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We study generative compressed sensing when the measurement matrix is randomly subsampled from a unitary matrix (with the DFT as an important special case). It was recently shown that $\textit{O}(kdn\| \boldsymbol{\alpha}\|_{\infty}^{2})$ uniformly random Fourier measurements are sufficient to recover signals in the range of a neural network $G:\mathbb{R}^k \to \mathbb{R}^n$ of depth $d$, where each component of the so-called local coherence vector $\boldsymbol{\alpha}$ quantifies the alignment of a corresponding Fourier vector with the range of $G$. We construct a model-adapted sampling strategy with an improved sample complexity of $\textit{O}(kd\| \boldsymbol{\alpha}\|_{2}^{2})$ measurements. This is enabled by: (1) new theoretical recovery guarantees that we develop for nonuniformly random sampling distributions and then (2) optimizing the sampling distribution to minimize the number of measurements needed for these guarantees. This development offers a sample complexity applicable to natural signal classes, which are often almost maximally coherent with low Fourier frequencies. Finally, we consider a surrogate sampling scheme, and validate its performance in recovery experiments using the CelebA dataset., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to the NeurIPS 2023 Workshop on Deep Learning and Inverse Problems. This revision features additional attribution of work, aknowledgmenents, and a correction in definition 1.1

In Bora et al. (2017), a mathematical framework was developed for compressed sensing guarantees in the setting where the measurement matrix is Gaussian and the signal structure is the range of a generative neural network (GNN). The problem of compressed sensing with GNNs has since been extensively analyzed when the measurement matrix and/or network weights follow a subgaussian distribution. We move beyond the subgaussian assumption, to measurement matrices that are derived by sampling uniformly at random rows of a unitary matrix (including subsampled Fourier measurements as a special case). Specifically, we prove the first known restricted isometry guarantee for generative compressed sensing with subsampled isometries and provide recovery bounds, addressing an open problem of Scarlett et al. (2022, p. 10). Recovery efficacy is characterized by the coherence, a new parameter, which measures the interplay between the range of the network and the measurement matrix. Our approach relies on subspace counting arguments and ideas central to high-dimensional probability. Furthermore, we propose a regularization strategy for training GNNs to have favourable coherence with the measurement operator. We provide compelling numerical simulations that support this regularized training strategy: our strategy yields low coherence networks that require fewer measurements for signal recovery. This, together with our theoretical results, supports coherence as a natural quantity for characterizing generative compressed sensing with subsampled isometries.

We consider the problem of recovering a structured signal $\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ from noisy linear observations $\mathbf{y} =\mathbf{M} \mathbf{x}+\mathbf{w}$. The measurement matrix is modeled as $\mathbf{M} = \mathbf{B}\mathbf{A}$, where $\mathbf{B} \in \mathbb{R}^{l \times m}$ is arbitrary and $\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$ has independent sub-gaussian rows. By varying $\mathbf{B}$, and the sub-gaussian distribution of $\mathbf{A}$, this gives a family of measurement matrices which may have heavy tails, dependent rows and columns, and singular values with a large dynamic range. When the structure is given as a possibly non-convex cone $T \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$, an approximate empirical risk minimizer is proven to be a robust estimator if the effective number of measurements is sufficient, even in the presence of a model mismatch. In classical compressed sensing with independent (sub-)gaussian measurements, one asks how many measurements are needed to recover $\mathbf{x}$? In our setting, however, the effective number of measurements depends on the properties of $\mathbf{B}$. We show that the effective rank of $\mathbf{B}$ may be used as a surrogate for the number of measurements, and if this exceeds the squared Gaussian mean width of $(T-T) \cap \mathbb{S}^{n-1}$, then accurate recovery is guaranteed. Furthermore, we examine the special case of generative priors in detail, that is when $\mathbf{x}$ lies close to $T = \mathrm{ran}(G)$ and $G: \mathbb{R}^k \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^n$ is a Generative Neural Network (GNN) with ReLU activation functions. Our work relies on a recent result in random matrix theory by Jeong, Li, Plan, and Yilmaz arXiv:2001.10631. .

