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In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in applying machine learning techniques that leverage aviation data collected from commercial airline operations to improve safety. Anomaly detection ...

The scientific-practical basis of the quality of passenger and clientele service at the airport were studied. This was prompted by the need to determine the role of aviation safety (AS) and its impact on the quality and competitiveness of airport services. It was proved that within the framework of the system, quality monitoring is performed in the areas of the service of aviation safety (SAS). As a result of research, a quantitative assessment of the level of aviation safety of the airport, which is the basis for making a relevant management decision in the analysis subsystems, was determined. Management , in this case, implies the system of measures to improve the activities of the SAS. A procedure for assessing the quality of airport services, which reveals the essence of aviation safety in the system of airport quality management , was devised. The sequence of assessment of the system of aviation safety, reflecting the cost approach, the application of which involves determining the reserves for ensuring aviation safety in the continuous implementation of the quality management system, was proposed. The share of costs of aviation safety (AS) was determined on the example of three airports by economic elements (the model of criteria for choosing a subject) to determine the cost of ensuring an adequate level of aviation safety. It was proposed to introduce a comprehensive indicator of the quality of aviation safety for its functional components, which further makes up the integrated indicator of the quality of provided services. As a result of calculations, the amount of payment for aviation safety using adjustment coefficients to counteract the threat of a possible act of unlawful interference (AUI) will increase. This enables an aircraft company to form timely a reserve to prevent or eliminate the consequences of the AUI by including the aviation safety fee in the total cost of air transport services.

The article describes a new class of organizational and technical systems - intelligent aviation systems, whose operational principles provide the increased safety of an aircraft flight. The development of systems of this class is primarily explained by the need to record statistical data on the main causes of aviation accidents (human factor - up to 87%, failure of aviation equipment - up to 15%, external factors - 2% of all cases). A scientific problem is formulated related to the importance of creating methods for assessing and predicting the threat of an accident based on direct control of changes in the values of characteristics that affect flight safety. For this, it is proposed to use the methods and means of the scientific and technical direction of artificial intelligence, which will reveal the immediate causes of an aviation accident and prevent them using the flight safety management system. The technical characteristics are considered, the properties of the system under study are presented, which determine the principles of its functioning: intelligence, information content, speed, controllability, interdependence of subsystems, flight safety, including identification of the threat of an accident, its prediction and parry. The above principles of the functioning of the system under study, which are part of the methodology for managing the safety of an aircraft in flight, are implemented in a set of methods and algorithms. Among them should be noted the intelligent method for assessing the threat of an aviation accident, the method for predicting the threat of an accident, the method for supporting decision-making by the crew in the event of the threat of an accident, as well as the method for synthesizing the control law for countering the threat

The development of the unmanned aircraft market is hindered by the regulatory deficiencies of this aviation segment. This fully applies to the most important aspect of the activity – flight safety management. In accordance with the Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) ICAO and the Air Legislation of the Russian Federation, the availability of flight safety management systems (SMS) is mandatory for operators, developers and aircraft manufacturers, as well as for aircraft engines and propellers. However, this requirement does not fully apply to organizations involved in design, manufacture and operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). At the same time, UAS use in various spheres of economic activities is associated with significant and diverse risks for manned aircraft, as well as vehicles, people and important infrastructure facilities on the ground. The article analyzes the current situation with the regulatory framework with relation to SMS development and implementation in the unmanned aviation segment at the international and state level and the prospects of its improvement. Based on experience, the most major methodological issues while SMS developing and implementing in various entities-aviation services providers are related to the selection, implementation and application of methods for safety risk management techniques, which have significant features for UAS operation. Considering anticipated adoption of SMS requirements in the near future, some innovative practices in this area of activity about aviation safety risk management for such entities have been reviewed.

