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In this paper passive Infrared sensor “PIR” based security system is introduced. With this sensor we can save power, and effective management at low cost and requires small memory space.

The additive manufacture is a fabrication process that has taken huge steps in the last decade, even though the first researches and prototypes are around since almost forty years ago. In this article, a design method for a Parallel Kinematics Robot for Additive Manufacturing Applications is proposed. A numerical model is obtained from the kinematics of the robot for which the design, construction and assembly are planned using recycled materials and equipment. The control of the robot is done using open source software, allowing the planning of trajectories in the Cartesian space on a maximum designed cylindrical workspace of 300mm in diameter by 300mm high. At the end of the work the robot was identified, the kinematic model was validated and considerations for future works were given.

In this paper passive Infrared sensor “PIR” based security system is introduced. With this sensor we can save power, and effective management at low cost and requires small memory space.

The consumption of medicine is typical in geriatrics, having many problems related to medications. Geriatrics often forget to take their medicine, and this problem can be overcome by using an automatic reminder system. In this study, an automated reminder system is developed as an improved community element, acting as a system that can help geriatric in taking their medicine on time, thus, boosting their health condition. This reminder system also includes an interaction between the geriatrics and their caretakers. This reminder system includes Arduino UNO as the microcontroller, with the notification system, Blynk Application, a buzzer, and a light-emitting diode (LED) system. To make this reminder system more versatile, the buzzer will alarm during the medicine intake time, giving information to the elderly on which medicine to take. When the time has reached to take medication, the buzzer will produce a sound. Suppose the medicine box opens after the buzzer's sound and is detected by the passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor). In that case, the caretaker will receive a notification through the Blynk application that the geriatric already took medicine. On the contrary, if the medicine box is not open after 3 minutes following the buzzer's sound, which indicates that the geriatric did not take their medicine, the system will not send a notification to their caretakers on the status. This prototype is tested on ten users for its accuracy and effectiveness. It is believed that this system can provide geriatrics more alert in taking their medicine on time, enhancing their health status.

Security is of enormous importance in this modern age. The crime rate increases exponentially, and traditional home surveillance systems are expensive and limited in intelligent capabilities, such as real-time detection, instant alert, and prompt reporting. As a result of the rapid evolution of cutting technologies and devices, such as Raspberry Pi and several enabled APIs, the limitation, as mentioned, has become a thing of the past. This paper implements an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) using a Raspberry Pi processor that serves as a controller and stations at a home environment. The choice of Raspberry Pi 4 is considered, which is the core of the system; it does all processing between all components (i.e., Passive Infrared sensor, Web camera, Light Emitting Diode) connected to it. The intelligent device is integrated with the Telegram bot via its API. The API with the appropriate Telegram framework is used as an instant messenger generator and notification system. The designed system achieved promising results, as it accurately identified known people, and all unidentified people were flagged by sending a Telegram text message, which included the captured image of the unknown intruder. The overall accuracy rate achieved was 84 per cent, and the accuracy rate for known people was 86 per cent.

Electricity has the major resource consumption among many resources in the country. Also, it is the most misused resource, so control of consumption needs to be taken so that cost is maintained and future generation is benefited. The system proposed here represents a low cost and efficient classroom system which controls appliances like lights and fans using NodeMcu module and relays and adapters with the available LAN or Wi-Fi in the University, so that devices can be remotely controlled using the web. This also uses low-cost sensor which detects the presence of humans switching on the lights when necessary and off if humans are not detected. The simple and effective sensor called Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR sensor) will be used in each classroom. Human existence is sensed by the sensor through heat radiations which are produced by humans. Then the input is given as the signal through simple web application is created. The procedure to operate the devices which manually followed to operate the devices is however neglected, therefore, installing this type of equipment, and a web application will surely reduce the wastage of electricity in classrooms by remote-operating devices.

Funder: Cardiff University, Funder: Project CASE partner ‐ Eco‐explore Community Interest Company, Bespoke (custom-built) Raspberry Pi cameras are increasingly popular research tools in the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation, because of their comparative flexibility in programmable settings, ability to be paired with other sensors, and because they are typically cheaper than commercially built models.Here, we describe a novel, Raspberry Pi-based camera system that is fully portable and yet weatherproof-especially to humidity and salt spray. The camera was paired with a passive infrared sensor, to create a movement-triggered camera capable of recording videos over a 24-hr period. We describe an example deployment involving "retro-fitting" these cameras into artificial nest boxes on Praia Islet, Azores archipelago, Portugal, to monitor the behaviors and interspecific interactions of two sympatric species of storm-petrel (Monteiro's storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi and Madeiran storm-petrel Hydrobates castro) during their respective breeding seasons.Of the 138 deployments, 70% of all deployments were deemed to be "Successful" (Successful was defined as continuous footage being recorded for more than one hour without an interruption), which equated to 87% of the individual 30-s videos. The bespoke cameras proved to be easily portable between 54 different nests and reasonably weatherproof (~14% of deployments classed as "Partial" or "Failure" deployments were specifically due to the weather/humidity), and we make further trouble-shooting suggestions to mitigate additional weather-related failures.Here, we have shown that this system is fully portable and capable of coping with salt spray and humidity, and consequently, the camera-build methods and scripts could be applied easily to many different species that also utilize cavities, burrows, and artificial nests, and can potentially be adapted for other wildlife monitoring situations to provide novel insights into species-specific daily cycles of behaviors and interspecies interactions.