The Binary Iterative Hard Thresholding (BIHT) algorithm is a popular reconstruction method for one-bit compressed sensing due to its simplicity and fast empirical convergence. There have been several works about BIHT but a theoretical understanding of the corresponding approximation error and convergence rate still remains open. This paper shows that the normalized version of BIHT (NBHIT) achieves an approximation error rate optimal up to logarithmic factors. More precisely, using $m$ one-bit measurements of an $s$-sparse vector $x$, we prove that the approximation error of NBIHT is of order $O \left(1 \over m \right)$ up to logarithmic factors, which matches the information-theoretic lower bound $\Omega \left(1 \over m \right)$ proved by Jacques, Laska, Boufounos, and Baraniuk in 2013. To our knowledge, this is the first theoretical analysis of a BIHT-type algorithm that explains the optimal rate of error decay empirically observed in the literature. This also makes NBIHT the first provable computationally-efficient one-bit compressed sensing algorithm that breaks the inverse square root error decay rate $O \left(1 \over m^{1/2} \right)$., Comment: Submitted to a journal

Generalized compressed sensing (GCS) is a paradigm in which a structured high-dimensional signal may be recovered from random, under-determined, and corrupted linear measurements. Generalized Lasso (GL) programs are effective for solving GCS problems due to their proven ability to leverage underlying signal structure. Three popular GL programs are equivalent in a sense and sometimes used interchangeably. Tuned by a governing parameter, each admit an optimal parameter choice. For sparse or low-rank signal structures, this choice yields minimax order-optimal error. While GCS is well-studied, existing theory for GL programs typically concerns this optimally tuned setting. However, the optimal parameter value for a GL program depends on properties of the data, and is typically unknown in practical settings. Performance in empirical problems thus hinges on a program's parameter sensitivity: it is desirable that small variation about the optimal parameter choice begets small variation about the optimal risk. We examine the risk for these three programs and demonstrate that their parameter sensitivity can differ for the same data. We prove a gauge-constrained GL program admits asymptotic cusp-like behaviour of its risk in the limiting low-noise regime. We prove that a residual-constrained Lasso program has asymptotically suboptimal risk for very sparse vectors. These results contrast observations about an unconstrained Lasso program, which is relatively less sensitive to its parameter choice. We support the asymptotic theory with numerical simulations, demonstrating that parameter sensitivity of GL programs is readily observed for even modest dimensional parameters. Importantly, these simulations demonstrate regimes in which a GL program exhibits sensitivity to its parameter choice, though the other two do not. We hope this work aids practitioners in selecting a GL program for their problem.

Random linear mappings are widely used in modern signal processing, compressed sensing and machine learning. These mappings may be used to embed the data into a significantly lower dimension while at the same time preserving useful information. This is done by approximately preserving the distances between data points, which are assumed to belong to $\mathbb{R}^n$. Thus, the performance of these mappings is usually captured by how close they are to an isometry on the data. Gaussian linear mappings have been the object of much study, while the sub-Gaussian settings is not yet fully understood. In the latter case, the performance depends on the sub-Gaussian norm of the rows. In many applications, e.g., compressed sensing, this norm may be large, or even growing with dimension, and thus it is important to characterize this dependence. We study when a sub-Gaussian matrix can become a near isometry on a set, show that previous best known dependence on the sub-Gaussian norm was sub-optimal, and present the optimal dependence. Our result not only answers a remaining question posed by Liaw, Mehrabian, Plan and Vershynin in 2017, but also generalizes their work. We also develop a new Bernstein type inequality for sub-exponential random variables, and a new Hanson-Wright inequality for quadratic forms of sub-Gaussian random variables, in both cases improving the bounds in the sub-Gaussian regime under moment constraints. Finally, we illustrate popular applications such as Johnson-Lindenstrauss embeddings, null space property for 0-1 matrices, randomized sketches and blind demodulation, whose theoretical guarantees can be improved by our results (in the sub-Gaussian case).

