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Estimating the costs of products during development to design a cost efficent product is a well established process. But in the case of Product-Service Systems estimating the costs of the individual product is not sufficent. Instead it is necessary to calculate the cost incured over the entire life cycle of the product. Because with Product-Service Systems the majority of costs is not incurred during manufacturing of the product but instead during the operation. One of the major cost components accruing during the operation of the product are the maintennace costs. Therefore, current life cycle costing models show the impoact of component design on the maintennace cost of the Product-Service System. But they do not show how different maintennace strategies that can have an impact on the overall life cycle costs of the Product-Service System. Thus, this paper shows a method for the implementation of different maintennace strategies into life cycle costing and applies it in an industrial use case.

Although life cycle assessment (LCA) is intensively employed in the residential building sector, the incompleteness problem threatens the reliability of LCA. Considering the incompleteness of LCA studies, this study aims at developing a new calculation tool by evaluating an index of completeness (IoC) of LCA on residential buildings. An in-depth review on the existing LCA studies is conducted, and the frequently involved processes/materials are identified and listed. The calculation tool, IoC-Res, is subsequently developed, enclosing all the processes/materials in the checklist. IoC-Res can evaluate the completeness of the entire life cycle stages of a residential building, giving results for six impact categories. Case studies are conducted with the evaluation of IoCs for six building cases using IoC-Res. The results demonstrate that IoCs can be significantly different among impact categories. High IoCs are found in the impact categories such as climate change and particulate matter, while low IoCs are observed in eutrophication and metal depletion. The developed IoC-Res can provide a quantitative evaluation on the completeness of LCA of residential buildings and hence helps to guarantee the study quality and ultimately improve the reliability of LCA.

Aim. To make an analysis of issues of the terminology and classification of medicinal cosmetics (MC) with the aim of forming modern conceptual approaches to MC standardization and determining the current trends and ways of further development of this area in Ukraine.Materials and methods. Scientific publications, electronic databases of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, the weekly “Apteka” and Compendium reference book, as well as the results of the own research were used as informational materials. Such methods as analytical, comparative, content analysis and generalization of information were applied.Results and discussion. The foreign experience of the legal definition and classification of medicinal cosmetics has been systematized. The main problems associated with the standardization of medicinal cosmetics in Ukraine have been identified. Criteria for segmentation of medicinal cosmetics have been proposed. The basic concepts and terms are given; their definitions have been proposed; models of classification of medicinal cosmetic products based on a number of their specific characteristics have been developed.Conclusions. The terminology unification has been proposed; the classification of medicinal cosmetics has been improved. It is a prerequisite for their standardization in order to ensure quality, safety and effectiveness for the consumer. It has been proven that it is expedient to develop conceptual approaches to ensure the quality of medicinal cosmetics throughout their entire life cycle.

Since the impact of manufacturing industries towards the global environmental issues such as climate change is significant, it is required to adhere to stringent environmental performance measures to survive from different pressure groups in the global markets. To improve the environmental performances of the manufacturing sector, it is essential to consider the entire life cycle of products to identify environmental hotspots mitigated through Life Cycle Management(LCM) by subsequent product designs as eco-design. It is required to have adequate and timely information about the entire product life cycle of the product and processes it manufacture and typically it is a time-consuming and costly operation. This issue can be eased some extent through the Internet of Things (IoT) which is tracking data real time. To manage a product life cycle, it is required to evaluate many alternatives scenarios which is impossible to carry out manually. Therefore, this study develops an IoT base Decision Support tool for LCM.

The aim of the article is to analyze the method of determining the maintenance costs of buildings based on the method proposed in Polish legal regulations. The analysis of the sensitivity of the method shows that the assumed number of product use cycles during the calculation period has the greatest impact, while the adopted warranty period has the lowest impact. A multi-functional building combining housing, office, service and commercial was analyzed in order to obtain a broader picture of the model’s operation. The results of the analyses allow us to conclude that despite the higher price of materials, the most durable solutions, which are the most expensive to purchase, turn out to be the most advantageous in the entire life cycle of the building. The method proposed in Polish law regulations has certain limitations. In order to level them, it was proposed to extend the method by using NPV (Net Present Value) for calculations and extending the life cycle of the building to 80 years.

