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Flexible smart sensing skin is a key enabling technology for the future “Fly-by-Feel” control of morphing aircraft. It represents the next-generation skin of aircraft that can exhibit a more powerful sensing function than a conventional one and could be mounted on arbitrary curvilinear surfaces, especially for advanced autonomic, morphing aircraft. Recent significant technical advances in flexible electronics have overcome many historic drawbacks of conventional smart skin, e.g., only a limited number of discrete block sensors can be integrated due to the inevitable structural damage and heavy guidelines. Herein, we review the key developments in flexible sensors technology and highlight both the state-of-the-art devices and the potential applications for the measurement of aircraft. We begin with the importance of flexible smart skin for morphing aircraft and then expand to the latest progress in various types of flexible sensors. Then we highlight flexible sensors as smart skin to measure aerodynamic parameters and monitor the structural health, and further to achieve the Fly-by-Feel control. Finally, the challenges and opportunities on flexible smart sensing skin are discussed, from the functional design to practical applications.

Extensive research has been performed on cell membrane camouflaged-based drug delivery systems in recent years. Herein, we provide an overview of the challenges in system preparation, functional design, continuous industrial production of these systems, and solution strategies for these challenges. Further, we analyze and discuss the frontier medical applications of cell membrane-camouflaged drug delivery systems in anti-inflammatory, anti-pathogenic microorganisms, and biological detoxification. This review takes a challenge-oriented perspective and seeks innovative strategies, provides a literature review of research into cell membrane-camouflaged drug delivery systems, and promotes the development of personalized clinical treatments.

Complex 3D curves can be created by directly drawing mid-air in immersive environments (Augmented and Virtual Realities). Drawing mid-air strokes precisely on the surface of a 3D virtual object, however, is difficult; necessitating a projection of the mid-air stroke onto the user "intended" surface curve. We present the first detailed investigation of the fundamental problem of 3D stroke projection in VR. An assessment of the design requirements of real-time drawing of curves on 3D objects in VR is followed by the definition and classification of multiple techniques for 3D stroke projection. We analyze the advantages and shortcomings of these approaches both theoretically and via practical pilot testing. We then formally evaluate the two most promising techniques spraycan and mimicry with 20 users in VR. The study shows a strong qualitative and quantitative user preference for our novel stroke mimicry projection algorithm. We further illustrate the effectiveness and utility of stroke mimicry, to draw complex 3D curves on surfaces for various artistic and functional design applications., Accepted to ACM Transactions on Graphics

This paper discusses the importance of having appropriate methodology to evaluate security and safety system that provide a safe environment for individuals and users in health care facilities. Analyses show a defect in the design and function, which represent the problem of this study. This paper aims to develop a global methodology for evaluate performance of the system for selected sample of hospitals in Hadramout. Series analyzes was made in a paper earlier[8] determined the most important system criteria that should be provided to achieve the optimal performance of the system, which helps to formulating a appropriate system elements to requirements of Yemen environment depending on safety system approved by the World and Pan American Health Organizations. This paper analyzes functional design of hospitals to determine the defected, protected and expected risks zones. In addition, to determine the relative weights (local scale) depend on analyzing results of questionnaires opinion addressed to a selected sample of users and work crews in selected hospitals in Hadramout. In order to evaluate performance of security and safety system to these hospitals. In addition, be generalized in Yemen hospitals a line with the nature of the local environment of the study area.

Writing instruments, such as pens, are ubiquitous in the classroom, but their functionality is largely for one purpose: they are used to represent ideas and record information on paper. However, by replacing the conventional ink in a pen with easy-to-synthesize conducting polymer-based inks, it is possible to change a simple writing utensil into a materials processing tool that can create circuits, sensors, and potentially other optoelectronic devices. The Polysketch pen is a modified ballpoint pen that contains a conductive polyaniline ink that can be synthesized safely by high school and undergraduate students in a 1–3 hour laboratory setting. The synthesis and formulation of the ink and the construction of the pen expose students to nanomaterial synthesis, chemical/material purification, and functional design with a specific goal: producing an appropriately viscous, fast-drying ink with a suitable loading level of polyaniline for conductive properties. The Polysketch pen leaves conductive traces on paper, which can be used to draw simple circuits or construct sensors responding to mechanical strains or ambient chemical species. This activity has the objective of introducing materials-relevant polymer synthesis into high school and undergraduate laboratories while introducing concepts in conductive polymers such as doping/dedoping and percolation in conductive networks. The activity is constructed such that students have the opportunity to explore processing–structure–properties–performance relationships by optimizing ink formulation. Most importantly, students will ultimately arrive at a tangible, versatile product and tool that enables them to explore other types of interactive devices and art to “trace a line of their creation”.

Wearable art is considered as the visualization of a unique artistic product that can be produced by a fashion designer. The method of work entails that the designer writes a story inspired by wearable art, based on a starting point and keywords, then design and implement the costume. Innovative thinking is one of the most important roles in designing Fashion as innovation is necessary for access to creativity in order to have draped fashion of authenticity that has never been reached before, where the designer's thought, emotion, cultural and formalistic knowledge can be transformed into an innovative and stereoscopic product using fabric or any other materials. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) recently emerged is seen as threatening epidemic spreading across the world . So, with its emergence, it is noted that "face masks" or "muzzles" has become the common keyword . Therefore, it was deemed by the researcher to deal with masks as formative material through which a design in the draping style could be created. The research problem was as follows: What is the potential of making use of paper masks in preparing an innovative, wearable artistic design in the draping style? And to what extent can the aesthetic, artistic and functional design be achieved from the specialists' point of view? The research aims to take advantage of medical masks in preparing an innovative artistic wearable design in the style of draping, so that the innovative and artistic value can be reached through that design with the method of draping. The importance of the research is attributable to demonstrating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the designers' and researcher's method of design thinking, and then highlighting new prospects and ideas for inspiration in draping, as well as achieving new artistic dimensions in the field of wearable art. This research adopted the semi-experimental approach for its suitability to achieve the objectives of the research. Through the arbitrators' response to the items of the questionnaire on the design, and the research hypothesis stating that there are statistically significant differences between the averages of the specialists' opinions to achieve the aesthetic, artistic and functional aspects in the proposed design. The results demonstrated the achievement of the research objectives in employing the aesthetic, artistic and functional aspects, and had an approval rate of 95%, which is a High positive percentage that indicates the achievement of the aesthetic aspect. As for the functional and artistic aspects, their approval rate reached 82.5%, which is a high positive rate indicating their achievement. After calculating the general average ratios for the aesthetic, functional and artistic axes, it becomes clear that the design had a rate of 86.66%, which is a high percentage showing the success of the design. This success may be due to the emergence of the inspiration aspect of the Corona pandemic, along with the compatibility of materials and their colors with each other, in addition to the design's achievement of authenticity and contemporary at the same time.