We study the matrix completion problem when the observation pattern is deterministic and possibly non-uniform. We propose a simple and efficient debiased projection scheme for recovery from noisy observations and analyze the error under a suitable weighted metric. We introduce a simple function of the weight matrix and the sampling pattern that governs the accuracy of the recovered matrix. We derive theoretical guarantees that upper bound the recovery error and nearly matching lower bounds that showcase optimality in several regimes. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the computational efficiency and accuracy of our approach, and show that debiasing is essential when using non-uniform sampling patterns., Comment: 41 pages, 4 figures

The use of generalized LASSO is a common technique for recovery of structured high-dimensional signals. Each generalized LASSO program has a governing parameter whose optimal value depends on properties of the data. At this optimal value, compressed sensing theory explains why LASSO programs recover structured high-dimensional signals with minimax order-optimal error. Unfortunately in practice, the optimal choice is generally unknown and must be estimated. Thus, we investigate stability of each LASSO program with respect to its governing parameter. Our goal is to aid the practitioner in answering the following question: given real data, which LASSO program should be used? We take a step towards answering this by analyzing the case where the measurement matrix is identity (the so-called proximal denoising setup) and we use $\ell_{1}$ regularization. For each LASSO program, we specify settings in which that program is provably unstable with respect to its governing parameter. We support our analysis with detailed numerical simulations. For example, there are settings where a 0.1% underestimate of a LASSO parameter can increase the error significantly; and a 50% underestimate can cause the error to increase by a factor of $10^{9}$.

In this paper we generalize the 1-bit matrix completion problem to higher order tensors. We prove that when $r=O(1)$ a bounded rank-$r$, order-$d$ tensor $T$ in $\mathbb{R}^{N} \times \mathbb{R}^{N} \times \cdots \times \mathbb{R}^{N}$ can be estimated efficiently by only $m=O(Nd)$ binary measurements by regularizing its max-qnorm and M-norm as surrogates for its rank. We prove that similar to the matrix case, i.e., when $d=2$, the sample complexity of recovering a low-rank tensor from 1-bit measurements of a subset of its entries is the same as recovering it from unquantized measurements. Moreover, we show the advantage of using 1-bit tensor completion over matricization both theoretically and numerically. Specifically, we show how the 1-bit measurement model can be used for context-aware recommender systems., Comment: 26 pages

One-bit compressive sensing has extended the scope of sparse recovery by showing that sparse signals can be accurately reconstructed even when their linear measurements are subject to the extreme quantization scenario of binary samples---only the sign of each linear measurement is maintained. Existing results in one-bit compressive sensing rely on the assumption that the signals of interest are sparse in some fixed orthonormal basis. However, in most practical applications, signals are sparse with respect to an overcomplete dictionary, rather than a basis. There has already been a surge of activity to obtain recovery guarantees under such a generalized sparsity model in the classical compressive sensing setting. Here, we extend the one-bit framework to this important model, providing a unified theory of one-bit compressive sensing under dictionary sparsity. Specifically, we analyze several different algorithms---based on convex programming and on hard thresholding---and show that, under natural assumptions on the sensing matrix (satisfied by Gaussian matrices), these algorithms can efficiently recover analysis-dictionary-sparse signals in the one-bit model.

This letter is focused on quantized Compressed Sensing, assuming that Lasso is used for signal estimation. Leveraging recent work, we provide a framework to optimize the quantization function and show that the recovered signal converges to the actual signal at a quadratic rate as a function of the quantization level. We show that when the number of observations is high, this method of quantization gives a significantly better recovery rate than standard Lloyd-Max quantization. We support our theoretical analysis with numerical simulations.

Let $A$ be an isotropic, sub-gaussian $m \times n$ matrix. We prove that the process $Z_x := \|Ax\|_2 - \sqrt m \|x\|_2$ has sub-gaussian increments. Using this, we show that for any bounded set $T \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$, the deviation of $\|Ax\|_2$ around its mean is uniformly bounded by the Gaussian complexity of $T$. We also prove a local version of this theorem, which allows for unbounded sets. These theorems have various applications, some of which are reviewed in this paper. In particular, we give a new result regarding model selection in the constrained linear model., Comment: 16 pages. Minor corrections

We give a practical random mapping that takes any set of documents represented as vectors in Euclidean space and then maps them to a sparse subset of the Hamming cube while retaining ordering of inter-vector inner products. Once represented in the sparse space, it is natural to index documents using commercial text-based search engines which are specialized to take advantage of this sparse and discrete structure for large-scale document retrieval. We give a theoretical analysis of the mapping scheme, characterizing exact asymptotic behavior and also giving non-asymptotic bounds which we verify through numerical simulations. We balance the theoretical treatment with several practical considerations; these allow substantial speed up of the method. We further illustrate the use of this method on search over two real data sets: a corpus of images represented by their color histograms, and a corpus of daily stock market index values.