Traditional civil aircraft manufacturing enterprises are experiencing transformation from providing products to providing the civil aircraft services based on the entire life cycle. In the process ...

The main objective of this paper is to develop a model that will combine economic and environmental assessment tools to support the composite material selection of aircraft structures in the early phases of design and application of the tool for an aircraft elevator. An integrated life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used as part of the sustainable design approach for the laminate stacking sequence design. The model considered is the aircraft structure made of carbon fiber reinforce plastic prepreg and processed via hand layup-autoclave process which is the preferred method for the aircraft industry. The model was applied to a cargo aircraft elevator case study by comparing six different laminate configurations and two different carbon fiber prepreg materials across aircraft’s entire life cycle. The results show, in line with other studies using different methodologies (e.g., life cycle engineering, or LCE), that the combination of LCA with LCC is a worthwhile approach for comparing the different laminate configurations in terms of cost and environmental impact to support composite laminate stacking design by providing the best trade-off between cost and environment. Elevator LCC reduces 19% by changing the material type and applying different ply orientations. Elevator LCA score reduces 53% by selecting the optimum instead of best technical solution that minimizes the displacement. Improving the structural performance does not always lead to an increase in the cost.

CISCO FogDirector is one of the first available tools supporting the management of the entire life cycle of applications deployed to Fog infrastructures. In this paper, we present a simple operational semantics of the main features of FogDirector, which provides a compact reference for the tool. We then introduce a prototype, based on such semantics, that can constitute the core of a simulation environment of FogDirector application management. The usefulness of the prototype is illustrated over a motivating example.

This paper attempts to realize the green logistics of solid waste at ports, enabling the harmless treatment, reduction and recycling of such waste through the entire life cycle. For this purpose, the life cycle assessment and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) were applied to evaluate the green logistics of solid waste at ports. Firstly, the solid waste logistics system was examined from the perspective of logistics system. Drawing on life cycle evaluation, the author analyzed how the solid waste logistics system affects the society, economy and environment. Meanwhile, an AHP-based evaluation system was established to quantify the overall impacts of solid waste. On this basis, the solid waste logistics system of a port was optimized, and subjected to life cycle assessment. The evaluation results show that the optimized system has much lower social, economic and environmental impacts than the original system. The research findings shed important new light on solid waste logistics at ports.

IT security is getting more and more in the focus of the development of radar systems, especially due to cyber threats, highly connected systems or governmental regulations. IT security takes place as an integrated activity along the entire life cycle of a product development - a new company challenge!

The security of distributed applications backed by blockchain technology relies mainly on keeping the associated cryptographic keys (i.e. private keys) in well-protected storage. Since they are the unique proof of ownership of the underlying digital assets. If the keys are stolen or lost, there is no way to recover the assets. The cold wallet is a good candidate for basic use cases, but it has a substantial challenge for more complex applications as it does not scale. Warm and hot wallets are more convenient options for blockchain-based solutions that aim to transact in a cloud environment. In this work, we focus on Hardware Security Module (HSM) based wallet. The HSM is the de-facto standard device designed to manage high-value cryptographic keys and to protect them against hacks. In this demonstration, we present an HSM-based working prototype that secures the entire life cycle of Ethereum public and private keys.

The paper proposes an algorithm for choosing the optimal voltage class of a power supply distribution grid of gas well clusters, in which there is a multiple electrical load increase during field’s life cycle. Building a mathematical model with considering factors allows to design both a trunk line and a single radial grid and evaluate the magnitude and direction of the influence of individual factors, i.e. to conduct a quantitative analysis of the gas field power supply diagram. An extreme experiment is used to construct mathematical models. The optimization parameter is accepted as economic-the minimum of discounted costs. The paper presents six response functions-regression equations. The distribution grids of a number of operating gas fields in Western Siberia have been investigated taking into account the entire life cycle of the field at “PRON” computer program. The proposed algorithm can be used in the design of the power supply system for new gas fields, which allows to select the optimal voltage class for the power supply system of gas clusters, considering the entire life of the gas field, taking into account the minimum discounted costs. It can improve the efficiency of decisions, reduce funds and design time.