Public campus has a mandate to saving of electrical energy. Electrical energy consumption is often wasteful in building. There is tendency wasteful by user. Electronic equipment is often still turn on at idle time. Only a few students want to turn off the equipment and shut down the computer. Saving of electrical energy is not only at idle time but it can be improved into operational hour. It is not depending on idle time or operational hours, but depends on human presence. Implementation of electrical energy saving has to be supported by frugal behavior and equipment technology. In this study, we name system of smart detection and control to electrical energy (Sisdece). This system is consist of hardware and software. Hardware applies passive infrared sensor (PIR) sensor, wireless sensor network (WSN), microcontroller ESP32, access point, relay. Software use C++, hypertext preprocessor (PHP), hypertext markup language (HTML) and android studio. Result of measurement has been done in a month during November 2020. Average of energy saved is 12.51 kWh and total of electrical energy is 105.86 kWh. Comparison of energy saved to electrical energy is 11.81%. This is a significant reduction to electrical bill. The result is expected as benchmark of electrical energy management in Politeknik Negeri Medan (POLMED).

In this paper passive Infrared sensor “PIR” based security system is introduced. With this sensor we can save power, and effective management at low cost and requires small memory space.

This letter describes a developed wireless sensor network based on a proposed algorithm for monitoring the environmental parameters in healthcare intentions. This proposed algorithm contains a frame with different packets that are implemented on the developed wireless sensor network. The developed wireless sensor network consists of one central node as well as four sensor node that has been equipped with various sensors such as temperature, humidity, CO, CO2, and passive infrared sensor. In order to test the presented algorithm and the developed wireless sensor network, the sensor nodes are situated in four different rooms in a hospital for recording essential parameters of the environment while the central node is put in the nurse station for warning to nurses. The obtained result of the proposed sensor nodes in comparison to gold standards shows root mean square error 1.1%, $$0.35\,^\circ \hbox {C}$$, 0.98% for humidity, temperature and gas, respectively. Also, the obtained results illustrate that the system gives accurate feedback from environmental temperature, humidity, and CO, and CO2 to the nurse station in order to increases the possibility of a healthy environment condition for patients.

Detecting count of human beings accurately in a closed indoor environment is crucial in diverse application areas including search and rescue, surveillance, customer analytics, abnormal event detection, human gait characterization, congestion analysis, and many more. Moreover, it has significant importance in preventing any intrusion in a secured indoor space such as a bank vault. Sensor-based technologies (for example camera, Passive Infrared sensor (PIR), etc.) are becoming more popular day by day to ensure enhanced security in such closed indoor setting. However, sensors used in these technologies have to be deployed in visible places. Thus, there exist possibilities of damaging the sensors by intruders. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel methodology to detect human count in such closed indoor setting, which can be deployed in any hidden place being oblivious to intruders. Here, we perform human counting based on different environmental gaseous parameters (Carbon Dioxide, Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide) and two weather parameters (temperature and humidity). We conduct numerous experiments under closed controlled settings and perform the counting task using different machine learning algorithms such as Bagging, RandomForest, IBK, and J48. We also propose a novel Deep Neural Network based framework for this task and evaluate its performance on the collected data sets. Using this method, we achieve 95% accuracy in detecting the number of humans present even in the unseen test case scenario.

This paper proposes an optimization-based Residential Energy Management System (REMS) to minimize not only the customer's energy cost but also customer dissatisfaction with the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). REMS is designed in such a way that when there is a person in a particular room, electrical power is supplied to that room from its main source, and once the person leaves and the room, the power supply is cut off, shutting off all appliances and devices in that room. This is achieved by the usage of a passive infrared sensor (PIR) to detect motion and an ArduinoMicrocontrollerATMEGA-328Pto process input data from the PIR sensors to determine if electrical power is needed in a room or not. A Microcontroller PIC16F877A is also used to carry out all processing activities whose result would be effected through the aid of five output devices with a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) used to display the PIR and the microprocessor status. The current state of the prototype design is described and a brief introduction to the control approach is made.

IoT makes use of individual entities that are interconnected with one another and have pre-programmed components to respond to variations. One part of smart cities is the smart home. The automation of the smart home requires all components like lights, fans, refrigerators, or any other appliances to work remotely which requires data to be sent to remote users accurately and securely. The sensors required in a smart home include a gas sensor, temperature sensor, passive infrared sensor, and some alarm system in case of emergency. All these sensors produce enormous amounts of timestamped data that needs to be sent through insecure channel internet to reach to the destined remote account that can handle the situation and can take necessary action depending on values sent by these sensors. This chapter proposes an authenticated encryption mechanism to securely communicate home automation data to the destination which can be validated and decrypted to get back the original message ensuring no tampering of data has occurred while communicating the data. For the purpose of simplicity, this chapter considers data from gas sensor, temperature sensor, buzzer, and passive infrared sensor.

Crimes against property without using violence, in this case, are theft and burglary is the type of crime that is most common every year. However, home security needs a security system that is more efficient and practical. To overcome this, an internet of things (IoT) is needed. This research evaluated the performance prototype by reading distance from the radio frequency identification (RFID) reader using E-KTP and quality of service performance (i.e throughput and delay) from application android. This research design smart door lock using RFID sensor, passive infrared sensor (PIR), solenoid as door locks, buzzer, led, E-KTP as RFID tags and also android application to controlling and monitoring made with android studio is connected to NodeMCU V3 ESP8266 as storage data and connect with firebase realtime database instead of conventional keys. This research focuses on performance prototype and quality of service from features application is work well. Related to previous works, our evaluation shows that the performance prototype can read identity card (E-KTP) with a maximum distance is 4 cm, and performance quality of service for an application show that throughput and delay with a perfect index according to standardization telecommunications and internet protocol harmonization over network (TIPHON) depending on what features are being evaluated.

