine and cheese; b) from the perspective of the employees, the sales process was simplified with a reduction in interventions by the company's sommelier; c) according to the manager, the idea was very well-received by everyone in the company, and there is an intention to expand the guide to other segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's relationship with Latin America is longstanding, since Zheng He's (1422) travels there has been a constant exchange between both cultures, however it is in the 21st century where this relationship becomes more marked due to the need of the Chinese market for primary goods, which is why Latin America offers goods such as oil, soybean oil and copper. The objective of the work is analyzing the economic relationship that China establishes in the 21st century with the Latin American continent. The research is documentary, and has as a conclusion that the relationship between China and Latin America must be reconsidered, since the continent, being a simple supplier of raw materials and China of manufactured goods, can establish a relationship of dependency with the Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's coastal cities have been playing a pivotal role in international relations through culture, commerce, and connectivity since the hoary past. In modern times, coastal cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on the Arabian Coast and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) on the Bay of Bengal have been active actors in international affairs. While Mumbai has been the hub of international trade and commerce, Kolkata has been the junction of cultural bonhomie with Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries, which gained more traction due to cross-border movements of technology, information, education, trade and finance, and artistic tools bolstered by the New Economic Policy beginning in the early 1990s. Indian states and metropolitan cities are enhancing their positions in international affairs with tangible gains. Mumbai is referred to as India's financial capital and the home to the headquarters of great global business houses and financial organisations. Similarly, Kolkata is known as the cultural capital of India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, Bengali folk art and culture etc.) and a destination for foreign tourists, artists and curious researchers. This paper examines the growth and impact of city diplomacy in India through the prism of federalism in advancing local interests in international politics. It attempts to assess the role of Indian cities from a comparative perspective in the conduct of city diplomacy from economic and cultural aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The urban imaginary of the historical centre of Quito is strongly linked to the configuration of the Ecuadorian national identity and to the official patrimonial discourse which guide the planning and management of the city centre while ignoring the daily spatial relationships and local memories that make up a different city. Therefore, this research seeks to understand how the residents, merchants and artisans of the city centre experience, think and value their space. This research uses a mobile ethnography and combines different qualitative tools such as mapping and photography to analyse corporeal and affective experiences in the city. The inhabitants use the notion of movement to describe an abundant flow of people, money and goods in different places and streets. The research identifies a variety of places in and around the historic centre remembered by the inhabitants for their movement and related to positive emotions and a sense of place. The article identifies and discusses how the relationship between movement, transportation and popular commerce generates affective atmospheres and problematizes the loss of movement of different public spaces that are currently perceived by the inhabitants as empty and dead. The article proposes that the places of movement evoke another type of popular imaginary and generate an alternative urban identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Traditionally, the German community of Tapachula, in Southeastern Mexico has been considered a closed group formed by coffee traders with commercial and national ties. However, in 1921 the colony was convulsed by a conflict related to the designation of the German consul. The conflict exposed the old economic disputes, personal interests and the commercial strategies of the German coffee merchants and how they followed their business objectives and mobilized the resources at their disposal for such purposes. The analysis of this conflict will help to understand the way in which coffee entrepreneurs built alliances and negotiated despite the distance from their country of origin. It is also possible to learn about the different political positions they adopted in the context of historical changes and, particularly, in the context of the recent social democratic government of the Weimar Republic, in Germany. With the information obtained from the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts in Berlin, we have been able to reconstruct a conflict and the commercial dynamics of the Germans settled in Soconusco, a small group that had a greater permanence in the region because of its socioeconomic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The demographic and economic growth in the northern region of the Mexican state of Baja California has led to increased water use and competition for this resource among diverse consumer sectors. The regional dynamism has made it increasingly difficult to meet the demand for water provision. The aim of this investigation was to allocate the water withdrawn from the Mexicali Valley and San Luis Río Colorado (SLRC) aquifers in a scenario of water scarcity among the various consumer sectors by municipality of the states of Baja California and Sonora, as well as to determine the price that would allow for a reduction in the amount of water taken from the aquifers. A spatial equilibrium model was formulated and validated, considering fixed supply and functions of demand. The 2019 results show that the total demand for water from municipalities in residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and livestock sectors were 197.2, 21.7, 16.7, 758 and 5.7 hm³, with Tijuana standing out in the first three sectors, whereas Mexicali and SLRC were highlighted in the farming sector. Regarding the water price, the Tijuana, Tecate, and Ensenada municipalities pay a high tariff for its use, whereas Mexicali and SLRC pay the lowest tariffs. A 10 % reduction in water availability would be achieved if the price in the agricultural sector in Mexicali and SLRC increased by 20 and 22 %, respectively, over the base price. As the price rises, the demand in this sector for both municipalities would decrease by 2.6 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A firma anglo-americana Maxwell, Wright & Co. teve posição de destaque nas rotas atlânticas de comércio a partir da cidade do Rio de Janeiro em meados do século XIX. Seus ramos de atividade eram os mais variados, mas, acima de tudo, a empresa atuou no comércio cafeeiro para os portos dos Estados Unidos da América. Nos anos 1840, a firma era a principal exportadora de café da praça carioca e de todo o Império. O presente trabalho visa a analisar a inserção dessa empresa estrangeira na economia brasileira das três primeiras décadas do Brasil independente.