We study the problem of signal estimation from non-linear observations when the signal belongs to a low-dimensional set buried in a high-dimensional space. A rough heuristic often used in practice postulates that non-linear observations may be treated as noisy linear observations, and thus the signal may be estimated using the generalized Lasso. This is appealing because of the abundance of efficient, specialized solvers for this program. Just as noise may be diminished by projecting onto the lower dimensional space, the error from modeling non-linear observations with linear observations will be greatly reduced when using the signal structure in the reconstruction. We allow general signal structure, only assuming that the signal belongs to some set K in R^n. We consider the single-index model of non-linearity. Our theory allows the non-linearity to be discontinuous, not one-to-one and even unknown. We assume a random Gaussian model for the measurement matrix, but allow the rows to have an unknown covariance matrix. As special cases of our results, we recover near-optimal theory for noisy linear observations, and also give the first theoretical accuracy guarantee for 1-bit compressed sensing with unknown covariance matrix of the measurement vectors., Comment: 21 pages

Many applications have benefited remarkably from low-dimensional models in the recent decade. The fact that many signals, though high dimensional, are intrinsically low dimensional has given the possibility to recover them stably from a relatively small number of their measurements. For example, in compressed sensing with the standard (synthesis) sparsity prior and in matrix completion, the number of measurements needed is proportional (up to a logarithmic factor) to the signal's manifold dimension. Recently, a new natural low-dimensional signal model has been proposed: the cosparse analysis prior. In the noiseless case, it is possible to recover signals from this model, using a combinatorial search, from a number of measurements proportional to the signal's manifold dimension. However, if we ask for stability to noise or an efficient (polynomial complexity) solver, all the existing results demand a number of measurements which is far removed from the manifold dimension, sometimes far greater. Thus, it is natural to ask whether this gap is a deficiency of the theory and the solvers, or if there exists a real barrier in recovering the cosparse signals by relying only on their manifold dimension. Is there an algorithm which, in the presence of noise, can accurately recover a cosparse signal from a number of measurements proportional to the manifold dimension? In this work, we prove that there is no such algorithm. Further, we show through numerical simulations that even in the noiseless case convex relaxations fail when the number of measurements is comparable to the manifold dimension. This gives a practical counter-example to the growing literature on compressed acquisition of signals based on manifold dimension., Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures

Binary measurements arise naturally in a variety of statistical and engineering applications. They may be inherent to the problem---e.g., in determining the relationship between genetics and the presence or absence of a disease---or they may be a result of extreme quantization. In one-bit compressed sensing it has recently been shown that the number of one-bit measurements required for signal estimation mirrors that of unquantized compressed sensing. Indeed, $s$-sparse signals in $\mathbb{R}^n$ can be estimated (up to normalization) from $\Omega(s \log (n/s))$ one-bit measurements. Nevertheless, controlling the precise accuracy of the error estimate remains an open challenge. In this paper, we focus on optimizing the decay of the error as a function of the oversampling factor $\lambda := m/(s \log(n/s))$, where $m$ is the number of measurements. It is known that the error in reconstructing sparse signals from standard one-bit measurements is bounded below by $\Omega(\lambda^{-1})$. Without adjusting the measurement procedure, reducing this polynomial error decay rate is impossible. However, we show that an adaptive choice of the thresholds used for quantization may lower the error rate to $e^{-\Omega(\lambda)}$. This improves upon guarantees for other methods of adaptive thresholding as proposed in Sigma-Delta quantization. We develop a general recursive strategy to achieve this exponential decay and two specific polynomial-time algorithms which fall into this framework, one based on convex programming and one on hard thresholding. This work is inspired by the one-bit compressed sensing model, in which the engineer controls the measurement procedure. Nevertheless, the principle is extendable to signal reconstruction problems in a variety of binary statistical models as well as statistical estimation problems like logistic regression.