Visually challenged people are facing lots of problems in their day-to-day life. The main aim of the research is to design an intelligent walking stick to guide visually impaired people thereby improving their mobility. In this examination the walking stick is planned with all features of precision and productivity is likewise made high, relatively. The device comprises an array of both ultrasonic sensor and Passive Infrared sensor to detect the static as well as the dynamic obstacle in 180 range of 3m distance in three different directions (left, right, and front). Water sensor is also being attached to the system to detect the presence of both static and dynamic water. When an obstacle is sensed by the sensor, the emergency alert system warns the visually impaired person by a speech warning message. GPS-GSM system is used to track the position of the visually impaired person. On the off chance that the stick is lost, it can be discovered utilizing the remote that actuates the signal to find out the location of the stick. The remote consists of an Rf transmitter and the stick consist of an Rf receiver. Wireless transmission is being carried out between remote and walking stick.

In this paper, an IoT based fire-fighting and affected area monitoring robot is proposed. This fire-fighting robot can be used as a supplementary to the firefighters in critical situations. To function this robot, a flame sensor, a gas sensor, an IR sensor, and a temperature humidity sensor has been used. The flame sensor is used to detect the fireplace at the same time as the gas sensor informs about the presence of flammable gases, the Passive Infrared Sensor confirms the presence of a human, and the temperature humidity sensor sends statistics about the temperature and humidity of the locality. The robot can run in both manual control system and autonomic control system. This paper discusses the detail and top working condition of a fire-fighting robot and recapitulates an IoT based communication system to monitor the fire affected area using Wi-Fi and also discusses the elaborate functions of each module and the implementation of the system. All the data are sent to the cloud server for further investigation. The proposed firefighting robot has been used for many experiments and proper evaluation has been done based on its performance. It has an excellent performance to extinguish the fire in an emergency situation.

Agriculture is the primary source of food supply for all countries in the world. The issue of agriculture has always been hampering the growth and development of the country. To further improve this condition, we need to deploy smart and precision agriculture by revamping the old methods of agriculture. Hence, the paper aims at making agriculture smart and precise by using Internet of things (IoT) technologies. This paper proposes a system design for an IoT-based agriculture monitoring system. It also suggests a cloud-based mobile application for easy monitoring and analyzing the farms at the farmer’s point of view. The proposed work deals with real-time observation by efficiently using the most reliable sensors. The main features of this works are the integration of various agriculture-related sensors such as moisture, temperature, and humidity with the Raspberry Pi and a mobile application. It also stores the recorded data on a ThinkSpeak cloud for future prediction and improving the quality of the crop. This work integrates a passive infrared sensor (PIR) to monitor the intrusion of animals or human interference. The live monitoring of the sensor’s values using cloud computing and a mobile-based application was also analyzed. The proposed system prototype was successfully implemented, executed, and tested. It is a low cost, easy to use for the farmers to efficiently monitor their farms and to improve the crop quality by reducing the wastage of energy and resources.

Day-by-day India’s population is consistently increasing, and it is expected to reach beyond 1.3 billion. In fact after 25 years, serious problems will be predicted regarding food. Hence, it is necessary to develop an innovative system for benefiting the agricultural sector as early as possible. The farmers are suffering due to the reduced rainfall and water scarcity. The traditional farmland irrigation techniques require manual intervention. To overcome this challenge, the proposed research work has developed an automatic irrigation system, which is powered by a smart solar system for saving time, money and work of the farmer. Solar panels will continuously track the position of the sun to ensure the maximum energy production. In addition, an intruder detection system [IDS] is installed into the irrigation system with the help of passive infrared sensor to track where the birds and some other animals are repelled from entering into the field. A Wi-Fi module has been used to establish a communication link between the farmer and the field. The farmer can access the information about the field condition anytime.

The video surveillance system of any secured places using security guards at every moment is not possible. Also, closed-circuit television (CCTV) is extensively used CCTV in most of the security places like multi-storage buildings, banks, cinema halls, commercial buildings like shopping malls and more. But real-time thief handling is very important to prevent theft and vandalism. This project employs an IoT-based real-time video surveillance system with a password locking technique using raspberry pi. The system requires a USB webcam, raspberry pi 3B, 4 * 4 Keypad and PIR sensor. When any motion is detected pi activate the webcam for capturing the image if anyone enters a wrong password or tries to enter a random password, at that time processor sends an email or SMS alert to register id or mobile number. When motion detected using passive infrared sensor (PIR) the raspberry pi store the image in the cloud using the SMTP mail server and send them to register email.

People-counting data can be used in building-control systems to improve comfort and in space management applications to optimize building space. In this work, we consider a combi-sensor with a single-pixel thermopile and passive infrared sensor for people counting. We first develop a thermopile signal model for object temperature measurements under multiple people occupancy. We then propose a people counting method based on: cumulative sum (CUSUM) change detection in the object temperature signal, forming a people count estimate using likelihoods of differential mean temperature in detected changes, and decision fusion with an infrared vacancy sensor. The proposed method is evaluated with data generated using the developed signal model as well as experimental data from a cell office/meeting room environment. We obtain an average counting error of 0.11 and 0.19 for 90% of the instants respectively when considering 15 minute windows for simulated and experimental datasets.