The dissertation research summarized here, utilized the Grounded Theory Method to develop a conceptual model of pilot situation awareness from 223 Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) narratives. The application of Latent Semantic Analysis aided the theoretical sampling of ASRS reports. A multistage model was developed involving attention, perception, interpretation, decision making, and action in support of goal-driven behavior. Narrative report coding identified several categories of situation awareness elements that pilots direct their attention to in building and maintaining situation awareness. Internal to the aircraft, flight crews directed their attention to the aircraft’s flight state and automation state. They also directed their attention to the condition of the aircraft, the functioning of the crew, and the status of the cabin. External to the aircraft, flight crews directed their attention to airport conditions, air traffic control, terrain, traffic, and weather. Pilots were also aware of the passage of time. Twelve characteristics of situation awareness were identified from narrative report coding which were subsequently compared with existing theoretical perspectives of situation awareness.

Virtual reality (VR) experiences are receiving increasing attention in education and training. Some VR setups can deliver immersive VR training (e.g., on multiple projected screens), while others can deliver nonimmersive VR training (e.g., on standard desktop monitors). Recently, consumer VR headsets make it possible to deliver immersive VR training with six-degrees-of-freedom tracking of trainees’ head as well as hand controllers, while most smartphones can deliver nonimmersive VR training without the need for additional hardware. Previous studies compared immersive and nonimmersive VR setups for training, highlighting effects on performance, learning, presence, and engagement, but no study focused on contrasting procedural training with (immersive) VR headsets and (nonimmersive) smartphones. This article conducts a comparison of these two VR setups in the aviation safety domain. The considered training concerned door opening procedures in different aircraft and included a virtual instructor. In addition, we compared the two VR setups with the traditional printed materials used in the considered domain, i.e., safety cards. Results show that both VR setups allowed gaining and retaining more procedural knowledge than printed materials, and led to higher confidence in performing procedures. However, only the VR headset was considered to be significantly more usable than the printed materials, and presence was higher with the VR headset than the smartphone. The VR headset turned out to be important also for engagement and satisfaction, which were higher with the VR headset than both the printed materials and the smartphone. We discuss the implications of these results.

The article is focused on aircraft’s flight and system data utilization for aviation safety and efficiency. This includes work with Performance Engineering Programs (PEP) output which is based on data recorded by Data Management Unit (DMU). Output is analyzed using tools supported by MS Office. The goal is to provide simple guidelines for operators that are unable to afford the systems for automatic data check send by the aircraft manufacturers.

The authors of this article presented the means to create a balanced staff on the example of pilots – the flight personnel of commercial aviation companies. In modern economic conditions, state regulation of activities in the field of aviation and the use of airspace of Ukraine is aimed at ensuring aviation safety. Commercial provision of state interests, national security, and the needs of society and the economy in air transportation and aviation work.The ability to plan labor resources using the results of various types of testing, analysis of project management teams and the allocation of roles and responsibilities on an aircraft (airplane, helicopter), based on this analysis of candidates for rank and file officers to determine the compatibility of the work of team members of such projects. Based on the analysis of tests and response parameters of pilots, flight engineers, flight attendants, stewardesses, etc.Corresponding flight teams are formed from the rank and file and officers (service and engineering teams) since each aircraft crew is a separate unique project. The connection of this problem with important scientific and practical tasks. In projects, the longer the project is designed and the more important that the composition of the performers does not change during the project (namely, this situation occurs on aircraft), the more attention should be paid not only to the selection of the project management team, but to the entire staff project management.This task is important not only for aviation companies. In particular, for example, in projects for the creation of air, sea, electric, oil and gas routes, “trailers”, involving networks mainly outside the settlements, which also require the study of all project personnel. There are other commercial and economic practical situations.

Four candidate detect-and-avoid well clear definitions for unmanned aircraft systems encountering noncooperative aircraft are evaluated using safety and operational suitability metrics. These candi...