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Esta investigación tiene como finalidad identificar el desempeño de los sectores productivos del Estado de Quintana Roo durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2016 - 2020 y observar si la contingencia sanitaria incidió en su desempeño. Es por medio de estadística descriptiva y de la construcción del Índice de Ventaja Comparativa Revelada que se analiza a las exportaciones e importaciones por rama de actividad, según la Clasificación HS; para mostrar la ventaja comparativa y competitividad productiva que tiene el Estado de Quintana Roo con respecto al resto del país. El identificar las actividades claves permite la asignación eficiente de los recursos del país y la especialización correcta, ya sea en estas categorías o en otras actividades productivas que sean más rentables y con mayor valor agregado. Entre los resultados se muestra que 6 actividades económicas presentan ventajas comparativas en las exportaciones con un IVCR mayor que uno. Diez son las actividades que muestran ventaja comparativa en las importaciones y sólo una actividad presenta competitividad según el indicador neto.

Introduction: Fast-food chains promote unhealthy foods on social media and in advertising campaigns in occasions such as Black Friday (BF). Although these strategies are reported in communication and marketing publications, they are little explored in public health. Nevertheless, evidence shows the negative impact of food marketing on the health and nutrition of individuals as it encourages the consumption of food that is not aligned with local culture, commensality, and sustainability. Objective: To describe promotional deals by Burger King, a prominent company in the fast-food sector in Brazil during BF in 2019 and to evaluate the interactions with these promotional deals on Facebook. Methods: The promotional deals were retrieved from the company's website, and the price of the products and discount percentage during and outside BF were collected. We evaluated the association of the number of interactions on the Facebook posts with the price and discount percentage during BF. Results: Five promotional deals were identified during BF, mostly of sandwiches; 51% was the minimum discount announced in the BF ads, while 25% was the minimum discount announced outside the campaign. On Facebook, 13 posts presented the promotional deals, totaling 283,432 likes, 226,874 comments, and 40,157 shares. These interactions were greater the lower the price and the higher the discount percentage. Conclusion: BF was used by a fast-food chain to promote unhealthy foods at low prices, resulting in a great engagement on Facebook. This practice can lead to negative public health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the main strategies that women deployed to reactivate trade and obtain income, faced with the material destruction caused by the earthquake of September 7, 2017., in Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, Mexico. Based on ethnography carried out in 2017 and 2018, the text initially develops the theme of the ability of "knowing how to sell" as one of the vital jobs of Juchiteca women; subsequently, it covers the process of reactivating trade after the disaster, emphasizing the role that the public market has in female community life; thereafter, the main production jobs carried out by women are presented; and, finally, the paper highlights the tensions and difficulties that arise when choosing to migrate in search of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Las cadenas de comercialización se han vuelto un instrumento importante para el estudio de las relaciones económicas, pues permiten entender los diferentes procesos, agentes y características de un bien, desde su origen hasta que llega a manos de los consumidores. El presente estudio busca caracterizar la cadena de comercialización del chile habanero de Yucatán a través de una investigación documental y de campo, para conocer su funcionamiento y el impacto que ha generado sobre dicha cadena la obtención de la denominación de origen −DO−. Se emplearon dos técnicas de recolección de información: la primera, fue una investigación documental y la segunda fue una entrevista semiestructurada dirigida a actores de la cadena de comercialización del chile habanero. Se encontró como resultado del estudio de investigación, de enfoque cualitativo, que los intermediarios son los actores más beneficiados de la cadena, y no los productores como se podría pensar; así mismo, se halló que la denominación de origen no está siendo aprovechada como se planeó, ya que, al no cumplirse con la normatividad que exige la DO, no es posible usar este distintivo para obtener un sobreprecio por esta importante hortaliza en los mercados internacionales. Por tanto, resulta indispensable la creación de un Consejo Regulador del Chile Habanero que siente las bases para la integración de la cadena, que en este caso deberá ser peninsular ya que la DO contempla también a los estados de Campeche y Quintana Roo.