Incorporating local mobility into a flexible framework promises to create cooperative properties unattainable in a conventional soft porous crystal. In this study, we propose a design strategy that integrates substituent moieties and a flexible porous crystal framework via intra-framework π-π interactions. This integration not only facilitates framework structural transitions but also gives the porous coordination polymers (PCPs) different guest-free structures that depend on the activation conditions. The incorporated flexibility gives the material the ability to discriminate C6 alkane isomers based on different gate-opening behaviors. Thus, the PCP has potential applications in C6 isomer separation, a critical step in the petroleum refining process to produce gasoline with high octane rating. This strategy, based on ligand designability, offers a new approach to flexible PCP structural and functional design.

17 USC 105 interim-entered record; under review. The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21569 An open area of research for complex, cyber-physical systems is how to adequately support decision making using reliability and failure data early in the systems engineering process. Having meaningful reliability and failure data available early offers information to decision makers at a point in the design process where decisions have a high impact to cost ratio. When applied to conceptual system design, widely used methods such as probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) and failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) are limited by the availability of data and often rely on detailed representations of the system. Further, existing methods for system reliability and failure methods have not addressed failure propagation in conceptual system design prior to selecting candidate architectures. Consideration given to failure propagation primarily focuses on the basic representation where failures propagate forward. In order to address the shortcomings of existing reliability and failure methods, this paper presents the function failure propagation potential methodology (FFPPM) to formalize the types of failure propagation and quantify failure propagation potential for complex, cyber-physical systems during the conceptual stage of system design. Graph theory is leveraged to model and quantify the connectedness of the functional block diagram (FBD) to develop the metrics used in FFPPM. The FFPPM metrics include (i) the summation of the reachability matrix, (ii) the summation of the number of paths between nodes (i.e., functions) i and j for all i and j, and (iii) the degree and degree distribution. In plain English, these metrics quantify the reachability between functions in the graph, the number of paths between functions, and the connectedness of each node. The FFPPM metrics can then be used to make candidate architecture selection decisions and be used as early indicators for risk. The unique contribution of this research is to quantify failure propagation potential during conceptual system design of complex, cyber-physical systems prior to selecting candidate architectures. FFPPM has been demonstrated using the example of an emergency core cooling system (ECCS) system in a pressurized water reactor (PWR). Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) and United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Grant Number NRC-HQ- 84-14-G-0047

Purpose Due to the complexity of and variations in additive manufacturing (AM) processes, there is a level of uncertainty that creates critical issues in quality assurance (QA), which must be addressed by time-consuming and cost-intensive tasks. This deteriorates the process repeatability, reliability and part reproducibility. So far, many AM efforts have been performed in an isolated and scattered way over several decades. In this paper, a systematically integrated holistic view is proposed to achieve QA for AM. Design/methodology/approach A systematically integrated view is presented to ensure the predefined part properties before/during/after the AM process. It consists of four stages, namely, QA plan, prospective validation, concurrent validation and retrospective validation. As a foundation for QA planning, a functional workflow and the required information flows are proposed by using functional design models: Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling. Findings The functional design model of the QA plan provides the systematically integrated view that can be the basis for inspection of AM processes for the repeatability and qualification of AM parts for reproducibility. Research limitations/implications A powder bed fusion process was used to validate the feasibility of this QA plan. Feasibility was demonstrated under many assumptions; real validation is not included in this study. Social implications This study provides an innovative and transformative methodology that can lead to greater productivity and improved quality of AM parts across industries. Furthermore, the QA guidelines and functional design models provide the foundation for the development of a QA architecture and management system. Originality/value This systematically integrated view and the corresponding QA plan can pose fundamental questions to the AM community and initiate new research efforts in the in-situ digital inspection of AM processes and parts.

Functional design is regarded as a design activity primarily aimed at clarifying customer needs, and developing the functional architecture and solution concepts for a system under development. Existing functional design approaches are mainly focused on how to assist designers in searching for solution principles for desired products, which, however, do not adequately take into account the interactions between a smart system under development and its environment, and cannot explicitly represent the complex functional logic of the system, resulting in that they cannot effectively assist designers in the functional design of smart systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a scenario-integrated approach for functional design of smart systems to address the above issues. Based on the concept of scenario in software engineering, the proposed approach explicitly elaborates how to employ scenarios to express subjective customer needs and how to generate the functional architectures and the corresponding solution concepts through a structured process. The functional design of the automated doors-unlocking system of a smart vehicle is employed to illustrate the proposed approach, which also demonstrates that the proposed approach is suitable for functional design of smart systems.