This paper focused on the energy saving by controlling the light intensity of street light according to the street condition which be measured by the sensor such as light dependent resistor (LDR), passive infrared sensor (PIR), and rain sensor module. LDR detects the natural light intensity which are low, medium, high light intensity. PIR sensor detects the movement of vehicle on the street while the rain sensor module detected the weather at variation phase of water drops (rain) as a safety purpose. In this project, the light intensity of street light is controlled using a functional controller known as the fuzzy logic controller. This type of controller is not based on the model but based on the power detection mechanism. The functional of the system simulates using Proteus Software. The results show the rectangular sinusoidal of the limit of street light intensity.

Many of the people around us are visually impaired by born or by accident. Life-leading like normal people is the daydream to these unlucky people. This paper proposes a system, which can be a helping hand to these visually disable persons. The experiment is done with a cane decorated with our self-made Arduino UNO, Ultrasonic Sonar sensor, Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor), Infrared sensor (IR sensor), SD card, vibrator, buzzer etc. This system can measure the distance of any movable or static object and velocity of any movable object, identify pothole in front of the user and notify them. The total process is done in 3 different environments and for each of the environment 2 visually impaired people are used. The average accuracy for distance and velocity measurement by ultrasonic sonar sensors is 94.45% and 89.097% respectively. The average pothole detection accuracy is 90.28%. The framework is very affordable to make as the cost is $ 11 and easy to use in real life.

The Smart Mirror is a system in which the normal mirror is converted to behave like a smart device. Proposed Smart mirror is designed using Raspberry Pi 3 model and by using a touch-enabled screen. The designed system is capable of acting like a regular mirror in case of normal mode of operation, and it acts like a smart mirror in a triggered mode of operation. The Smart mirror thus designed is an interactive system which is capable of operating in three modes. The system can be operated interactively by accepting one of the type of “command mode,” namely voice-based commands, touch- and mobile-based controls. The system is designed to display weather, temperature and latest news on the mirror. The system is primarily designed for the purpose of Human Monitoring and also intrusion detection system. The proposed design is thought of a bundle of package, which not only just displays information over screen, but also can be used for providing security. The system is built using hardware units like Raspberry Pi 3 model, microphone, touch screen, mobile device, camera and passive infrared sensor (PIR) sensors and programming with Python. The intrusion detection is done using simple frame difference approach, and Human Monitoring is implemented using Yolo machine learning technique with OpenCV.

Due to increasing and expansion of logistics in Sultanate of Oman, transportation becomes one of main support for logistics in country. The height vehicles accidents become a serious issue that have huge impact on infrastructure and human lives. As the number of long vehicles increasing the over height accidents become more and more. The aim of this project is to propose a smart-solution to minimize the accidents/collision of vehicles over height that crosses the bridges and intersections in Oman. The vehicle driver can be notified by smart solution about his vehicle status. The system is proposing smart alarming solution to minimizing number of accidents and its effect. Also, by using smart system it will be easy to investigate current method to detect the accident and evaluate the proposed solution. The design of the system is to IoT to build complete system can detect the vehicle height and warn the driver before reach the bridge. Passive infrared sensor, IR sensor will detect the height and motion of vehicles before cross the bridge or intersection. And will send a mail or SMS to the cloud to inform the relative authorities. An Arduino is used to program and control the system. On the other hand, CCTV is taking place in system by recording and capture plate number of over height vehicles. The data gathered from the system are stored and backup kept in server whenever required. Different types of methodologies have been chosen and applied in the system are Modified waterfall, Agile, and waterfall methodology. Modified water fall methodology selected as it has different strategies that will assist in managing the challenges in case they come up and maximizing the utilization of resources and time. The system is help full to reduce the over height accidents and it will be effective for ROP and Ministry of transportation and communication for study purpose and data gathering.

In this study, a new design of a full automatic cleaning system known as FACS is manufactured and used for street lighting systems. FACS is derived and controlled with a microcontroller. The system consists of an auto turn On/Off control system for the light and passive infrared sensor to save energy. The dust/rain sensors are utilised to recognize the dirt/drops accumulation and surface deposition on the surface of the lights. The proposed cleaning system is compared with all available technologies, and the pros and cons of the systems are described and compared in detail. The comparison reveals that for removing the dirt accumulation, a fully automatic cleaning system can be chosen as one of the most suitable cleaning systems due to its robustness, using for different types of street lights, excellent performance at a shorter time and low-cost. The evaluation of the total cost unveils that FACS is cheap and applicable system and it can be employed in industrial sector.

In today's world, all the countries are facing threats from the intruder. This is challenging the internal security of the nation. Hence, military applications require locating the intruders in the border areas. In this application, tracking of target, processing the data and analysis of the fetched data plays a major role. The proposed system requires tracking of target in the secured area and analysing the data received. Sensors play a major role in detecting the intruder. In this paper, the proposed, designed and implemented a system which makes use of Passive Infrared Sensor(PIR) to detect the intruder and surrounding environment has been discussed. The information gathered from the sensor network is sent to the base station for processing using Long Range(LoRa) Technology. The implementation results justifies the importance of the methodology used. The performance results justifies effectiveness of the proposed system.

