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Traditional HfC, ZrC, and HfC-ZrC coatings cannot resist long-term ablation above 2100 °C because their oxides (HfO 2 and ZrO 2) express a loose structure and poor anti-oxygen infiltration ability after ablation. While Ti-rich oxides with a lower melting point can seal this loose structure during ablation. In this work, a HfC-ZrC-TiC multi-phases coating was proposed to solve the ablation failure problem of these coatings. It was prepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying and tested by ablation with a heat flux of 2.38 MW/m2. With time ranging from 30 s to 120 s, the mass and linear ablation rates decreased from 0.85 mg/s to 0.18 mg/s and from 2.58 µm/s to 0.71 µm/s, respectively. All positive values indicated an increase in all coating thicknesses, so this coating can effectively protect C/C composites for more than 120 s. The surface of the coating was mainly composed of a loose oxide m-(Hf, Zr, Ti)O 2 skeleton within 120 s. As oxide skeletons had been gradually destroyed by mechanical denudation, the liquid phase of (Hf, Zr)TiO 4 was formed under oxide skeletons to fill pores. Then the surface of the oxide layer was dense after 120 s. The self-healing ability of the HfC-ZrC-TiC coating improved the ablation resistance of C/C composites above 2100 °C. • The HfC-ZrC-TiC coating can effectively protect C/C composites for more than 120 s during ablation above 2100 °C. • A loose oxide m-(Hf, Zr, Ti)O 2 skeleton was appeared and destroyed by mechanical denudation within 120 s. • The sealing role of Ti-rich phase ((Hf, Zr)TiO 4) can fill pores and cracks, so the coating was dense after 120 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HfC coatings were deposited on the surface of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites and CVD-SiC coating by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD), respectively. The effects of two substrates on the microstructure, phase composition and preferred orientation of HfC coatings were investigated in detail. Results showed that HfC coatings deposited on two substrates inherit their own substrate surface characteristics. After ablation for 90 s, the HfC coating prepared on CVD-SiC coating has better ablation resistance under oxyacetylene flame with heat flux of 2.4 MW/m2, because the transition layer can effectively relieve the damage caused by thermal stress. • HfC coating was successfully deposited on the surface of CVD-SiC and C/C composite. • The influence of two substrates on the growth mechanism of CVD-HfC coatings was systematically discussed. • The ablation resistance of CVD-HfC coating on the surface of C/C composites and CVD-SiC coating was tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]