Cross-border e-commerce is a concrete manifestation of “Internet + foreign trade”, which is conducive to improving the people’s material living standards and quality, and is also the key to promoting my country’s industrial transformation and upgrading. E-commerce platform is the carrier of cross-border e-commerce, and product classification plays a very important role in the e-commerce platform. Aiming at the shortcomings of existing product classification, this paper develops a new classification technology. First, obtain the relevant parameters of the product image through image recognition technology. Secondly, a cross-border e-commerce product classification model is constructed through deep learning technology, and Gray and RGB features of convolution and recursive networks are combined when training the classifier to enhance feature expression. Finally, the applicability and efficiency of related models are verified through performance and functional tests. This technology can effectively improve the rationality of the functional design of the e-commerce platform, thereby improving the efficiency of cross-border commerce business.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) liberates a lot for the hands of designers to define complex geometry and avoid many traditional manufacturing constraints. A set of advanced topological optimization and lattice structure generation tools are emerging to support the design for AM, especially in lightweight design. However, these tools are still in development and not so stable with quite limited operational maturity, which forms a barrier for practitioners to explore the design freedom brought by AM since intensive AM knowledge and expertized computation and numerical simulation skills are required. To solve this problem with an aim to enable an ordinary mechanical designer with basic AM knowledge and numerical modeling skills to design for AM at an operational level, this paper introduces a practical redesign method to decrease the height of the threshold of design for AM and realize functional design solutions. This method combines both subtractive and generative methods to define material distribution in the design space with consideration of AM manufacturability analysis and functional requirements. It can be implemented via a set of existing ordinary CAD tools, which implies its potential for a wide application. A design case on a redesign of a hydraulic manifold component is presented for method demonstration. The result shows that this method is feasible and practical for functional AM design with less AM knowledge on complex geometric or computational operations.

This study highlights use of the clothing taskscape (CT) to assess user needs, characterize design problems, and develop design criteria by considering relationships across people, their clothing, environments, activities, and tasks. Two case studies—a liquor store uniform and outdoor winter sporting clothing for seated clients—are used to illustrate how the CT may be operationalized. Data collection included observation and interviews to identify problems and determine design attributes needed in our respective clothing categories. Data were thematically analyzed. Findings in the uniform case study included problems related to uniform styling, fit, fabric, branding, and visual identity. Findings in the winter sporting clothing case study included procurement, garment styling, fit, branding, visual identity, storage of personal effects, storage of large-sized garments, and laundering practices. Use of the CT has the potential to guide designers toward more holistic assessment of the use scenario to assess user needs and develop design criteria.

Function modeling in engineering design, as one of the most common abstract language during design process and especially early stages, is introduced in a common frame for investigating possible development areas. Comparative studies are conducted for analyzing commonalities of various approaches and methods as well as its variances. The interaction of functional modeling with design theories and methodologies are reviewed in detail. The aims of those reviews are highlighting features of various methods of FM and its noticed limitations and discussing applicability of those methods and approaches in various fields of design. Finally, a proposed future works is presented for filling identified gaps within generality and applicability of FM within various design fields.

Limited by the low-frequency data acquisition, vehicle global positioning system (GPS) data are difficult to implement in the area of microtraffic simulation. Based on the functional design of mobile phone positioning technology, mobile phones can be used to acquire bus GPS data every second. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to determine the parameters of signal coordination for bus priority along an arterial based on GPS data of mobile phones. First, bus priority evaluation indicators are established using bus GPS data, which are acquired by mobile phones. Second, the signal timing parameters of the arterial road are optimized, and a preliminary timing plan is developed by evaluating small changes in the plan. Finally, the corresponding final plan is developed using VISSIM micro simulation software. The feasibility of the analytical model is verified by simulating an actual arterial in Fuzhou city, China.

The paper presents characteristics of the known classifications of surface shaping methods in mechanical engineering during mechanical and physical-technical processing; according to the classifications a surface shaping method is considered as a combination of methods for generating its producing lines – generatrix and guide – provided that the generation rate of the generatrix is higher than the guide. The advantages of constructing a classification and a formalized description of surface shaping methods have been shown in the paper; each of them represents a combination of surface formation methods in cross section and in length, regardless of generation speed for generatrix and guide lines. This increases information content of the description for a shaping method which is important for comparing methods of shaping surfaces and synthesis of schemes for their processing in the functional design of the machine. The paper has revealed the fact that in comparison with the well-known classification of A. A. Fedotenka it is an expedient to introduce methods of bending, intermittent track and intermittent rolling, as well as combined methods combining advantages of their basic methods which expand the synthesis of progressive processing schemes for profile surfaces. The introduction of the methods has been made in many basic methods of generating production lines (copying, following, touching and rolling). Based on the expanded set of basic methods and the accepted principle of presenting the methods of shaping profile surfaces, their classification has been developed as the basis for systematization and synthesis of known and possible shaping methods. The paper considers examples of rational shaping method synthesis based on the proposed classification and progressive processing schemes for profile moment-transmitting surfaces on the basis of synthesis examples. In particular, the use of an envelope method instead of the applied rolling method has made it possible to simplify significantly a tool design, to increase its versatility and accuracy in formation of moment-transmitting surfaces with a profile in the form of a Relo triangle.

Functional design means the process of formulating a unique design problem by mapping a set of customer needs to a set of functional requirements. In the context of product development, functional design is one of the most challenging but rewarding design activities. On the one hand, designers must extract useful information from a large amount of diversified, unstructured, and even inconsistent customer voices. On the other hand, designers must formulate a set of functional requirements that are inherently intangible, solution-neutral, and arguably subjective. Functional design exerts great impacts on the formation of innovative design thinking. It is especially difficult for novice designers who are naturally inclined to rapidly dive into the solution space with little exploration of the problem space. This paper presents a systematic functional design framework to guide novice designers, through a step-by-step process, to sequentially investigate the customer domain, explore the functional domain, and manage design couplings between customer needs and functional requirements. A collection of existing design methods is incorporated, in an adaptive manner, into the framework to facilitate the execution of each step. To date, the proposed framework has been iteratively taught, practiced, and refined based on two engineering design courses since 2013.