Successful implementation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste management is conducive to urban sustainability. With the rapid development of information and communication technology, smart management of C&D waste (SMCDW) is an inevitable trend. In the literature, more and more scholars have studied the application of emerging technologies or methods in C&D waste management, such as BIM and GIS. However, a comprehensive review of the main existing technologies or methods in SMCDW has not yet been systematically described and analyzed. To bridge this research gap, an analysis and review on the topic of SMCDW is conducted. Forty papers are retrieved according to a rigorous set of procedures. Through the analysis of these papers, five categories of existing technologies and methods in SMCDW are identified, including BIM, GIS, big data, AI and other particular technologies or methods. Among them, BIM has the highest application frequency and a wide range of applications, while GIS is the second one. Limited by the lack of data at this stage, the utilization of big data and AI is still less. Based on the analytical review, the limitations of previous studies are further summarized, such as the lack of comprehensive application of various technologies or methods, and the lack of exploration of SMCDW from the perspective of entire life cycle. Moreover, some potential future research directions are further suggested.

Although digital technology has altered the innovation processes of firms in every industry, the existing literature continues to describe innovation as a sequence of two discrete and unidirectional activities: creation and diffusion. This study proposes that digital innovation should instead be understood as a development process that continues across the entire life cycle, often in collaboration with users. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 22 managers, the paper proposes an empirically grounded framework that explicates digital innovation as a continuous and iterative effort. The paper specifies principles for organizing digital innovation over time as centered on adaptation (containing core and peripheral elements) and user comprehension (containing user proximity and user sensing) of an already launched digital object. For managers, the key implication is that this process is not the exclusive preserve of any specific unit but should instead involve the whole organization.

With the further popularization of 3D design in substation engineering, the previous works provide lots of data foundations for digital operation and maintenance. Different from the editing requirements of the model in the design stage, higher requirements are put forward for the corresponding speed of the model and the bearing capacity of the graphics platform in the operation and maintenance stage. At present, the application methods of model library are mainly based on geographic information data (GIS) and vector graphics platform. In this paper, the model data are analysed and compared from the dimensions of analytic speed, graphic effect, operation efficiency, integrity and storage space, etc. The graph platform based on geographic information data can better support the application of the model in operation and maintenance stage.

To effectively reuse machine parts for the development of a circulating society, it is essential to manage each part throughout its life cycle. Therefore, we propose a part agent that manages the part information and supports the user in reusing the part. A part agent is a network agent that autonomously acts corresponding to an individual part, manages information regarding a part from manufacturing to disposal, and proposes actions such as disposal and reuse to its user at an appropriate time. This activity promotes part reuse, reduce, and recycle. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of a part agent by implementing it in an actual product and operating the product throughout its life cycle. Hence, we developed a system to simulate the behavior of parts and products throughout the entire life cycle with the part agent installed. There are several means to reuse products and the appropriate reuse method for the user differs according to the environment and the user’s manner of thinking. In this study, we conducted a life cycle simulation considering different reuse methods using the part agents.

The multi-signal flow graph model is the most widely used Testability model, but its ability to handle uncertain information is weak, and the failure information utilization rate is low, which cannot provide researchers with more data support. Moreover, the model cannot update the structure and parameters through learning. The model established may not be suitable for all stages of the entire life cycle of the equipment, and there is a risk of requiring multiple modeling. In order to solve the above problems, a Bayesian network was introduced and a MSFG-BN combined model was proposed. The multi-signal flow graph was used to reduce the difficulty of modeling the Bayesian network. The Bayesian network was used to increase the processing of uncertain information and improve the information utilization. At the same time, with the help of Bayesian network learning capabilities, the model can update its own structure and parameters, improving the applicability of the model at all stages. It has been verified that the model can play its role effectively.

With the development of modern technology, the degree of integration between design business and information technology is increasing. The digital design with three-dimensional digital design as the core will become the main axis throughout the whole process and the entire life cycle management. Through the gradual exploration and application in the power industry, certain results have been achieved in three-dimensional digital design, but the main problems remain in the local scope of individual units, and the overall lack of technical standards and development plans. Based on the full understanding and research of transformer substation design status and three-dimensional digital design, this paper draws the design depth of each professional three-dimensional digital design at each design stage by analyzing the application of three-dimensional digital design in the feasibility study, preliminary design and construction drawing stage. This paper provides a reference for comprehensive promotion of applications.