Passive infrared (PIR) sensors are the most popular deployed sensors in buildings for individual presence detection. However, PIR sensors are motion detectors in nature, responding only to incident radiation variation, which leads to false negative detections, inaccurate occupancy estimation, and uncomfortable lighting swings and waste of energy. To address this issue, an optical shutter driven by a Lavet motor PIR (LAMPIR) sensor is developed for true presence detection. In comparison with our previously developed chopped PIR (C-PIR) and rotationally chopped PIR (Ro-PIR) sensors, a low-power single-phase electro-mechanical driving approach is introduced for LAMPIR to replace traditional servo and stepper motors and thus significantly reduce the power consumption by up to 89%, size by up to 60%, weight by up to 75%, cost by up to 31%, and acoustic noise by 12 dBA. More specifically, driven by pulsed signal from a microcontroller unit, the electro-mechanical vibrator drives a semi-transparent long-wave infrared optical shutter to chop the field of view (FOV) of a PIR sensor periodically. By monitoring and analyzing the voltage outputs generated by the LAMPIR senor, high-accuracy presence detection can be achieved by optimizing the shutter width and shuttering period through parametric studies. Experimental results show that a classification accuracy of 100% can be reached for detecting stationary occupants up to 4.5 m and moving occupants up to 10 m, suggesting a detection range improvement from both the C-PIR and the Ro-PIR sensors (4.0 m for stationary and 8.0 m for moving occupancy detection for both sensors). Additionally, the LAMPIR sensor has an FOV of 90° in horizontal and 100° in vertical, which is sufficient for most applications. For a 31-h-long presence detection test, an accuracy of 97% is achieved when classifying unoccupied and occupied scenarios, while an accuracy of 93% is achieved when classifying unoccupied, stationary and moving occupant scenarios.

The goal of this paper is to localize a resident in indoor environments by using motion information from distributed environmental sensors and body activity information from wearable sensors. The passive infrared sensor nodes distributed in a home provide binary information about human motion in their field of views, while the wearable inertial measurement unit sensor node collects motion data that can be used in body activity recognition, walking velocity, and heading estimation. Basic human activities such as sitting, sleeping, standing, and walking are recognized. We proposed a particle filter-based sensor fusion algorithm that takes advantage of the human location/activity correlation in indoor environments to increase the localization accuracy. Experiments were conducted in a mock apartment testbed. We used the ground truth data obtained from a motion capture system to evaluate the results. Note to Practitioners —This paper is motivated by a goal to realize various home automation applications through human localization. For example, with the knowledge of human location, lighting, and air conditioning systems can be more efficiently managed, or a home service robot can provide better service to the resident. There currently lacks an accurate human localization method in indoor environments. The theoretical framework proposed in this paper aims to combine simple environmental sensors (passive infrared sensors) and a single wearable motion sensor to accurately track human locations. This method reduces the intrusiveness to the human, while keeping the cost of the infrastructure low. The theoretical framework has been tested and evaluated in a mock apartment environment as a proof of concept. For deployment into real homes, we need to conduct more realistic tests and thorough evaluation of the system. It is also necessary to reduce the size and weight of the wearable motion sensor and simplify the installation of the environmental sensors.

Passive infrared (PIR) sensors are the current choice for individual presence detection in buildings. A major problem is that PIR sensors only detect moving individuals, which often provides false negative detections, resulting in uncomfortable lighting/temperature swings, short lifetime of the equipment, and waste of energy. In this paper, a rotating shutter is introduced to the rotationally shuttered PIR (Ro-PIR) sensor to explore its functionalities beyond motion sensing, including stationary individual localization, tracking, and facing direction detection. More specifically, by monitoring and analyzing polarity-phase of the nonlinear infrared energy flow induced by the rotating shutter, Ro-PIR is capable of zone-level localization for stationary individuals. By further analyzing the duty cycle of the output, occupancy facing direction can be predicted. Two theoretical models are created to identify facing directions (front/back or side) by analyzing three infrared radiation covering configurations, shaped by shutter movement. Combining sequence of covering configurations represents the induced polarity-phase output voltage, illustrating the occupancy localization information during one segmented scanning period. Parametric analysis, and empirical studies are performed to obtain the optimal setting of the shutter in terms of its width and shuttering period. Experimental results reveal 100% presence accuracy for stationary detection for up to 3 m, and moving detection for up to 8 m. Zone-level localization can reach 98% accuracy by applying machine learning classifier using two features extracted from polarity-phase signals. Experimental results also show less than 0.44 m root mean square error for tracking, and over 83% in detecting front/back or side facing direction.

A Lighting control system is an intelligent connection of lighting that controls the amount of light in a given space. It provides interaction between systems in order to regulate light. It is mostly used in public buildings in order to save energy maximally from the lighting system, to satisfy codes of buildings. The problem of expensive cost in the lighting system, increase in energy consumption bills and energy wastage led to the introduction of smart lighting. Therefore, an intelligent and efficient light control system that saves energy and cost of energy consumption of light in our day to day activities for rooms was assembled. Passive infrared sensor combined with the light dependent resistor was used to control the luminous intensity of LED from the comparator (ATMEGA328) comparing the values gotten from the two sensors as input such that when the value of luminous intensity gotten from the light dependent resistor is higher than the required intensity, then the LED remains off and when the value of luminous intensity gotten from the light dependent resistor is lower than the required intensity, the LED supplies light that will make up for the missing intensity. It was deduced that, as the intensity of light increases, the resistance of the light dependent resistor decreases. It was also observed that the luminous intensity increases as the time of the day increase i.e. as the laboratory light intensity decreased. Thus, the system function efficiently as the energy was considerably conserved.