The fundamental ideas for a non-local density functional theory -- capable of reliably capturing van der Waals interaction -- were already conceived in the 1990's. In 2004, a seminal paper introduced the first practical non-local exchange-correlation functional called vdW-DF, which has become widely successful and laid the foundation for much further research. However, since then, the functional form of vdW-DF has remained unchanged. Several successful modifications paired the original functional with different (local) exchange functionals to improve performance and the successor vdW-DF2 also updated one internal parameter. Bringing together different insights from almost two decades of development and testing, we present the next-generation non-local correlation functional called vdW-DF3, in which we change the functional form while staying true to the original design philosophy. Although many popular functionals show good performance around the binding separation of van der Waals complexes, they often result in significant errors at larger separations. With vdW-DF3, we address this problem by taking advantage of a recently uncovered and largely unconstrained degree of freedom within the vdW-DF framework that can be constrained through empirical input, making our functional semi-empirical. For two different parameterizations, we benchmark vdW-DF3 against a large set of well-studied test cases and compare our results with the most popular functionals, finding good performance in general for a wide array of systems and a significant improvement in accuracy at larger separations. Finally, we discuss the achievable performance within the current vdW-DF framework, the flexibility in functional design offered by vdW-DF3, as well as possible future directions for non-local van der Waals density functional theory.

The strict development processes of commercial upper-limb prostheses and the complexity of research projects required for their development makes them expensive for end users, both in terms of acquisition and maintenance. Moreover, many of them possess complex ways to operate and interact with the subjects, influencing patients to not favor these devices and shed them from their activities of daily living. The advent of 3D printers allows for distributed open-source research projects that follow new design principles; these consider simplicity without neglecting performance in terms of grasping capabilities, power consumption and controllability. In this work, a simple, yet functional design based on 3D printing is proposed, with the aim to reduce costs and manufacturing time. The operation process consists in interpreting the user intent with electromyography electrodes, while providing visual feedback through a μLCD screen. Its modular, parametric and self-contained design is intended to aid people with different transradial amputation levels, despite of the socket's constitution. This approach allows for easy updates of the system and demands a low cognitive effort from the user, satisfying a trade-off between functionality and low cost. It also grants an easy customization of the amount and selection of available actions, as well as the sensors used for gathering the user intent, permitting alterations to fit the patients' unique needs. Furthermore, experimental results showed an apt mechanical performance when interacting with everyday life objects, in addition to a highly accurate and responsive controller; this also applies for the user-prosthesis interface.

This study is a requirement for new detectors that must be capable of effectively detecting land mines of low or non-metal content in the operational area employed within South Africa, for the replacement of the current Midas mine detector. The current system capabilities are no longer feasible to detect the latest mines since warfare has changed and with relatively no logistical support (spares, manuals, qualified personnel and workshop). The research focused more on the improvement in the systems’ capabilities of the detector in order to effectively detect the various types of mines found in the target area which were buried at the maximum operational depth, in all soil conditions with no loss of sensitivity and accuracy. The detector is also expected to accurately locate the position of a mine buried under the ground. The functional design and specification led to the acquisition of a low power and highly portable mine detector capable of delivering 24 hours continuous throughput before recharge. The performances of these upgrades were compared with the performance of the original Midas detector as well as the Guartel MD8 detector currently used by The South African Army Engineer Council (SAEC). The findings show significant improvement in the use of the new detectors. This suggests that the Midas handheld detector can be upgraded to meet the operational requirements regarding the detection of mines with a minimum metal content.

This paper presents first the structural and functional characteristics of the human hand, a necessary stage even if these data exist in other papers too. Next, we experiment grasp of a rod-type object using one to five fingers, identifying nine possible situations, each case being exemplified by a corresponding picture. Below are the situations of grasping a small part with one and two fingers, in which case there are only two possible situations. Then there is the experimentation of grasping an object of any shape using from one to five fingers, in which case there are seven possible situations. We then experiment micromanipulation of a rod-type part. We also shows the adaptation of Cutkosky’s taxonomy through experiments for all the situations considered, plus the situation of grasping between two adjacent fingers and grasping with two opposing fingers of an object of relatively large size. Similarly, Lyons’ force grasp is being explored. The paper highlights the approach of specific aspects of grasping and micromanipulation for which suggestive tests are performed, and the unitary presentation of multiple cases of grasping using human hand for substantiation and extension of taxonomy, the best known until now, namely Cutkosky’s taxonomy. The paper is useful for improving the constructive and functional design of anthropomorphic grippers for robots.

The functional design of a motorcycle rear suspension has become a complex process which involves different engineering disciplines such as computer aided design, structural analysis or multibody simulations. As a consequence of this multidiciplinarity, its development process is surrounded by multiple inter-related aspects and uncertainties which can compromise the feasibility of the solutions and hence making it difficult to foresees a priori the most appropriated design directions. This paper proposes an integrated methodology that supports early stage design decision-making for motorcycle rear suspensions by providing a rapid generative mechanism of feasible solutions with performance feedback for multiple requirements. The proposed framework integrates an object-oriented representation of the rear suspension with an adaptative design space approach for enhancing the capability to generate a variety of feasible solutions. A generative system coupled with the NSGA-II algorithm is proposed as responsible for exploring and managing the optimal functional design. The workflow has been structured in such a way all the design actions are conducted automatically. A case study of a Premoto3 rear suspension design is included in order to illustrated the effectiveness of the presented framework.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the individual and joint effects of the two design dimensions, form design and functional design, and moderating role of product innovativeness and technological sophistication in consumer’s evaluation of new products. Employing theoretical underpinnings from categorization theory, this paper investigates two major research questions. First, what type of form is more advantageous for a radically new product or an incrementally new product? Second, is there an individual difference in consumer evaluations to innovative products with various form designs? Design/methodology/approach One pre-test and three between-subject experiments were performed. In Experiments 1 and 2, a two-way between-group ANOVA analysis was performed to examine the effect of form and the degree of technological innovation on attitude toward the product using different product categories (car and camera). In Experiment 3, a three-way between-group ANOVA analysis was performed to explore the impact of form, the degree of technological innovation and consumer technological sophistication on attitude toward the product. Findings The results from the three experiments conducted demonstrate that, first, whereas the form design for incremental innovations must be closer to the incumbent products for favorable evaluations, less typical form is evaluated as good as a more typical form for radical innovations. Second, form design of an innovative product matters more to the technologically more sophisticated consumers (experts). Originality/value This paper extends the previous design literature and fills the gap of under-researched area by demonstrating that individual difference, technological sophistication, moderates the design effect on consumer evaluation of innovation; providing boundary condition of when the atypical form is not penalized in spite of consumer’s perceived learning cost; examining how the form and function interplay in “high-status product”; and demonstrating how to strengthen the reliability and validity by replicating the study. Managerially, this paper demonstrates that innovating firms can influence the perceived value of new products using form and functionality, and marketing managers who launch really new products have strategic freedom of choosing own product design.