Journal of photogrammetry, remote sensing and geoinformation science : PFG 88, 33-42 (2020). doi:10.1007/s41064-020-00090-4, Published by Springer International Publishing, [Cham]

Nuclear power plant safety grade software performs important safety functions in nuclear power plants, and the consequences are very serious once the failure occurs. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of such software, software verification and validation of the entire life cycle is required in accordance with standards and regulations. Traceability analysis is an important method for software verification and validation. How to use this method correctly in engineering practice is one of the difficulties of software V&V. In the industry, requirements are often split and itemized according to document chapters, and then traceability analysis is performed. This can lead to poor results in retrospective analysis and is time consuming and labor intensive. Based on the experience of engineering practice, this paper discusses in detail the advantages and disadvantages of different requirements items methods, the main points of traceability analysis, traceability analysis and other V&V tasks. Finally, the itemization method based on quality attribute is proposed, and the execution method and suggestion of traceability analysis are given, which provides a technical reference for the traceability analysis of the safety software of nuclear power plants.

Models are central for the development and management of complex systems. In order to be useful along the entire life cycle of software they must provide reliable support and enable automatic management. For that purpose, they must be precise, consistent, correct, and be subject to stringent quality verification and control criteria. Model automation calls for deep formal study of models, so that tools can provide inclusive support to users. This paper deals with optimization of multiplicity constraints in Class Models, i.e., models that provide abstraction on the static structure of software. The paper introduces an in-depth analysis of redundancy of multiplicity constraints, i.e., multiplicities that cannot be realized in any legal instance. The analysis includes: (1) a formal study of gaps of redundancies in multiplicity intervals; (2) algorithmic and rule-based methods for removing redundancies in multiplicity constraints; (3) a formal study of completeness of the algorithmic procedures, with respect to most UML class model constraints. The algorithmic procedures are implemented in our FiniteSatUSE tool. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous study of properties of multiplicity redundancy, no completeness analysis of tightening methods, and no systematic study of these features with respect to most UML class model constraints.

The prediction of performance degradation is significant for the health monitoring of rolling bearing, which helps to greatly reduce the loss caused by potential faults in the entire life cycle of rotating machinery. As a new method of machine learning based on statistical learning theory, least squares support vector machine is developed and has achieved good results. However, it lacks the description of the time-sum effect and delay characteristics, which cannot fully describe the performance degradation process. To overcome the problem, a new time shift least squares support vector machine with integral operator is proposed. What is more, multivariable prediction model is introduced to describe the process from multiple perspectives. In this model, different features are extracted to construct sample pairs through a moving window. Then these features are decomposed in time domain using a set of orthogonal basis functions to simplify computation. Furthermore, the model adaptability is also improved through an iterative updating strategy. Bearing fault experiments show that the proposed model outperforms the general method.

Critical infrastructure systems (CISs) have a fundamental role in delivering commodities that are essential to various functions in urban systems. The resilience of CISs concerns the robustness of system performance against extreme events, the ineffectiveness of disturbance propagation, and the efficiency of post-disaster system performance restoration. The resilience of CISs is significantly impacted by the interconnectivity among CISs and the interactions among different systems. Although this impact has been recognized by numerous studies, it has rarely been comparatively assessed using different metrics that reflect the different perspectives of various stakeholders. Moreover, the existing literature on the impact of interdependencies in the context of CIS disaster risk reduction has primarily focused on the resistance stage rather than the entire life cycle of disaster events. To address these gaps, this study assesses this impact at different stages of the life cycle of disturbance events, analyzes the effect of interdependencies on determining the total resilience of CISs, and discusses the implications of the results in the context of resilience enhancement of CISs in practice. To achieve this objective, this study models interconnected CISs using four different network-based approaches, simulates the disturbance propagation process and system restoration process of CISs in three different scenarios, and measures the resilience of disturbed CISs with three different resilience metrics. A case study of three CISs in a middle-sized city in Eastern China was conducted. The CISs included an electric power system, a telecommunication system, and a water supply system. The results revealed that the vulnerability of CISs to extreme events would be significantly underestimated if interdependencies of the CISs were not considered, which would cause a misleading estimation of the total resilience of the CISs. The findings also suggested the importance of considering the interdependencies of CISs in the sequencing of restoration tasks to optimize the efficiency of post-disaster restoration tasks.