Home automation systems are garnering increasing popularity and widespread use due to the relative ease of domestic management and comparatively high return on technology investment tied to its adoption. However, Nigeria and other emerging ICT economies are yet to fully actualize and maximize the inherent potential of these smart home technologies due to endemic challenges associated with poor infrastructure, erratic power supply and unreliable Internet connectivity. These challenges necessitate an innovative paradigmatic shift that could provide a pragmatic technological solution suitable to the context of Nigeria and other developing climes. For most smart home systems in this research context, the status quo is based on choosing whether the design would be for short- or long-range communication network. Short-range designs which are usually realized with Bluetooth technology suffer from limited range issues while poor connectivity, bandwidth and latency issues are some of the problems plaguing Wi-Fi-based long-range designs. Consequently, this research presents a hybrid adaptive architecture that combines desirable features of both short- and long-range modes. The proposed smart home system is based on using embedded systems which use mobile application to send messages to ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. Together with notifications received from the monitoring unit, these messages are parsed by Arduino's ATMEGA328 microcontroller from where instruction codes are sent for controlling the load by switching ON or OFF various relays connected to the load.

achieving the highest performance and efficiency of elevators have become an important area of research in the world of elevators. Because of the accelerating nature of the world, the interest in time and the rush to accomplish business became a major need for mankind. And that high buildings rely mainly on elevators, reducing the response time of the elevator is the most important research areas, so in this research, we propose an idea to provide the elevator to the person and not to false demand and this requires detection the presence of someone waiting for the elevator to the proposed system provides an algorithm based on the sensor PIR (passive infrared sensor). The results showed the size of profit achieved by the system and the profit is divided into profit times (reduce response time which leads to increase comfort for the rest of the people) and profit in reducing the energy consumed by the elevator.

National security and defence is incredibly important for a country and its people. For increasing tension in the border areas due to unresolved conflicts, currently national security systems emphasize more on border security to protect the country from terrorist attacks, illegal border crossing and infiltration from the neighbouring countries. To make security system more efficient, a real time border security system is needed which can provide 24 h surveillance in the border areas with high accuracy and that can minimize the need of human involvement by utilizing the most advanced sensors and actuators. Indian Border Guarding forces are already installing and adopting newer technologies in terms of cameras, night vision devices, radars etc. But for the efficient and intelligent use of collected data, involvement of modern and innovative technology like Internet of Things (IoT) is very necessary, which already has been adopted but in very small scale and in limited areas. Whereas, it is the reliable source of accurate data and renowned for smart and fast decision making as it is one of the major fields of implementing Big Data and Analytics. So, a smart IoT based solution has been introduced for securing hazardous border areas with extreme climatic conditions, diverse land forms, river terrains, inaccessible dense forest areas which is very tough to monitor for the individual. This paper “Smart Border Security System using Internet of Things” proposes a low-cost system that uses various sensors like Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor and OV7670 camera module to sense movement of any object within a range and capture images of intruder respectively. The system can upload the sensed data into a cloud server which can be retrieved in a base station by using web and desktop application as well. The system can also send alert to the base station by processing the sensed data. Also, it allows user i.e. the trained security personnel to control the camera and retrieve data from it from a distant. Through the proposed system it is possible to detect the intruder crossing the border area instantly.

As the number of nuclear families in the metro cities is rising, security of homes in the absence of homeowners has become a major challenge. It is essential that the homeowners are aware about the visitors who visit their house in their absence due to rise in thefts and robberies. Our work focuses on building a smart home security system which sends alerts/notifications to the user through Internet in case of any trespassers. The leverage obtained by preferring this system over the similar kinds of existing systems is that the status is sent over a middleware network. The server hosted manages the system and allows the users to use the updates on his or her phone using an android application.

In today’s world of automation, most of the systems are automated such as homes, buildings and business sectors. The home automation system provides centralized control to the various home appliances which make the operations more convenient and also saves the energy that increases the comfort and quality of life. In this paper, design of automated home systems using various technologies is proposed. Wireless Home Automation System is set up using Wi-Fi technology, Raspberry Pi and Android Application. The system controls electrical appliances like lights, fans and also provides security services by giving alerts on users mobile whether user is inside home or not.

This paper aims to provide the most efficient and automatic Power Management System with no human intervention in hotels and lodges. A passive infrared (PIR) sensor is used to detect the presence of people in the room by receiving the infrared (IR) rays emitted from the human body. The PIR sensor is connected to the microcontroller to which the relay is also connected. When the presence/motion of people has detected the relay triggers and power supply to the room is switched ‘on’. And when any motion has not been detected for 5 minutes or more the main power supply to the room is switched ‘off’. This can prevent unwanted usage of power in hotels /lodges when no one is in the room. The hotel management can also remotely monitor the availability of people in the room by monitoring the output of the Sensors through IoT.

Electricity usage not optimal yet in our educational company. Manually button power is a kinda factor that affects electricity usage while it is not used. This situation, using a passive infrared sensor is a big deal to optimizing electricity usage. Passive Infrared Sensor detects the existence of humans in a room by the infrared waves released from the body. That infrared wave is processed by an electronic amplifier to become an action to switch ON/OFF the electricity usage. This PIR installment reduces electricity usage in our room while necessary. The implementation of these tools reduces electricity payment by 25% - 30%, about 12 Milion Rupiah per month.

