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Massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) provides high spectral efficiency by means of spatial multiplexing and fine-grained beamforming. However, conventional base-station (BS) architectures for systems with hundreds of antennas that rely on centralized baseband processing inevitably suffer from (i) excessive interconnect data rates between radio-frequency circuitry and processing fabrics, and (ii) prohibitive complexity at the centralized baseband processor. Recently, decentralized baseband processing (DBP) architectures and algorithms have been proposed, which mitigate the interconnect bandwidth and complexity bottlenecks. This paper systematically explores the design trade-offs between error-rate performance, computational complexity, and data transfer latency of DBP architectures under different system configurations and channel conditions. Considering architecture, algorithm, and numerical precision aspects, we provide practical guidelines to select the DBP architecture and algorithm that are able to realize the full benefits of massive MU-MIMO in the uplink and downlink., Comment: 2019 IEEE Asilomar conference paper

Massive multiuser (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) promises significant improvements in spectral efficiency compared to small-scale MIMO. Typical massive MU-MIMO base-station (BS) designs rely on centralized linear data detectors and precoders which entail excessively high complexity, interconnect data rates, and chip input/output (I/O) bandwidth when executed on a single computing fabric. To resolve these complexity and bandwidth bottlenecks, we propose new decentralized algorithms for data detection and precoding that use coordinate descent. Our methods parallelize computations across multiple computing fabrics, while minimizing interconnect and I/O bandwidth. The proposed decentralized algorithms achieve near-optimal error-rate performance and multi-Gbps throughput at sub-1 ms latency when implemented on a multi-GPU cluster with half-precision floating-point arithmetic., Comment: To appear in a conference

Linear data-detection algorithms that build on zero forcing (ZF) or linear minimum mean-square error (L-MMSE) equalization achieve near-optimal spectral efficiency in massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems. Such algorithms, however, typically rely on centralized processing at the base-station (BS) which results in (i) excessive interconnect and chip input/output (I/O) data rates and (ii) high computational complexity. Decentralized baseband processing (DBP) partitions the BS antenna array into independent clusters that are associated with separate radio-frequency circuitry and computing fabrics in order to overcome the limitations of centralized processing. In this paper, we investigate decentralized equalization with feedforward architectures that minimize the latency bottlenecks of existing DBP solutions. We propose two distinct architectures with different interconnect and I/O bandwidth requirements that fuse the local equalization results of each cluster in a feedforward network. For both architectures, we consider maximum ratio combining, ZF, L-MMSE, and a nonlinear equalization algorithm that relies on approximate message passing, and we analyze the associated post-equalization signal-to-noise-and-interference-ratio (SINR). We provide reference implementation results on a multi graphics processing unit (GPU) system which demonstrate that decentralized equalization with feedforward architectures enables throughputs in the Gb/s regime and incurs no or only a small performance loss compared to centralized solutions., Comment: to appear in the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) enables significant gains in spectral efficiency and link reliability compared to conventional small-scale MIMO technology. Furthermore, linear precoders, e.g., using zero forcing or Wiener filter (WF) precoding, are sufficient to achieve excellent error-rate performance in the massive MU-MIMO downlink. However, these methods necessitate centralized processing at the base-station (BS), which causes (i) excessively high interconnect and chip input/output data rates, and (ii) high implementation complexity. We propose two feedforward architectures and corresponding decentralized WF precoders that parallelize precoding across multiple computing fabrics, effectively mitigating the issues of centralized approaches. To demonstrate the efficacy of our decentralized precoders, we provide implementation results on a multi-GPU system, which show that our solutions achieve throughputs in the Gbit/s regime while achieving (near-)optimal error-rate performance in the massive MU-MIMO downlink., Comment: To appear

Massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) promises significant gains in spectral efficiency compared to traditional, small-scale MIMO technology. Linear equalization algorithms, such as zero forcing (ZF) or minimum mean-square error (MMSE)-based methods, typically rely on centralized processing at the base station (BS), which results in (i) excessively high interconnect and chip input/output data rates, and (ii) high computational complexity. In this paper, we investigate the achievable rates of decentralized equalization that mitigates both of these issues. We consider two distinct BS architectures that partition the antenna array into clusters, each associated with independent radio-frequency chains and signal processing hardware, and the results of each cluster are fused in a feedforward network. For both architectures, we consider ZF, MMSE, and a novel, non-linear equalization algorithm that builds upon approximate message passing (AMP), and we theoretically analyze the achievable rates of these methods. Our results demonstrate that decentralized equalization with our AMP-based methods incurs no or only a negligible loss in terms of achievable rates compared to that of centralized solutions., Comment: Will be presented at the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory

Achieving high spectral efficiency in realistic massive multi-user (MU) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems requires computationally-complex algorithms for data detection in the uplink (users transmit to base-station) and beamforming in the downlink (base-station transmits to users). Most existing algorithms are designed to be executed on centralized computing hardware at the base-station (BS), which results in prohibitive complexity for systems with hundreds or thousands of antennas and generates raw baseband data rates that exceed the limits of current interconnect technology and chip I/O interfaces. This paper proposes a novel decentralized baseband processing architecture that alleviates these bottlenecks by partitioning the BS antenna array into clusters, each associated with independent radio-frequency chains, analog and digital modulation circuitry, and computing hardware. For this architecture, we develop novel decentralized data detection and beamforming algorithms that only access local channel-state information and require low communication bandwidth among the clusters. We study the associated trade-offs between error-rate performance, computational complexity, and interconnect bandwidth, and we demonstrate the scalability of our solutions for massive MU-MIMO systems with thousands of BS antennas using reference implementations on a graphic processing unit (GPU) cluster., Comment: 16 pages; to appear in the IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems (JETCAS)

Noncontiguous transmission schemes combined with high power-efficiency requirements pose big challenges for radio transmitter and power amplifier (PA) design and implementation. Due to the nonlinear nature of the PA, severe unwanted emissions can occur, which can potentially interfere with neighboring channel signals or even desensitize the own receiver in frequency division duplexing (FDD) transceivers. In this article, to suppress such unwanted emissions, a low-complexity sub-band DPD solution, specifically tailored for spectrally noncontiguous transmission schemes in low-cost devices, is proposed. The proposed technique aims at mitigating only the selected spurious intermodulation distortion components at the PA output, hence allowing for substantially reduced processing complexity compared to classical linearization solutions. Furthermore, novel decorrelation based parameter learning solutions are also proposed and formulated, which offer reduced computing complexity in parameter estimation as well as the ability to track time-varying features adaptively. Comprehensive simulation and RF measurement results are provided, using a commercial LTE-Advanced mobile PA, to evaluate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed solution in real world scenarios. The obtained results demonstrate that highly efficient spurious component suppression can be obtained using the proposed solutions.