Conceptual design is a key stage of product design and has received increasing attention in recent years. However, this stage is characterized by limited information, large uncertainty, and multidisciplinary aspects. Thus, increased workload and time cost are associated with conceptual design information acquisition; sometimes, it is difficult to develop novel solutions and the feasibility of the solutions obtained according to these limited and uncertain information is difficult to guarantee. Genetics-based design (GBD) is an effective approach to develop novel solutions and improve the reuse of knowledge, which is consistent with the goal of the conceptual design process. Product-gene acquisition is the premise and basis of GBD. At present, there are few reported studies in this area; most of the existing works are constrained by the structural aspects of the acquisition process, and there are limited studies on specific implementation techniques. To explore the specific implementation technologies of product-gene acquisition, an intelligent acquisition method based on K-means clustering and mutual information-based feature selection algorithm is proposed in this paper. The product genes defined in this paper are key product information that determines the nature of the product and influences the conceptual design process. Thus, solutions obtained according to them are more feasible than that based on limited and uncertain information. An illustrative example is presented. The results show that the proposed method can achieve intelligent acquisition of product genes to a certain extent. Further, the proposed method will allow designers to quickly search for the corresponding product genes when performing similar functional design tasks.

We propose a formal verification methodology to detect security-critical bugs in the hardware (HW) and in the hardware/firmware interface of SoCs. Our approach extends Unique Program Execution Checking (UPEC), originally proposed for detecting transient execution side channels, to also detect all functional design bugs that cause confidentiality violations, and to cover not only the processor but also its peripherals. The proposed methodology is particularly effective in capturing security vulnerabilities that are introduced based on cross-modular effects (integration and communication issues) or poorly understood hardware/firmware interaction. Such bugs are known to be hard to detect by previous methods.We demonstrate a compositional approach where vulnerabilities discovered by our method can be used to create restrictions for the software (SW). This supports design fixes not only at the HW but also at the SW level. We present experiments for the Pulpissimo platform (v4.0) where several security-critical bugs were identified (and confirmed), as well as for RocketChip.

Rising environmental issues are now a global concern, in part due to human behaviour which is generally not environmentally friendly in doing daily living activities such as littering, excessive vehicle use, wasteful resources consumption, combustion of fossil fuel, consume non-recyclable product and consume non-organic product. An emerged behavioural change approach known as “nudging” offers an insight to promote pro-environmental behaviour among people by influencing people's decisions with choice architecture. This paper aims to review the status quo of pro-environmental context in nudging for behaviour change and the nudging techniques that are available for selection to promote pro-environmental behaviour. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework was adopted in this review. A total of 37 eligible articles were identified from acknowledged databases, Web of Science (WOS) and SCOPUS for inclusion of review. This review found that the majority of nudging studies show positive effects in nudging the targeted behaviour of people and demonstrate that the nudging technique has great potential to influence pro-environmental behaviour. Furthermore, this review presented seven types of nudging techniques (prompting, sizing, proximity, presentation, priming, labelling, functional design) which can be adopted for pro-environmental purposes. This paper provides an insight for pro-environmentalists and stakeholders into the usefulness of the nudging approach and how it can be applied in pro-environmental context. The concepts of implementation and recommendations for each nudging technique are described in this paper.

The primary aim of transportation is to facilitate movement of people and goods in a safe and efficient manner. To meet the objectives of transportation, there are many challenges from an engineering perspective. Among them, geometric design is the foremost requisite in planning and functional design of a roadway system. In this context, operating speed plays a key role for controlling geometric design criteria and securing safe operational control. The operating speed varies according to locations and roadway characteristics if previous studies were anything to go by. It is found to be sensitive with regard to roadway types, terrain types, geometric design elements such as horizontal and vertical curves, and their combinations. In past studies, operating speed was observed to vary based on traffic control type and operational conditions. Many studies have determined operating speed for passenger cars and suggested models for evaluating traffic operational performance while showing inconsistency in geometric design. The present study provides a very comprehensive review of literature on the operating speed estimated under different roadway, geometric and traffic conditions across the nations. It is found that the operating speed studies performed under homogeneous and heterogeneous traffic conditions on multilane highways are limited and do not provide generalized solutions in terms of both safety and efficiency aspects. Thus, this study looks at operating speed and determining it by involving various geometric and roadway conditions and considering significant variables, data acquisition methods and equipment used and models for prediction. It highlights the need for future studies on operating speed characteristics, which is one of the major performance measures for evaluating roadway geometry consistency and traffic control performance.

In this paper we propose a simulation framework where the effects of timing on the application layer can be reproduced. The framework supports both simulation-based testcase generation and formal verification methods. It is centered around a timing model that is representative to real-time flight control systems. This timing model is also presented in this work along with several observations that are a result of the temporal behavior of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the observations can be reproduced with the framework. It can be used as a tool to prove the correctness of the functional design of flight control application layers that need to be robust against such effects.