In this paper we develop a theory of matrix completion for the extreme case of noisy 1-bit observations. Instead of observing a subset of the real-valued entries of a matrix M, we obtain a small number of binary (1-bit) measurements generated according to a probability distribution determined by the real-valued entries of M. The central question we ask is whether or not it is possible to obtain an accurate estimate of M from this data. In general this would seem impossible, but we show that the maximum likelihood estimate under a suitable constraint returns an accurate estimate of M when ||M||_{\infty} <= \alpha, and rank(M) <= r. If the log-likelihood is a concave function (e.g., the logistic or probit observation models), then we can obtain this maximum likelihood estimate by optimizing a convex program. In addition, we also show that if instead of recovering M we simply wish to obtain an estimate of the distribution generating the 1-bit measurements, then we can eliminate the requirement that ||M||_{\infty} <= \alpha. For both cases, we provide lower bounds showing that these estimates are near-optimal. We conclude with a suite of experiments that both verify the implications of our theorems as well as illustrate some of the practical applications of 1-bit matrix completion. In particular, we compare our program to standard matrix completion methods on movie rating data in which users submit ratings from 1 to 5. In order to use our program, we quantize this data to a single bit, but we allow the standard matrix completion program to have access to the original ratings (from 1 to 5). Surprisingly, the approach based on binary data performs significantly better.

In one-bit compressed sensing, previous results state that sparse signals may be robustly recovered when the measurements are taken using Gaussian random vectors. In contrast to standard compressed sensing, these results are not extendable to natural non-Gaussian distributions without further assumptions, as can be demonstrated by simple counter-examples. We show that approximately sparse signals that are not extremely sparse can be accurately reconstructed from single-bit measurements sampled according to a sub-gaussian distribution, and the reconstruction comes as the solution to a convex program., Comment: 20 pages, streamlined proofs, improved error bounds

This paper develops theoretical results regarding noisy 1-bit compressed sensing and sparse binomial regression. We show that a single convex program gives an accurate estimate of the signal, or coefficient vector, for both of these models. We demonstrate that an s-sparse signal in R^n can be accurately estimated from m = O(slog(n/s)) single-bit measurements using a simple convex program. This remains true even if each measurement bit is flipped with probability nearly 1/2. Worst-case (adversarial) noise can also be accounted for, and uniform results that hold for all sparse inputs are derived as well. In the terminology of sparse logistic regression, we show that O(slog(n/s)) Bernoulli trials are sufficient to estimate a coefficient vector in R^n which is approximately s-sparse. Moreover, the same convex program works for virtually all generalized linear models, in which the link function may be unknown. To our knowledge, these are the first results that tie together the theory of sparse logistic regression to 1-bit compressed sensing. Our results apply to general signal structures aside from sparsity; one only needs to know the size of the set K where signals reside. The size is given by the mean width of K, a computable quantity whose square serves as a robust extension of the dimension., Comment: 25 pages, 1 figure, error fixed in Lemma 4.1

We give the first computationally tractable and almost optimal solution to the problem of one-bit compressed sensing, showing how to accurately recover an s-sparse vector x in R^n from the signs of O(s log^2(n/s)) random linear measurements of x. The recovery is achieved by a simple linear program. This result extends to approximately sparse vectors x. Our result is universal in the sense that with high probability, one measurement scheme will successfully recover all sparse vectors simultaneously. The argument is based on solving an equivalent geometric problem on random hyperplane tessellations., Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure, to appear in CPAM. Small changes based on referee comments

Low-rank matrix recovery addresses the problem of recovering an unknown low-rank matrix from few linear measurements. Nuclear-norm minimization is a tractible approach with a recent surge of strong theoretical backing. Analagous to the theory of compressed sensing, these results have required random measurements. For example, m >= Cnr Gaussian measurements are sufficient to recover any rank-r n x n matrix with high probability. In this paper we address the theoretical question of how many measurements are needed via any method whatsoever --- tractible or not. We show that for a family of random measurement ensembles, m >= 4nr - 4r^2 measurements are sufficient to guarantee that no rank-2r matrix lies in the null space of the measurement operator with probability one. This is a necessary and sufficient condition to ensure uniform recovery of all rank-r matrices by rank minimization. Furthermore, this value of $m$ precisely matches the dimension of the manifold of all rank-2r matrices. We also prove that for a fixed rank-r matrix, m >= 2nr - r^2 + 1 random measurements are enough to guarantee recovery using rank minimization. These results give a benchmark to which we may compare the efficacy of nuclear-norm minimization.

