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The aim of this article is to give an overview of the state of artificial intelligence regarding malware attacks, its uses in the military and views regarding if it should be classified as a dual-use technology. As an emerging technology, with a wide variety of use and capabilities, more could be done to overview its uses, and some form of control over it. While the classical exports control might be counterproductive, a more closed approach towards critical information dissemination might be advisable until the full range of capabilities of artificial intelligence will be known.

Quantum technology is an emergent and potentially disruptive discipline, with the ability to affect many human activities. Quantum technologies are dual-use technologies, and as such are of interest to the defence and security industry and military and governmental actors. This report reviews and maps the possible quantum technology military applications, serving as an entry point for international peace and security assessment, ethics research, military and governmental policy, strategy and decision making. Quantum technologies for military applications introduce new capabilities, improving effectiveness and increasing precision, thus leading to `quantum warfare', wherein new military strategies, doctrines, policies and ethics should be established. This report provides a basic overview of quantum technologies under development, also estimating the expected time scale of delivery or the utilisation impact. Particular military applications of quantum technology are described for various warfare domains (e.g. land, air, space, electronic, cyber and underwater warfare and ISTAR -- intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance), and related issues and challenges are articulated., Comment: Revised version accepted for EPJ Quantum Technology

Space assets have provided the U.S. military a demonstrable edge against adversaries since the 1990–1991 Gulf War. Most space technology is dual-use, meaning it has both civil and military applications; this creates an ambiguity to know whether military applications are intended as offensive or defensive. This chapter examines four schools of thought on how to preserve U.S. space dominance, and what that realistically means, discussed within the context of issues related to dual-use technology, sustaining the space environment, and international law within which the schools have developed. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 celebrated its fifty-year anniversary in 2017, making those legal considerations especially appropriate. Whether further legal, even ‘soft law” approaches to optimizing the U.S. use of space, or whether preparing for what some consider “inevitable” space war should prevail in guiding future U.S. space security policy is the question planners and analysts must address.

Many technologies have both vital legitimate uses and potent military applications. An international regulatory regime has been devised for the purpose of monitoring the use of the most dangerous of these technologies, namely chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Multiple examples of the use of chemical and biological weapons against members of the public, and evidence of prohibited state weapons development programs, demonstrate the vital need for a more effective enforcement regime. The authors discuss the concept and threat of dual‐use technology, the existing regulatory regime and its shortcomings, and propose enhancing this regime with powerful international judicial authorities to enable the prosecution of any state, group or individual who attempts to misuse dual‐use technology.

One tangible legacy of the Scott Report was to focus concern on the control of the transfer of sensitive technology by electronic means. In response to recommendations made in the Report the Government established a Scott Inquiry Follow Up Unit within the Department of Trade and Industry and published a Consultation Green Paper and White Paper. A particular concern has focused on the transfer of military and dual use technology which can be controlled (arguably) in a tangible form but not if transmitted by intangible means, i.e. fax, internet, e-mail, orally. Consideration has been given to the relationship between export controls for military and dual use goods and a parallel control regime for associated intangible technology. The Government proposal is to introduce a general power to control the transfer of technology by intangible means - limited 'for the time being' to weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and delivery systems). On the 10 November 1998 the Trade and In...

At first sight, and against certain counterparties, cyber warfare has appeared and proved to be a phenomenally low-cost and low-risk tool of adversarial foreign policy. But while questions increasingly arise about exposure to reciprocal risk to the most heavily digitized knowledge- and data-based economy and society, it has become clear that the genie will never again return into its bottle. Strategic, legal, and political questions will not be dodged much longer. The very advantages of cyber warfare may easily and all too quickly be turned against a first mover, especially one as vulnerable as a highly digitized industrial state. Its use for asymmetric warfare increases attractiveness to non-state actors. And one of its arguably greatest potential, the disruption of enemy economic functionality by disruption of payment systems has regularly been vetoed in the interest of the integrity of the global system. It may appear that the philosophy underlying the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as well as treaties banning use of chemical and biological weapons may provide even stronger rationales in an understanding to ensure mutual non-aggression by digital electronic means between major and even mid-size powers.