There is a drastic rise and evolution of Software and Systems Product Lines (SSPL) as a potential solution to deliver quality software products in a shorter time and with less effort. This has led to a plethora of diversified tools across the entire life cycle of SSPL, making it difficult for product line organizations to select the right set of tools for product line realization and tool vendors to develop interoperable tools. In this paper, we motivate the need for standardization of tools and methods for SSPL. The ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 (Software and Systems Engineering) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has proposed a set of interrelated standards in the area of SSPL to cater to the emerging demands of software and systems industry. We present the foundation of SSPL family of standards that are driven by market needs and discuss the core patterns and processes of SSPL. We then present an overview of ISO/IEC 26550, which is the reference model for SSPL family of standards and provide examples from current and ongoing standards. We highlight a few examples of industry adoption of SSPL and standards and emphasize the need for further research for standards in SSPL. We see this paper as a first step to bring standards knowledge into the academic world in the field of SSPL.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is "primarily a steady-state-tool" and few studies to date have included dynamic temporal and spatial information in matrix-based LCA. Because of this many environmental impacts cannot be determined accurately in conventional LCA. We have integrated both temporal and spatial information in a novel dynamical life cycle inventory (LCI) framework that can produce detailed spatiotemporal results and thus offering more insights for sustainability assessment. This framework employs the existing Enhanced Structural Path Analysis (ESPA) method combined with spatial analysis to determine spatialised LCI over time. Previously we tested this new approach with a local spatial dispersion model using wheat production as an illustration. In this paper we demonstrate the new spatiotemporal LCI method over an entire life cycle, using wind energy as an example and a different approach to spatial analysis at a global scale.

Purpose . Develop a mathematical model of a rational maintenance system for the tractive rolling stock, which takes into account the optimization of three indicators: financial resources and time spent on repairs, as well as consumption of environmental resources during repairs. Methodology . Modern researches of the organization of locomotives maintenance and repair system are analyzed. Vector optimization of three indicators is used as a mathematical tool for determining the rational maintenance system. The conditions for the solution existence of the problem are formulated. Properties that a rational locomotive content system should possess are described. Findings . A mathematical model is proposed that allows choosing the locomotive maintenance and repair system that will meet the optimality conditions for the parameters: repair cost, repair time, environmental resources costs. Originality. A new, integrated approach is proposed for the selection of a tractive rolling stock rational maintenance system. This approach allows us to solve not one problem in the construction of an optimal system of maintenance and repair, but to build a rational maintenance system for three indicators. The first indicator takes into account the cost of financial resources for the maintenance of traction rolling stock for the entire life cycle. The second indicator optimizes the time spent on repairs and technical inspections. The third indicator allows to take into account the costs of environmental resources (water, fuel, electricity, etc.) by the locomotive maintenance system. Practical value . Implementation of the proposed mathematical model will reduce operational costs for maintenance and repair of the locomotive. This model allows to optimize the total costs of the maintenance system for repairs and replacement of locomotive parts, the total time spent on repairs and the costs of natural resources. It is advisable to use the proposed mathematical model in developing such a locomotive content system that will reduce the negative impact on the environment during the operation of traction rolling stock.

Analytical testing and its control strategy play critical roles during the entire life cycle of the drug product in the pharmaceutical industry. Chromatography, especially high performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography, represent the key techniques employed throughout many aspects of pharmaceutical analyses, including the determination of assays, dissolution, and impurity profiles, process control testing, and drug metabolism studies. Analytical method development generally consists of two main stages, namely method scouting and method optimization. In the method scouting stage, the column/eluent combination considered preferable for the analytical method is selected through rough screening. Chromatographic software dedicated to liquid chromatography can be employed for the simulation of chromatograms. Software tools allow the scientist to model chromatographic separations based upon retention data from a limited number of experiments. The final stage of analytical method development involves evaluation of the robustness of the optimized method.