The chapter addresses the urban regeneration of an area starting from multi-step interventions in a small square. These interventions consider a multifaceted point of view which respects local ecological processes while ensuring that transit and other economic and social functions take place. This approach encompasses solutions that respond to city scale needs in terms of stormwater management and the local conditions of thermal comfort and livability at the neighborhood scale. The benefits of urban liveability are now well recognized internationally, and among them increased city attractiveness to avoid abandonment is at the table of several local governments. Municipalities worldwide have pushed for the development of new pedestrian spaces or the regeneration of existing ones to foster liveability through a strategy known as Tactical Urbanism. The paper focuses on the first square in the south part of Milan-Italy to receive such intervention. Beyond Tactical Urbanism, but starting from it, this proposal is a preliminary assessment that aims to evaluate permanent and structural interventions in a square that can also contribute to the environmental resilience of the city. Two different software were used to estimate the environmental benefits of the proposal. The software SWMM (US-EPA) was used to evaluate strategies that guarantee the hydraulic invariance of the intervention area. Second, RayMan Pro was used to assess the contribution of the proposed solution to the microclimate by comparing scenarios in terms of the UTCI index, taking as input local climatic data and data present in the literature.

In the era of network information, the construction and application of Japanese teaching models are facing many difficulties and shortcomings. Internet-based Japanese interactive teaching is a brand-new teaching model, forming in-class and out-of-class, online and offline, independent learning and classroom teaching, which is the interactive complement of other teaching links. This article is designed based on the ideas and methods of software engineering, and provides solutions for the development of Japanese interactive network teaching platform. First, use the case diagram to analyze the requirements and determine the basic functions of the platform; then, use the module structure diagram to go through the functional design, and refine the software functions determined in the requirements analysis stage; finally, the Struts2 architecture is studied to describe the components’ responsibilities and collaborative behaviors between them to improve the efficiency of software development.

In recent years, with the vigorous development of the Internet and multimedia technology, the application of Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) in education has become more and more extensive. The use of new media and new technology to strengthen aerobics teaching and education can activate the classroom atmosphere on the premise of improving the quality of teaching, and it is self-evident to the importance of aerobics teaching. The purpose of this article is to study the application and design of CAI system in aerobics teaching. This article firstly analyzes the functional and non-functional requirements of the CAI system in the teaching of aerobics from the method of teaching needs. Then the system design of the administrator subsystem, the teacher subsystem and the student subsystem in the functional design of the system modules are carried out, and the feasibility and reliability of the system are determined through the function and performance test of the system. Finally, through observation method and questionnaire survey method, the two classes of CAI and traditional teaching are analyzed systematically. Survey data shows that about 90% of students in CAI classes are focused, while only 70% of students in traditional teaching classes are focused; traditional teaching classes account for 21% of participants, while CAI participation is about 42%. It shows that CAI is generally better than traditional teaching in terms of students' classroom performance.

The current article has developed a system for measuring temperature, humidity and pressure in a room. The topic allows the development of new methods of making such an application, embedded in this thesis, concerning the user interface, as well as various functional design solutions. Various technologies are used, such as WiFi boards, sensors for measuring various quantities, Arduino environment, Web technologies and others.

Many service systems such as transportation and logistics systems provide multimodal services with various resources, where how a service is provided to customers including the resources assigned to the service is often designed in advance of the service operations. However, due to increasing dynamics and uncertainty in certain situations, the needs for quickly designing and deploying ad hoc service systems in response to urgent and unexpected events occurred during the service provision have become significant. Motivated by this, we present a structural and functional design that supports Ad Hoc Multimodal Service System (AHMSS) deployment with a focus on a structure of the system, constraints governing the decisions involved in the system, and functions required for the system operation. The proposed design solution provides the basis for developing a decision support system for AHMSS deployment.

Employing smart materials in beautifying the urban environment from a sustainability perspective Smart materials are that materials who have one or more properties that can be significantly altered in a control manner by external impetus, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric and magnetic field. Smartness can be describe by self-adaptability, self-sensing and self-repairing. These smart materials offers numerous of application in every field. Smart materials contribute to raising energy efficiency, while using high levels of environmental performance and controlling design surfaces. Smart materials contribute to achieving the use of renewable energy; passive solar self-heating, natural lighting, and natural cooling. With the development of material science, many new, high-quality and cost-efficient materials have come into use in various field of engineering. In the last five to ten decades, the materials became multifunctional and required the optimization of different characterization and properties. With the last evolution, the concept has been driving towards composite materials and recently, the next evolutionary step is being contemplated with the concept of smart materials. smart materials are new generation materials surpassing the conventional structural and functional materials. These materials possess adaptive capabilities to external stimuli, such as loads or environment, with inherent intelligence. The possibility of applying advanced technologies such as controlling kinematic and intelligent systems in designing urban elements to achieve greater environmental compatibility. The research problem stems from the need to monitor smart materials that can be used in beautifying the urban environment that can achieve sustainability considerations. The research aims to monitor and conclude considerations of employing smart materials in beautifying the urban environment from the perspective of sustainability. Materials have become a fundamental pillar upon which all the different design specialties are based, including urban design with its various elements. The technologies associated with the development of materials have emerged as a result of the great development of information technology and nanotechnology and their incorporation into various areas of materials development, where materials can respond to environmental variables and usage variables in a fast and easy manner to meet human needs.Thus, smart materials are considered one of the most important materials in response to sustainability factors and the ability to implement sustainability considerations. Design based on smart materials is a modern design approach to building and sustainable comprehensive development that seeks to reduce the social and environmental burden, which is applied to the entire life cycle of the urban environment, while achieving economic feasibility and encouraging sustainability at the local and global levels, especially with regard to environmental, societal and economic performance. Problem statment The research problem can be identified as follows: The global trend towards creating dynamic models that are compatible with the environmental and climatic characteristics of the urban environment, with efficiency in the use of materials, the possibility of disassembly and installation and functional design flexibility, created the need to monitor smart materials that can be used in beautifying the urban environment that can achieve sustainability considerations, while determining considerations throughout the design and operation stages. Aims and objectives The research aims to monitor and conclude considerations of employing smart materials in beautifying the urban environment from the perspective of sustainability. Methodology The study follows a descriptive approach in presenting and analyzing the sustainable smart materials used in beautifying the urban environment. Conclusions : - The life cycle of sustainable smart materials can be achieved through : reducing the consumption of non-renewable resources, reducing the environmental loads of waste and pollution, improving economic resource management, and the environmental and social performance that is greatly affected by the performance of smart materials. - Sustainability considerations can be achieved in smart materials by employing smart materials that are compatible with the environmental characteristics of the urban environment through the following: - Efficiency in the use of smart materials to achieve the finishing of the urban environment in the best possible functional and environmental performance. - Using smart materials from recyclable materials or reusable components. - The use of smart materials with systems capable of dismantling, installing and extending in the future. - Use of smart materials with ready-made systems and standard sections. - The possibility of applying smart materials in controlling kinematic and intelligent systems when designing the urban environment to achieve greater environmental compatibility

