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CRS Annual Meeting, New York, NY, USA, 22 Jun 2018 - 24 Jun 2018; Journal of controlled release 309, 333-338 (2019). doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.005 special issue: "CRS Annual Meeting 2018 / edited by Wim Hennink, Twan Lammers, Yu-Kyoung Oh, Hamid Ghandehari", Published by Elsevier, New York, NY [u.a.]

The unique magnetic properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have led to their increasing use in drug delivery and imaging applications. Some polymer-coated SPIONs, however, share with many other nanoparticles the potential of causing hypersensitivity reactions known as complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). In order to explore the roles of iron core composition and particle surface coating in SPION-induced CARPA, we measured C activation by 6 different SPIONs in a human serum that is known to react to nanoparticles (NPs) with strong C activation. Remarkably, only the carboxymethyldextran-coated (ferucarbotran, Resosvist®) and dextran-coated (ferumoxtran-10, Sinerem®) SPIONs caused significant C activation, while the citric acid, phosphatidylcholine, starch and chitosan-coated SPIONs had no such effect. Focusing on Resovist and Sinerem, we found Sinerem to be a stronger activator of C than Resovist, although the individual variation in 15 different human sera was substantial. Further analysis of C activation by Sinerem indicated biphasic dose dependence and significant production of C split product Bb but not C4d, attesting to alternative pathway C activation only at low doses. Consistent with the strong C activation by Sinerem and previous reports of HSRs in man, injection of Sinerem in a pig led to dose-dependent CARPA, while Resovist was reaction-free. Using nanoparticle tracking analysis, it was further determined that Sinerem, but not Resovist, displayed multimodal size distribution and significant fraction of aggregates – factors which are known to promote C activation and CARPA. Taken together, our findings offer physicochemical insight into how key compositional factors and nanoparticle size distribution affect SPION-induced CARPA, a knowledge that could lead to the development of SPIONs with improved safety profiles.

There are direct and indirect indications that PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil), a widely used anticancer nanomedicine, has a subclinical immune suppressive effect. As an example of a seemingly bad pharmacological property turning out to be “not-so-ugly”, but actually beneficial, the authors highlight the potential benefits of Doxil's immune suppressive effect. These include (1) the decreased uptake of the drug by the MPS which may entail enhanced tumor uptake, and, hence, improved therapeutic efficacy; (2) the use of slow infusion protocols in reducing the risk of hypersensitivity (infusion) reactions; and (3), possible protection against hypersensitivity reactions to co-administered reactogenic drugs. To consider immune suppression as useful represents a paradigm shifts in nanotoxicology and anticancer chemotherapy.