Designed technical systems are considered from the standpoint of the interaction of developing information systems with the external environment. As part of this systematic approach, it is possible to optimize the developed systems by the criterion of cost-effectiveness throughout their entire life cycle.

Designing systems important for NPP safety is basing on fulfilling the demands of normative documents and ensuring the quality of soft- and hardware systems throughout the entire life cycle. The most critical tasks in ensuring the quality of soft- and hardware complex are the phase for the formation of demands for a designed or modifiable system and their consequent verification. An increase in demands for the quality of software (SW) for systems important for NPP safety at all phases of the life-cycle is associated with an increase in the complicity and functionality of the software and has led to the need to develop methods to justify the safety of the systems themselves and the software included in them. The paper discusses a method based on the construction of "safety functions," the implementation of which subsequently verified. This method is using in SW verification for upper-level systems of APCS and can be used to analyze cybersecurity, information, and fault tolerance of soft- and hardware systems.

In order to manage and share the geological information of tunnel engineering in rock mass more effectively, data standardization is applied and extended in the study based on the structure of AGS4.0 (Document standard format, Version 4.0), which was proposed by Association of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Specialists (AGS). By the data standardization, the geological information obtained on the entire life cycle of tunnel engineering is expressed and stored. Then a detail process of data standardization for the constructing period is presented. Taking the Yanjingwan tunnel from Guizhou province in China as an example, the data standardization of geological information as the strength of rock mass, the rock mass structure level, the condition of discontinuity, and so on, is compiled and marked out step by step. Moreover, several data standards for the geological information are added to satisfy the requirement of the tunnel engineering throughout the entire life cycle. Finally, an integrated system of data standardization is realized based on the SQL (Structured Query Language) server. The study establishes a theoretical basis and practical basis for the intelligent construction and information-oriented construction of rock mass tunnel engineering.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the use of large amounts of data in the construction industry, new trends such as BIM, IOT, cloud computing, intelligent buildings and smart cities with great prospects for application. These problems are related to the presence of huge amounts of data produced by the construction industry during the entire life cycle of a building, which are not fully used for optimizing processes and making decisions in construction.

Improving the methods of integrated engineering surveys for the design, construction, reconstruction and operation of transport facilities is carried out using the latest methods of information support. They are implemented by presenting real-time data with progressive analytical processes. The article discusses the methods of obtaining primary information using georadar-laser scanning and further processing of the source data in order to create the first module of the Digital Passport of the transport object. The management of a full-fledged "passport" will provide an opportunity to conduct research on the interaction of traffic flows with transport facilities. And the very creation of a "passport" will improve the efficiency of transport facilities, convenience, safety and environmental friendliness of traffic, which will positively affect the reliability of the entire life cycle of a transport facility.

To realize effective reuse of mechanical parts for the development of a sustainable society, it is essential to manage individual parts over their entire life cycle. Part agent system that supports maintenance of part and/or product using network agent and RFID technology has been developed to support reuse of products by giving users advices on replacement of products. We have reported the development of a function of part agent that supports disassembly of products. For that purpose, assembly model and disassembly process model relating to it were developed. Based on this information that is predefined and stored in a part agent of used product, the part agent shows the user the procedure how to disassemble an appropriate part from the product by displaying it using augmented reality. In this paper, a prototype system is proposed that supports disassembly of used products with improved function that deals with possible deterioration of parts. The paper shows a preliminary result of the experiment with the implemented system and discusses remaining issues.

This article deals with the problem of voltage class selection taking into consideration all of the life-cycle periods of a gas field based on the data from the existing gas fields in Western Siberia. The incorrect voltage class may hinder the operation of the gas field at the final relief stage. The work aims to develop criteria and algorithms for the selection of the best voltage class for the external power supply system at gas fields taking into consideration their entire life cycle. To achieve the goal set, we dealt with the following objectives: analyzing literature on gas field development technology, analyzing the actual rated electrical load in every life cycle period of the gas fields in Western Siberia; analyzing literature on the methods of determining the voltage class for industrial facilities; analyzing the existing criteria and developing new criteria for the selection of the best voltage class taking into consideration the entire life cycle of the gas fields in Western Siberia; developing a formula for the objective function to calculate the voltage class; developing selection guidelines for the best voltage class of the power supply system of gas fields that would take a number of shifting parameters throughout their life cycles; developing a generic programmatic selection algorithm for the best voltage class, and studying the power mains of the external power supply system at the existing gas fields in Western Siberia. Our research relied on the following methods: experiment planning (complete factorial experiment) and computer programming methods.