This paper introduces a simple and very general theory of compressive sensing. In this theory, the sensing mechanism simply selects sensing vectors independently at random from a probability distribution F; it includes all models - e.g. Gaussian, frequency measurements - discussed in the literature, but also provides a framework for new measurement strategies as well. We prove that if the probability distribution F obeys a simple incoherence property and an isotropy property, one can faithfully recover approximately sparse signals from a minimal number of noisy measurements. The novelty is that our recovery results do not require the restricted isometry property (RIP) - they make use of a much weaker notion - or a random model for the signal. As an example, the paper shows that a signal with s nonzero entries can be faithfully recovered from about s log n Fourier coefficients that are contaminated with noise., Comment: 36 pages

This paper presents several novel theoretical results regarding the recovery of a low-rank matrix from just a few measurements consisting of linear combinations of the matrix entries. We show that properly constrained nuclear-norm minimization stably recovers a low-rank matrix from a constant number of noisy measurements per degree of freedom; this seems to be the first result of this nature. Further, the recovery error from noisy data is within a constant of three targets: 1) the minimax risk, 2) an oracle error that would be available if the column space of the matrix were known, and 3) a more adaptive oracle error which would be available with the knowledge of the column space corresponding to the part of the matrix that stands above the noise. Lastly, the error bounds regarding low-rank matrices are extended to provide an error bound when the matrix has full rank with decaying singular values. The analysis in this paper is based on the restricted isometry property (RIP) introduced in [6] for vectors, and in [22] for matrices., Comment: 30 pages

We consider the problem of recovering a lowrank matrix M from a small number of random linear measurements. A popular and useful example of this problem is matrix completion, in which the measurements reveal the values of a subset of the entries, and we wish to fill in the missing entries (this is the famous Netflix problem). When M is believed to have low rank, one would ideally try to recover M by finding the minimum-rank matrix that is consistent with the data; this is, however, problematic since this is a nonconvex problem that is, generally, intractable. Nuclear-norm minimization has been proposed as a tractable approach, and past papers have delved into the theoretical properties of nuclear-norm minimization algorithms, establishing conditions under which minimizing the nuclear norm yields the minimum rank solution. We review this spring of emerging literature and extend and refine previous theoretical results. Our focus is on providing error bounds when M is well approximated by a low-rank matrix, and when the measurements are corrupted with noise. We show that for a certain class of random linear measurements, nuclear-norm minimization provides stable recovery from a number of samples nearly at the theoretical lower limit, and enjoys order-optimal error bounds (with high probability)., Comment: 8 pages, 1 table

On the heels of compressed sensing, a remarkable new field has very recently emerged. This field addresses a broad range of problems of significant practical interest, namely, the recovery of a data matrix from what appears to be incomplete, and perhaps even corrupted, information. In its simplest form, the problem is to recover a matrix from a small sample of its entries, and comes up in many areas of science and engineering including collaborative filtering, machine learning, control, remote sensing, and computer vision to name a few. This paper surveys the novel literature on matrix completion, which shows that under some suitable conditions, one can recover an unknown low-rank matrix from a nearly minimal set of entries by solving a simple convex optimization problem, namely, nuclear-norm minimization subject to data constraints. Further, this paper introduces novel results showing that matrix completion is provably accurate even when the few observed entries are corrupted with a small amount of noise. A typical result is that one can recover an unknown n x n matrix of low rank r from just about nr log^2 n noisy samples with an error which is proportional to the noise level. We present numerical results which complement our quantitative analysis and show that, in practice, nuclear norm minimization accurately fills in the many missing entries of large low-rank matrices from just a few noisy samples. Some analogies between matrix completion and compressed sensing are discussed throughout., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 1 table