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The significant popularity of HTTP adaptive video streaming (HAS), such as Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), over the Internet has led to a stark increase in user expectations in terms of video quality and delivery robustness. This situation creates new challenges for content providers who must satisfy the Quality-of-Experience (QoE) requirements and demands of their customers over a best-effort network infrastructure. Unlike traditional single server DASH, we developed a D istributed Q ueuing theory bitrate adaptation algorithm for DASH (DQ-DASH) that leverages the availability of multiple servers by downloading segments in parallel. DQ-DASH uses a M x /D/1/K queuing theory based bitrate selection in conjunction with the request scheduler to download subsequent segments of the same quality through parallel requests to reduce quality fluctuations. DQ-DASH facilitates the aggregation of bandwidth from different servers and increases fault-tolerance and robustness through path diversity. The resulting resilience prevents clients from suffering QoE degradations when some of the servers become congested. DQ-DASH also helps to fully utilize the aggregate bandwidth from the servers and download the imminently required segment from the server with the highest throughput. We have also analyzed the effect of buffer capacity and segment duration for multi-source video streaming.

More users have a growing interest in low latency over-the-top (OTT) applications such as online video gaming, video chat, online casino, sports betting, and live auctions. OTT applications face challenges in delivering low latency live streams using Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) due to large playback buffer and video segment duration. A potential solution to this issue is the use of HTTP chunked transfer encoding (CTE) with the common media application format (CMAF). This combination allows the delivery of each segment in several chunks to the client, starting before the segment is fully available in real-time. However, CTE and CMAF alone are not sufficient as they do not address other limitations and challenges at the client-side, including inaccurate bandwidth measurement, latency control, and bitrate selection. In this paper, we leverage a simple and intuitive method to resolve the fundamental problem of bandwidth estimation for low latency live streaming through the use of a hybrid of an existing chunk parser and proposed filtering of downloaded chunk data. Next, we model the playback buffer as a M/D/1/K queue to limit the playback delay. The combination of these techniques is collectively called QLive. QLive uses the relationship between the estimated bandwidth, total buffer capacity, instantaneous playback speed, and buffer occupancy to decide the playback speed and the bitrate of the representation to download. We evaluated QLive under a diverse set of scenarios and found that it controls the latency to meet the given latency requirement, with an average latency up to 21 times lower than the compared methods. The average playback speed of QLive ranges between 1.01 - 1.26X and it plays back at 1X speed up to 97% longer than the compared algorithms, without sacrificing the quality of the video. Moreover, the proposed bandwidth estimator has a 94% accuracy and is unaffected by a spike in instantaneous playback latency, unlike the compared state-of-the-art counterparts.

Background In recent times, the use of thermal papers has increased exponentially and the fingerprints on thermal papers are frequently encountered. Although fingerprint development on paper has been standardized, that on thermal paper is complicated. Thermal papers turn black on the application of heat which poses a problem in the visualization of fingerprints which makes it difficult to visualize. Main body One solution to this problem is to use heat or steam for the development of white fingerprints on darker backgrounds. Second solution might be to dissolve the chemicals present on the surface of the thermal papers using acetone. Many studies to develop fingerprints on thermal papers using iodine fuming, ninhydrin, 1,8-diazofluorene-9-one, and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde have been performed. In the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the problem posed to fingerprint development on thermal papers and the probable solutions attempted by different authors. Conclusion Although the development of fingerprints is difficult on thermal papers, it can be achieved either by subjecting the thermal paper to controlled heat or by removing the temperature-sensitive layer before treating it with other fingerprint development methods.

360-degree video streaming commonly encodes and transmits the video as independently-decodable tiles to conserve bandwidth of regions out of the viewer's field of view (FoV). The bitrate of the tiles, however, can vary significantly across the tiles, complicating the choice of the representation to download for each tile in each segment to adapt to the bandwidth dynamics. In this paper, we model the tile rate allocation problem as a multiclass knapsack problem with a dynamic profit function that is a function of the FoV and the buffer occupancy. Experiments show that our approach can reduce bandwidth wastage by up to 41%, the number of stalls by up to 31%, stall durations by up to 26.5%, switches in quality by up to 20%, without sacrificing the quality of the tiles within the FoV, even when there are significant head movement and changes in FoV during streaming.

International audience; We demonstrate the use of DASH, a widely-deployed standard for streaming video content, for streaming 3D content in an NVE (Networked Virtual Environment) consisting of 3D geometry and associated textures. We have developed a DASH client for NVE to show how NVE benefits from the advantages of DASH: it offers a scalable, easy-to-deploy 3D streaming framework. In our system, the 3D content is first statically partitioned into compliant DASH data, and metadata is provided in order for the client to manage which data to download. Based on a proposed utility metric for geometry and texture at the different resolution, the client can choose the content to request depending on its viewpoint. We effectively provide a Web-based client to navigate through our sample 3D scene, while deriving the streaming requests from its computation of the necessary online parameters, in a receiver-driven manner.