Function drives many early design considerations in product development. Therefore, finding functionally similar examples is important when searching for sources of inspiration or evaluating designs against existing technology. However, it is difficult to capture what people consider to be functionally similar and therefore, if measures that compare function directly from the products themselves are meaningful. In this work, we compare human evaluations of similarity to computationally determined values, shedding light on how quantitative measures align with human perceptions of functional similarity. Human perception of functional similarity is considered at two levels of abstraction: (1) the high-level purpose of a product, and (2) a detailed view of how the product works. Human evaluations of similarity are quantified by crowdsourcing 1360 triplet ratings at each functional abstraction, and then compared to similarity that is computed between functional models. We demonstrate how different levels of abstraction and the fuzzy line between what is considered “similar” and “similar enough” may impact how these similarity measures are utilized, finding that different measures better align with human evaluations along each dimension. The results inform how product similarity can be leveraged by designers. Therefore, applications lie in creativity support tools, such as those used for design-by-analogy, or future computational methods in design that incorporate product function in addition to form.

The routing of multi-branch cable harness in aircraft relies heavily on manual work and experience, which is highly time-consuming. In order to realize the automatic 3D layout of multi-branch cable harness, this paper presents a novel approach by solving the layout as a multi-objective optimization problem that is NP-hard. The optimization objectives are to minimize the weight of multi-branch cables, to maximize the proportion of main roads, and to maximize the openness of the wiring path. Various regulatory and functional design rules are considered to be constraints. And the number and spatial position of branch points are taken as decision variables. As a result, a multi-objective layout optimization problem model of multi-branch cable based on Steiner tree is established. Then an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization based on decomposition (MOPSO/D) is proposed to obtain the Pareto solution set of multi-branch cable layout. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by the cable layout of the aircraft cabin.

The individual monitoring of cross-country skiers’ technique-related parameters is crucial to identifying possible athlete-individual deficits that need to be corrected in order to optimize the athlete’s performance in competition. To be able to record relevant biomechanical parameters during training in the field, the development of measuring systems exploiting the athlete’s full potential is the key. Known mobile monitoring systems for measuring forces on ski poles use comparably heavy uniaxial load cells mounted on the pole with a data logger also attached to the pole or carried by the athlete. Measurements that are more accurate can be acquired using wire-based systems. However, wire-based systems are highly immobile and only usable when the athletes undergo a stationary test, e.g., on a treadmill. This paper focuses on the functional design of a measuring system using specialized, miniaturized electronics for acquiring data from strain sensors. These data are then used to determine the technique-related parameters pole force and angle of bend. The functional design is also capable of transmitting the acquired data wirelessly via Bluetooth to a smartphone that runs a proprietary app. This approach is advantageous regarding mass, dynamic behavior, analyzing functionality, and signal processing compared to the state of the art.

In order to improve the training quality of high-level athletes in Chinese and American universities, an athlete’s sports information transmission model is designed based on the Internet of Things (IoT). The communication protocol between Ayla module and the main motion control board, Ayla module and client APP or cloud platform, and APP and cloud platform in the system is designed in detail. For the Ayla module, the most important hardware part of the system, the internal composition and software design are described. In the mobile phone client part that is closely related to the user, the MVC architecture is adopted, the singleton and agent design patterns are utilized, and the functional design of each part is elaborated, including APP interface animation, data transmission format, network communication, and database storage. The research results show that the system of this study can handle most of the athlete training information, and the prediction accuracy exceeds the traditional algorithm. This research study is of great significance for improving the training efficiency of high-level athletes and further expanding the scope of application of the IoT. RESUMO A fim de melhorar a qualidade do treinamento de atletas de alto nível em universidades chinesas e americanas, um modelo de transmissão esportiva de informações esportivas é projetado com base na Internet das Coisas. Projetou-se em detalhes o protocolo de comunicação entre o módulo Ayla e a placa de controle principal de movimento, o módulo Ayla e o aplicativo-cliente ou a plataforma de nuvem, o aplicativo e a plataforma de nuvem no sistema. Para o módulo Ayla, a parte de hardware mais importante do sistema, a composição interna e o projeto de software são descritos. Na parte do cliente de celular intimamente relacionada com o usuário, a arquitetura MVC é adotada, e os padrões de design de singleton e agente são utilizados, e o projeto funcional de cada parte é elaborado, incluindo animação de interface APP, formato de transmissão de dados, comunicação de rede e armazenamento de banco de dados. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que o sistema deste estudo pode lidar com a maioria das informações de treinamento de atletas, e a precisão da previsão excede o algoritmo tradicional. A pesquisa deste artigo é de grande significância para melhorar a eficiência de treinamento de atletas de alto nível e expandir ainda mais o âmbito de aplicação da Internet das Coisas. RESUMEN A fin de mejorar la calidad del entrenamiento de atletas de alto nivel en universidades chinas y americanas, un modelo de transmisión deportiva de informaciones deportivas es proyectado basándose en la Internet de las Cosas. Se proyectó en detalles el protocolo de comunicación entre el módulo Ayla y la placa de control principal de movimiento, el módulo Ayla y el aplicativo-cliente o la plataforma de nube, el aplicativo y la plataforma de nube en el sistema. Para el módulo Ayla, la parte de hardware más importante del sistema, la composición interna y el proyecto de software son descritos. En la parte del cliente de celular íntimamente relacionada con el usuario, la arquitectura MVC es adoptada, y los estándares de diseño de singleton y agente son utilizados, y el proyecto funcional de cada parte es elaborado, incluyendo animación de interface APP, formato de transmisión de datos, comunicación de red y almacenamiento de banco de datos. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que el sistema de este estudio puede lidiar con la mayoría de las informaciones de entrenamiento de atletas, y la precisión de la previsión excede el algoritmo tradicional. La investigación de este artículo es de gran significación para mejorar la eficiencia de entrenamiento de atletas de alto nivel y expandir aún más el ámbito de aplicación de la Internet de las Cosas.