Over the past three decades, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been increasingly employed to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and buildings. However, the reliability of LCA is frequently weakened by the practice of arbitrary omission of processes and materials and the problem of insufficient data, both leading to inconsistencies in the LCA results. This study proposes an Index of Completeness (IoC) to account for the completeness of an LCA study for a variety of impact categories. An IoC calculation tool is developed to cover the entire life cycle of buildings, including stages of product, construction, use and end-of-life as well as the benefits from recycling and reuse. The IoC helps to identify and remove the inconsistencies in LCA and to enhance its comparability. Residential building projects are tested as case studies. It is found that the IoCs of most impact categories are as high as 98%–99%, whereas of the category of human toxicity the IoC is 85%, mainly due to the fact that plywood formwork was not included in the original model. Sensitivity analysis reveals that dataset changes in an LCA model can not only affect the impact assessment results, but also possibly have influence on the completeness of the LCA model. The LCA practitioners are suggested to combine the newly developed IoCs with the standard four phases of LCA when applying to complex products. Future research should focus on case studies implementing the IoC calculation tool, inclusion of more impact categories in the IoC model, and continuing development to include other complex products.

This paper focuses on utilizing the life cycle analysis and other assumptions. For the life cycle cost section, the market price of one set of front loading washing machine is considering the cost for each life cycle stage that could be acquired from the data sources. Additionally, the LCC analysis could compare the initial investment options of the current front loading washing machine which calculated by a series of formulas and identified the minimum cost in each life cycle stage. According to the LCA and LCC results during the entire life cycle stages of the front loading washing machine, the procedure of eco-design could improve the hotspots of ecological impacts and reduce the pending expenses through some radical measures. Therefore, reducing energy consumption and improving the recycling rate would immensely enhance the hotspots of the redesigned product.

Variants of classification of risks of NPP design over the entire life cycle are proposed. The concept of integral risk is introduced and, on its basis, approaches to the creation of a low-risk nuclear power system based on small and medium power units are formulated. The key role of the human factor in the formation of risks is reflected. Comparison of the risks of NPPs of large and small capacity is carried out. .

The Korean government has independently developed and operated five types of construction CALS systems since 1999 to enhance business efficiency and competitiveness throughout the entire life cycle of construction projects. Due to the aging of systems and the difficulty of system maintenance, there is a growing demand for system integration. This study identified the relative importance of key success factors to successfully integrate the five types of construction CALS systems using the AHP theory.

Life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) aims at understanding and quantifying the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts of an industrial process chain or products throughout its entire life cycle. Understanding these impacts is the first step in prevention, reduction and remediation actions. Life-cycle impact assessment consists of mandatory elements, which are the selection of impact categories, category indicators, and characterization models; the classification stage, where the inventory parameters are sorted and assigned to specific impact categories; and impact measurement, where the categorized inventory flows are characterized, using one of many possible LCIA methodologies, into common equivalence units that are then summed to provide an overall result per impact category. In many LCAs, characterization concludes the LCIA step; this is also the last compulsory stage according to ISO 14044 (2006). However, in addition to the earlier mandatory LCIA steps, other optional LCIA elements – normalization, grouping, and weighting – may be conducted depending on the goal and scope of the LCA study. This chapter provides an introduction to LCIA and some of its sophistications. Case studies are presented for a waste incinerator and an organic photovoltaic device.

Not only the complexity of the railway rolling stock systems has increased over the last years and decades, but also the requirements on their dependability and performance. The long life cycle of railway rolling stock imposes additional challenges on maintenance engineering and on monitoring the system performance during the life cycle of the system. The chapter proposes a framework for managing reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) along the railway rolling stock life cycle. The framework integrates the points of view of the different stakeholders involved over the entire life cycle. Approaches for several phases of the life cycle are elaborated with the focus on concept and definition phase, design and development, and operation and maintenance. This includes defining RAM/life cycle cost (LCC) requirements and their apportionment to subsystems and determining, influencing, and demonstrating RAM and LCC parameters in practice. An increasingly important part is the integration of RAM/LCC requirements in contracts. The conflicting goals between reduction of design and development costs, maintenance costs, availability, and reliability are discussed and solutions are proposed. Additionally, maintenance engineering, including the definition of maintenance tasks and the respective maintenance intervals is introduced within the framework. The main contribution of the chapter is its integral character combining different approaches along the entire life cycle.