Passive infrared sensors (PIR) are low power and cost effective devices for motion detection. In this paper we propose a realistic mathematical model for calculation of PIR signal for objects with certain parameters moving along the specified trajectories. The calculated signal corresponds to experimental measurements with 93% accuracy. The model may be used for building of advanced motion detection algorithms and for recovering of moving objects' parameters from PIR signals.

IoT evolution plays an important role in healthcare applications for data sharing and patient monitoring systems. Patient related information is to be stored securely in health care data management system. By using this database management systems, patient status can be estimated. To identify the quality of analytical data, which is collected from healthcare sensors based on the trail sets. In our proposed system, we used a PI sensor for better results and it will continuously update the information about the patient to the server by using Message Queue Telemetry Transfer (MQTT) protocol. Massive sensors receives the condition of both current health conditions and previous health condition and that will be compared. If any changes found, it will immediately give the alert to the doctor and to the care taker. Machine to Machine (M2M) communication has been established to transfer the data with very high speed. Due to high speed connectivity, the result of patient monitoring will be very accurate and the patient’s life can be saved without any delay.

Internet of Things is the next big thing, as almost everything developed now has an extensive use of data which is then used to get the daily statistics and usage of every individual. The work mainly consists of constructing a screen where the parking space will be shown, and a camera module will be set up, and PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) will be at the entrance to detect the entrance of a car or any vehicle eligible to park at the lot. The vehicle will be scanned for its registration number in to provide a check whether the vehicle is registered to park or not. This also acts as the security of the parking lot. Moreover, a viable sensor will be placed at each parking slot through which the vacancy of each parking slot will be shown to determine the exact spot available to the user. In order to surpass the project completion, we will be using Raspberry Pi 3 with camera module mounted on it and by using Tensorflow, Node-Red we would be able to identify the car and the license number and also infrared sensor to detect the parking availability which would be displayed on the screen.

The demand for latest technology is rising and there by changing the way the world lives. The impact of technology is so heavy on our lives that, we are surrounded by technology filled equipments. Ranging from smart home to smart cities, everything is turning to smart. The ease of life and comfort zone also increasing with the advancement of technology. Hence, the proposed model, The Smart Mirror is a system in which the normal mirror will behave like a smart device. The Smart mirror is designed using Raspberry Pi-3 model and a touch enabled screen. The designed system is having two modes of operation namely regular mode and the triggered mode. In regular mode, it will act like a normal mirror and in triggered mode, the mirror will act like a smart mirror, which will capable of accepting commands and displays the results on the screen. There are three ways in which commands can be issued to the Smart mirror namely Voice, Touch and Mobile controlled commands. The system displays weather, temperature and latest news on the mirror. The system is primarily designed for the purpose of Human Monitoring and also Intrusion Detection. The proposed design is an interactive system and is made as a package bundled with maximum possible features, which not only just displays information over screen, but also can be used for providing security. The system is built using hardware units like Raspberry Pi-3 model, microphone, touch screen, mobile device, camera and PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) sensors and programming coded in Python language. The Human Intrusion detection and Human Monitoring is implemented using Yolo Machine learning technique with OpenCV.

Dengan bertambahnya kesibukan manusia dibutuhkan sebuah inovasi sistem rumah pintar yangmerupakan konsep rumah automation yang terdiri dari perangkat kontrol dari smartphone. Sistem rumahpintar bertujuan untuk memudahkan pekerjaan manusia dalam mengontrol peralatan rumah tangga denganmengunakan smartphone. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode pengukuran jarak yangdijangkau. Pada sensor Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) dengan metode pembacaan rata-rata intensitas cahayapada pagi hari dan sore hari. Metode pada sensor Passive Infrared Receaver (PIR) dengan mendeteksirespon jarak kepekaan pergerakkan manusia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jarak yang dapat dijangkau oleh bluetooth hc-05 untuk mengontrollampu dan kipas sejauh 75 meter dengan kondisi tanpa penghalang, sedang sensor LDR dengan rata-rata20,5 lux pada pagi hari sedangkan pada sore hari dengan rata-rata 19,5 lux, sensor PIR merespon gerakanmanusia sejauh 7 meter. Kata Kunci: Bluetooth hc-05, Rumah Pintar, Sensor Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Sensor PassiveInfrared Receaver (PIR)