In order to improve network security protection capabilities, according to the requirements of the classified protection 2.0 of cybersecurity, the network is divided into five grades. Networks that involve national security and social public interests must be graded and evaluated. In the level evaluation stage, the cryptographic products used on the network need to be approved and comply with the regulations of State Cryptography Administration Office of Security Commercial Code Administration (OSCCA). The use of commercial cryptographic technology in the network must meet the standardization requirements. Based on this, the evaluation platform of commercial cryptography application was designed. The functional design of the platform is based on the cryptographic technology of the existing information system, summarizing the application characteristics of the mainstream commercial cryptographic technology in the network, including 7 types of testing items, and testing the cryptographic functions of the system according to the cryptographic industry standards and national standards. Verify the authenticity of the information source, the integrity of the data, the confidentiality of the information, and the non-repudiation of the behavior. At present, the main functions of the platform have been designed and built, and all functions such as user management, database services, and core testing have been verified. The later will be further improved to promote the standardization and correctness of commercial cryptographic system applications. The system self-inspection and self-inspection monitoring methods derived from the evaluation platform of commercial cryptography application are provided to the system builders and operators, providing effective commercial cryptographic system testing tools for cryptographic evaluation agencies, and powerful monitoring methods for supervision and inspection agencies.

Parallel manipulators with lower mobility (LM-PMs) are multi-loop mechanisms with less than six degrees of freedom (dofs). This type of manipulators has attracted the attention both of academic researchers and of industries since the early appearance of the DELTA robot (Clavel 1988). The DELTA robot showed that, when the manipulation task requires less than six dofs, the use of an LM-PM may bring some advantages (simple architecture of the machine, very fast machine, etc.) that are added to the known appealing features (high stiffness, good positioning precision, etc) of parallel manipulators (PMs).Planar motions, translational motions and spherical motions are important examples of motion tasks that require less than six dofs and are often necessary in industrial applications. Each of these types of motion has generated a class of LM-PMs. So, today, there is a great variety of planar PMs (PPMs), of translational PMs (TPMs) and of spherical PMs (SPMs). This chapter attempts to provide a unified frame for the study of this type of machines together with a critical analysis of the vast literature about them. The chapter starts with the classification of the LM-PMs, and, then, analyzes the specific subjects involved in the functional design of these machines. Special attention is paid to the definition of the limb topology, the singularity analysis and the discussion of the characteristics of some machines.

With the increasing demand for electrical data analysis, close proximity of computational resources to the terminal side has become a priority in modern power systems considering extant weaknesses with regard to operational efficiency, data security and the increasing burden of the cloud. Nevertheless, smart meters lacks local resources as modern terminals of smart grids. On the other hand, the alternative solutions based on edge computing may be inadequate in flexibility. To this end, a device aiming to enable terminal-side intelligence for smart meters is proposed in this work. First the functional design of the device is elaborated and a prototype of it is then introduced. Finally, two typical applications of this device are illustrated respectively. In addition to the traditional functions of smart meters, the proposed device is endowed with the capability of local computing whereby it has broad application prospects in the future.

The design of a manufacturing system involves multiple technical disciplines consisting primarily of mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, and control engineers. A function modeling methodology in conceptual design ensures that the various disciplines work toward a common design intent. A systematic approach in efficiently capturing the design intent promotes interdisciplinary communication, clarity, and early systematic determination of a functional design that fulfills customer needs. This paper proposes a model-based systems engineering approach that combines the advantages of axiomatic design, design structure matrix, and integrated function modeling.

It is generally accepted in industry and academia that trade-offs between functional design objectives are an inevitable factor in the development of mechanical systems. These trade-offs can have a large influence on the achievable robustness and performance of the final design, with many products only functioning in narrow sweet-spots between different objectives. As a result, the design process of multi- functional products can be prolonged when designers concurrently attempt to find sweet-spots between a number of potentially interdependent trade-offs. This paper will show that designers only have six different approaches available when attempting to manage a trade-off while trying to ensure robustness and a sufficient performance. These fall within one of three categories; accept, optimise, or redesign. Selecting the wrong approach, can result in consequences downstream which can be difficult to predict, amongst others a lack of robustness to geometric variation, constrained performance, and long development lead time. This points to a substantial potential in the synthesis of design methods that support the identification and management of trade-offs in early product development.

The purpose of this paper is to formalize the Early Design Reliability Prediction Method (EDRPM) into a comprehensive framework, then to provide a case study using an Electrical Power System (EPS) which shows the usefulness of the methods. EDRPM has been developed to facilitate decision making in early design using quantitative reliability results [1]. Candidate components and design alternative are eliminated using justification provided by EDRPM. The output of this method is a set of design alternative that have a reliability values at or greater than a preset reliability goal. At the completion of applying EDRPM, additional metrics can be used to determine a final design. This research addresses the need for reliability methods to be moved earlier in the design process. Current methods are applicable after components have been selected. EDRPM is used during functional design, and when concepts are generated. This method also calculates functional failure rates which are applied to generate the function and component distributions. The results of the case study shows that several candidate components and design alternatives can be eliminated using EDRPM. It is demonstrated that only a subset of designs that meet the failure rate piece of the reliability goal should not be eliminated. The reliability goal is the combination of two parts; the failure rate and the probability of not exceeding the failure rate. Several of these design still have a probability of exceeding the second piece of the reliability goal given that they meet the first.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

The aim of this study was to propose and verify a new design of school uniforms for Chinese elementary school students in a functional design process, with attention to size fit, road safet...