Fiber-tip pens have become one of the most popular writing instruments, especially for signatures, artworks, and projects. As with any other writing instrument, the forensic significance of fiber-tip pens can’t be undermined. They are often encountered in cases of disputed signature, sketches, drawings, architectural projects, technical designs, and multi-colored unlawful posters. In such cases, it becomes important to establish the identity of the writer: source identification of ink can also provide a clue in this concern. However, it is a contradiction that in spite of being an extremely popular writing instrument, unlike other types of ink, so little analytical work has been done on the fiber-tip pen inks. Although a few previous studies are available on fiber-tip pens, they are all directed towards determining the composition of the inks. In the present study, an attempt has been made to classify fiber-tip pens of black, red, green, and black color of different brands into their respective brands using Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) – Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy supplemented with Principal component analysis (PCA), and Linear discriminant analysis (LDA).

DASH is now a widely deployed standard for streaming video content due to its simplicity, scalability, and ease of deployment. In this paper, we explore the use of DASH for a different type of media content -- networked virtual environment (NVE), with different properties and requirements. We organize a polygon soup with textures into a structure that is compatible with DASH MPD (Media Presentation Description), with a minimal set of view-independent metadata for the client to make intelligent decisions about what data to download at which resolution. We also present a DASH-based NVE client that uses a view-dependent and network dependent utility metric to decide what to download, based only on the information in the MPD file. We show that DASH can be used on NVE for 3D content streaming. Our work opens up the possibility of using DASH for highly interactive applications, beyond its current use in video streaming.

DASH, or Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, relies on a rate adaptation component to decide on which representation to download for each video segment. A plethora of rate adaptation algorithms has been proposed in recent years. The decisions of which bitrate to download made by these algorithms largely depend on several factors: estimated network throughput, buffer occupancy, and buffer capacity. Yet, these algorithms are not informed by a fundamental relationship between these factors and the chosen bitrate, and as a result, we found that they do not perform consistently in all scenarios, and require parameter tuning to work well under different buffer capacity. In this paper, we model a DASH client as an M/D/1/K queue, which allows us to calculate the expected buffer occupancy given a bitrate choice, network throughput, and buffer capacity. Using this model, we propose QUETRA, a simple rate adaptation algorithm. We evaluated QUETRA under a diverse set of scenarios and found that, despite its simplicity, it leads to better quality of experience (7% - 140%) than existing algorithms.

Video applications are an important part of mobile devices. Capacity of battery is increasing maximum of 10 percentage per year, which may not be sufficient for upcoming application and operating system. Power consumption by video application depends on factors like network load, signal quality, bandwidth and it can be optimized through heuristics based streaming. The work presented here exploits adaptive bitrate streaming to determine the optimum bitrate for available bandwidth. Selection of optimum bitrate ensures quality delivery of video as well as optimum power consumption of the device. Moving Picture Expert Group - Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) has been used for implementing the switching between the bitrates. The fifteen bitrates selected for encoding are closer to the mean value which is available for streaming. The approach has been tested on an Android based tablet over thirty videos to check the dependency of the factors on each other. This is the major approach to establish relationship between bitrate and power consumption for video streaming. The result obtained shows a 14 percentage of power saving with minimum buffering and good quality of service.

Wireless open access research platform is one of the latest trend in the field of programmable hardware. It's reference library is openly accessible whereas hardware is believed to be of high performance. This platform can be used for designing and implementing state of the art wireless systems from basic elements to the end user level. WARP board houses a VIRTEX-7 Field programmable gate array. Software tools from Xilinx are required to create custom designs on this FPGA. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing Transmitter with 16 subcarriers and quadrature phase shift keying mapper is designed in system generator using Xilinx specific blocks. The design is then exported as a peripheral core to Xilinx platform studio (XPS), where a hardware platform is created. It is then integrated with other available peripheral cores and then exported to Software development kit (SDK). A transmitter application is created using embedded C code. Then the FPGA is programmed using a JTAG programming cable. This is the first approach which implements OFDM transmitter using WRAP v3 board. The files generated in XPS and SDK are dumped into the FPGA. Once FPGA is programmed, the transmitter starts transmission through GSM antenna. The data transmitted is displayed on the monitor and also on hex displays on the board.

We present a prototype system for providing quick information on common and popular abbreviations through text messaging. The system receives a text input of acronym (possibly wrongly typed) in Roman script. The application returns a very brief information from the first few lines of corresponding English Wikipedia page. The system is designed especially for low-cost mobile phones having text only messaging facility but without Internet and native language support. The target users are primarily semi-literate people who may not have sufficient knowledge of English. The output is translated to native language of user query (Hindi) as transliterated text.

It is necessary to give capability of form conversion of existing knowledge to gain support of existing knowledge bases to the new knowledge base. Form conversion can be accomplished at all times. With this unification approach, an expert is able to build a knowledge base using any of the existing knowledge representation form. Aim of this paper is to develop a system which accepts input from the user in the form of predicates and derive knowledge in the form of frames.