The National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats (Strategy) is a high-level document outlining the areas where the Obama Administration intends to focus its efforts to reduce the accidental or intentional spread of biological agents. The Strategy is meant to complement other frameworks already in place that address biological threats, emergency preparedness, and emergency response; it is not meant to implement any particular program or direct that any particular action be taken. Keywords: National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats; Bioterrorism; Biological threat; Biological Weapons Convention; Dual-use technology

An interagency team, sponsored by the Departments of Defense and Transportation and led by the National Security Space Office, has developed a National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Architecture that will substantially affect future government- and commercially-provided PNT products and services. The Architecture envisions sustained U.S. global leadership in PNT through a strategy that makes greater PNT capabilities more generally available. The strategy is supported by vectors, or enterprise architecture elements, for using multiple PNT-related phenomenologies and interchangeable PNT solutions, PNT and Communications synergy, and cooperative organizational structures.

This report describes the capabilities of the TRANSWAY suite of tools in the logistical domain. It addresses in particular their suitability for supporting an end-to-end military deployment exercise that is scheduled to occur within the Southern California public transportation corridor sometime in the first half of 2007. In support of this planned exercise the ontology-based intelligent agents of the TRANSWAY adaptive toolset will be able to assist operators in the planning and re-planning of delivery plans along alternative surface routes and air channels within a geo-spatial reference frame.

The Department of Defense (DoD) continues its strong support of research and development (R&D) in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) technology for military system applications. Systems useful for homeland security applications could benefit from the MEMS investment for military systems. This document reviews past and current DoD MEMS developments for military systems and identifies potential applications of MEMS technology to homeland security devices and systems. For the areas cited where MEMS has potential application in military systems and homeland security systems, coordination between DoD and DHS throughout the development cycle is recommended.

One objective of the dual-use technology concept is to extract more value from the US Department of Defense (DoD) research and development spending. Defense's National Airspace System program is acquiring commercial off-the-shelf and non developmental item equipment to satisfy the armed services' air traffic control system modernization needs. The acquisition strategy co-opts elements of both classical DoD weapon system acquisition and proven commercial acquisition approaches. >

Acquisition reform is based on the notion that DoD must rely on the commercial marketplace insofar as possible rather than solely looking inward to a military marketplace to meet its needs. This reform forces a fundamental change in the way DoD conducts business, including a heavy reliance on private sector models of change. The key to more reliance on the commercial marketplace is the performance specifications (PS). This paper introduces some PS concepts and a PS classification principal to help bring some structure to the analysis of risk (cost, schedule, capability) in weapons system development and the management of opportunities for affordable ownership (maintain/increase capability via technology insertion, reduce cost) in this new paradigm. The DoD shift toward commercial components is nowhere better exemplified than in displays. Displays are the quintessential dual-use technology and are used herein to exemplify these PS concepts and principal. The advent of flat panel displays as a successful technology is setting off an epochal shift in cockpits and other military applications. Displays are installed in every DoD weapon system, and are, thus, representative of a range of technologies where issues and concerns throughout industry and government have been raised regarding the increased DoD reliance on the commercial marketplace. Performance specifications require metrics: the overall metrics of 'information-thrust' with units of Mb/s and 'specific info- thrust' with units of Mb/s/kg are introduced to analyze value of a display to the warfighter and affordability to the taxpayer.

Evaluates the status, issues, and recent changes in dual-use technology, processes, and equipment for satisfying DoD requirements while supporting the commercial industrial base. Identifies concerns for DoD consideration when formulating policy and implementing changes in the law. Identifies opportunities for leveraging DoD dollars in declining budget environment. Identifies barriers to full realization of the opportunities.