Simple Summary Camera-traps are a useful tool in wildlife research and management, as they allow researchers to observe wildlife with minimal intrusion. However, despite their utility, the rapid pace of technological change and the relative novelty of camera-traps in wildlife research mean that many aspects of their use have not been resolved. Put simply, it may be possible to use camera-traps far more effectively than they are currently being used. Here, we examined whether detections of terrestrial snakes and lizards could be improved with camera-traps by using both time-lapse and passive infrared triggers, which are present on most camera-traps, and by adjusting the focal length of the camera to improve image clarity. Additionally, we examined whether increasing the sensitivity of passive infrared sensors is of benefit. We found that using both types of trigger simultaneously improves detections of terrestrial snakes and lizards, and users can modify the focal length to improve image clarity of fauna that occur close to the lens. These minor adjustments in the use of camera-traps result in major improvements for detecting terrestrial snakes and lizards. Abstract Camera-traps are used widely around the world to census a range of vertebrate fauna, particularly mammals but also other groups including birds, as well as snakes and lizards (squamates). In an attempt to improve the reliability of camera-traps for censusing squamates, we examined whether programming options involving time lapse capture of images increased detections. This was compared to detections by camera-traps set to trigger by the standard passive infrared sensor setting (PIR), and camera-traps set to take images using time lapse in combination with PIR. We also examined the effect of camera trap focal length on the ability to tell different species of small squamate apart. In a series of side-by-side field comparisons, camera-traps programmed to take images at standard intervals, as well as through routine triggering of the PIR, captured more images of squamates than camera-traps using the PIR sensor setting alone or time lapse alone. Similarly, camera traps with their lens focal length set at closer distances improved our ability to discriminate species of small squamates. With these minor alterations to camera-trap programming and hardware, the quantity and quality of squamate detections was markedly better. These gains provide a platform for exploring other aspects of camera-trapping for squamates that might to lead to even greater survey advances, bridging the gap in knowledge of this otherwise poorly known faunal group.

Energy conservation is one of the major issues of recent days because all the natural resources will end up soon as the earth has a limited amount of such non-renewable resources. This paper ensures the conservation of energy by minimizing the wastage of electricity. Two microcontrollers are used for this setup. One of them is used to control the electrical appliances automatically depending on human presence in a particular room or area. When the passive infrared sensor (PIR) and proximity sensor find the motion and presence of human inside the area then it will turn on the electrical appliances and will count the number of persons. And the opposite action will be taken for the absence of human movement in a particular area using a relay circuit in the system. Although everything will be controlled using this system there is also a scope to control the appliances manually using separate switches. Once the switches are kept ON, the system will automatically shut down and turn ON when necessary. Another microcontroller is used to operate the safety features of the building and the entrance gate opening which will automatically open or close the door when someone enters or leaves the room and will show it on the LCD. With the help of the humidity sensor, it will show the temperature and humidity level in the LCD. A smoke detector sensor is used which will ring the fire alarm when smoke is detected and it will open the emergency exit door as well as the entrance door.

Manual irrigation is still widely used in agricultural field using traditional drip and can watering. However, traditional irrigation systems are inefficient and inexact, leading to either insufficient or excessive watering. Moreover, it is difficult for farmers to predict suitable quantities at the appropriate time. Manual monitoring of the crop field may also lead to human error and is potentially risky for rural areas. Farmers may also not be aware of intrusions if they are not on location. Therefore, this project is designed to develop a smart monitoring and automated irrigation system to provide not only efficient water consumption based on specific conditions, but also enables real-time monitoring of the environment. Furthermore, this system prevents damage to plants and reduces the likelihood of plant theft. This system uses NodeMCU ESP32 as a microcontroller that collects environmental data such as humidity, temperature, soil moisture levels from sensors. The NodeMCU is integrated with a relay and RTC module to irrigate plants at specific times and is also equipped with a passive infrared sensor to detect intruders near the crop-field. Upon detection, an ESP32 camera is used to automatically capture the current conditions and farmers will be subsequently notified. Warnings are also sent to farmers upon detection of unwanted circumstances such as extreme temperature, which could prevent instances of open burning. The utility of the developed prototype is evident in the way it automatically irrigates the crop field without human intervention. Farmers may monitor and manually control the irrigation process using an attached Android application. Additionally, they may manually activate a buzzer warn off any potential malicious actors.

A door, as a barrier to limit an access between two spaces, requires a security measure to ensure that only privileged people may pass. In this paper, a door security system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is proposed. This security system utilizes an electric door lock and an e-KTP (Kartu Tanda Penduduk elektronik/ electronic Indonesian Identity Card) as the key. A sequence of numbers can be read from an e KTP by using an RFID reader. This sequence is unique, making an e-KTP suitable to be used as a key. Furthermore, the door security system is equipped with an alarm. A PIR is used to detect motion, and the alarm will sound if someone passes the door while the alarm is still in active state. The Arduino Mega microcontroller board is used to organize the whole system, consisting the aforementioned reader and sensor, along with two push-buttons, a buzzer, and a solenoid door lock. The system is realized into a prototype in the form of door miniature. A list of scenarios is played through to the system. Only authorized e-KTPs can be used to unlock the door and deactivate the alarm. The door security system successfully fulfils the objective to improve the security level of a door lock mechanism by utilizing an e-KTP as a unique RFID key and by featuring a PIR-integrated alarm.

The development of embedded systems has been demonstrated in a reliable solution for a motion detection system, so motion detection is one of the key technologies in surveillance. Focuses on the use wherein detecting A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) for unauthorised activity on low for multisensory computing system captures an image "Raspberry Pi," to improve motion detection. The System is suitable for the small personal area of intelligent home monitoring system assisted motion, the car park entrance whenever the PIR sensor and camera detect motion to capture an image by storing a raspberry PI module, then sent to the email server. Internet of Things (IOT) applications for informed and view the image movement occurs via email server via the Internet; therefore, the System provides the IOT to use an innovative method to detect theft. A motion sensor uses one or multiple technologies to detect movement in an area. When a sensor detects motion, it sends a signal to the security system's control panel, which connects to the monitoring center. Some units combine motion sensors and light sensors, but their photocells don't turn the lights on when the sun goes down. When paired with motion detectors, photocells keep lights off during daylight hours. Also, adjust these fixtures to allow the motion sensors to work all-day.