Nowadays, the proliferation of smart, communication-enable devices is opening up many new opportunities of pervasive applications. A major requirement of pervasive applications is to be secured. The complexity to secure pervasive systems is to address a end-to-end security level: from the device to the services according to the entire life cycle of devices, applications and platform. In this article, we propose a solution combining both hardware and software elements to secure communications between devices and pervasive platform based on certificates issued from a Public Key Infrastructure. Our solution is implemented and validated with a real device extended by a secure element and our own Public Key Infrastructure.

International audience; Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an approach to assess the environmental performance of products throughout their entire life cycle. LCA-based decision-making usually focuses on environmental impacts, excluding other considerations, such as customer expectations and economic aspects. Moreover, although the environmental performances of industrial systems are highly dependent on operating conditions (e.g. local context, accessibility of resources), LCA usually integrates generic data. The aim of this chapter is to provide an integrated framework to identify the solutions best suited to a specific context, considering environmental, economic and commercial aspects.First, the environmental performances of competing products are compared thanks to LCA. A scenario-based approach is then applied based on the most influential parameters identified in the environmental assessment. Costs are then incorporated into a set of exploitation scenarios.Second, several customer profiles are generated with respect to their economic and environmental strategies. Products are then ranked according to these profiles. The final step is to identify the most suitable solution for a given context-client couple. The framework is applied to three burners for forge furnaces. Results show that client profiles and operating contexts (namely client expectations, location and resource availability and costs) affect the technological choices.

The goal of comprehensive provenance tracking in the scientific environment should be the inclusion of the entire life cycle of data management. Thus, the data collection process begins with the registration of lab-generated or sensor-generated data, continues to organize and manage data in the storage repositories, processing analysis and simulation data on clusters and HPC systems, and finally referencing and verifying computational results in scientific publications. In the associated provenance tracking life cycle, UniProv initially concentrates on the processing and simulation of data in scientific workflows used in particular on supercomputers in the HPC environment. In this context, UniProv aims to create the core of a provenance management framework that can be extended in order to integrate different sources of the scientific provenance cycle. Here UniProv should facilitate the creation, the standardized formalization, the storage and the retrieval of Provenance Information.

The paper deals with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with products by identifying and quantifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment. The assessment includes the entire life cycle of the products, encompassing, extracting and processing raw materials; manufacturing, transportation and distribution; use, re-use, maintenance; recycling, and final disposal. The investigations show, that reducing the mass of the product, the structure, one can reduce the harmful effects. A cost calculation system is introduced. The examples show the effect of optimization to improve the LCA behaviour of the structure.

e-commerce involves a great deal of credit cards, fund transfers, web shopping, and other forms of transmitting private information that needs to remain secure. Although, the knowledge of how to develop a secure e-commerce application is known, the major concern is the insufficiency of the right developmental model and practice. The use of inappropriate methodology in developing an e-commerce application can seriously undermine organizations' confidentiality and integrity. Having said that, many of the web application development models may have some kind of security considerations that may not be applied across the entire Web Application Development Life-cycle. This is unfortunate. This study proposes a web application development model that inculcates security considerations across the Web Application Development Life-cycle which can be adapted by security critical applications like the e-commerce sites. The implementation and evaluation of this proposed model, with previous web application security development models, have shown that a 96 percent security level is achieved, despite some four percent failures. The failures are of information severity status, which are not typically critical to the security of the underlying application.

In the background of the gradual improvement of the information technology and the socialist market economic system in, the entire life cycle cost management has replaced the entire process project cost management, therefore, high power investment projects such as grid construction, should strengthen project cost management, to adapt to the new era development requirements. The paper, from the perspective of data mining, analyzed and assessed the grid entire life cycle cost, and put forward reasonable proposals for cost control.