With the increasing density level of airspace, the flawed logic of resolution in air conflict has become a potential hazard to keep flight safety for civil aviation. A powerful decision-support system is needed to identify and resolve potential conflicts on planned trajectory in advance. Existing studies on this subject mainly focus on the centralized means, but seldom consider the decentralized approaches. In this paper, a decentralized method is proposed so that each aircraft can generate the collision-free Reference Business Trajectory (RBT) autonomously, and resolve potential conflicts while conforming to the unified rules. Firstly, a Synchronous Discrete-Time-Discrete-Space trajectory modeling is developed to divide the continuous planned trajectory into multiple trajectory segments according to motion state. Thus, the collision can be accurately located at one certain risky segment, and the corresponding collision time can be acquired precisely. Through a weight analysis of collision time, the critical trajectory segment is determined to implement the task of conflict resolution. Then, the Optimal Reciprocal Collision Avoidance (ORCA) algorithm is adopted and extended to determine the collision-free maneuver with the consideration of direction selectivity. At last, the Trajectory Change Points (TCPs) are achieved by the quadratic program for each aircraft. The proposed method can help aircraft generate collision-free RBT in decentralized way successfully. Several simulations are conducted to confirm the validity and efficiency of the proposed approach.

Faulty maintenance activities can be prevented through maintenance quality management. The changes in maintenance environments need to be made from the perspective of an organization to improve the quality of aircraft maintenance. Most studies in aviation safety have been focused on pilots of fixed wing aircraft, while few studies have been conducted on issues of maintenance quality of rotor aircraft. This study aimed at finding factors that improve maintenance quality for flight safety of rotor aircraft in Korea Coast Guard Aviation (KCGA). Several factors were identified as potential contributors to the improvement of maintenance quality based on the review of the documents and manuals of Korea Coast Guard Aviation (KCGA). A survey was then given to KCGA mechanics to verify the effectiveness of the factors. The results of this study could establish a benchmark for maintenance management of rotor aircraft in the national aviation operations in South Korea.

As emerging flight operations become more prevalent and increasingly automated and distributed, the capabilities and procedures for managing safety of vehicles and operations will also need to evolve. To address this challenge, the National Academies envisioned an In-Time Aviation Safety Management System (IASMS) resource for a wide range of aviation operations including current commercial operations as well as new advanced air mobility (AAM) operations. The suite of IASMS services, functions, and capabilities (SFCs) would be implemented in a federated approach and would address trends as well as individual operations. Through predictive modeling and data analysis, IASMS is envisioned to identify risks so that they can be mitigated, in-time, before a safety incident occurs.IASMS and its requisite set of SFCs will leverage a wide range of information. To better understand these new needs, the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) worked with the aviation and humanitarian communities to develop and validate Disaster Management and First Responder (DMFR) scenarios. These scenarios were then used to identify IASMS data needs andf research issues. These include the ability to quickly "cordon off" airspace through temporary flight restrictions (TFRs) or other means, having clear definitions to enable automation-based algorithms for prioritizing operations, definition of airspace density metrics, standardization of altitude reporting, and an established basis for safety data metrics definition and collection.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are gaining popularity in many aspects of wireless communication systems. UAV-mounted mobile base stations (UAV-BSs) are an effective and cost-efficient solution for providing wireless connectivity where fixed infrastructure is not available or destroyed. However, UAV-BSs have their limitations and complications, for instance, limited available energy. In addition, when several UAV-BSs are deployed to provide coverage to a specific area, the possibility of inter-UAV collisions and the interference to ground users increase. We propose Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) based methods to deploy UAV-BSs under energy constraints to provide efficient and fair coverage to the ground users, while minimising inter-UAV collisions and interference to ground users. The proposed methods outperform the baseline methods by an average increase of 38.94% in system fairness, 42.54% in individual user coverage, and 15.04% in total system coverage, in comparison with the baseline methods.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is the main communication system currently being used in Air Traffic Control (ATC) around the world. The ADS-B system is planned to be a key component of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen plan, which will manage the increasingly congested airspace in the coming decades. While the benefits of ADS-B are widely known, its lack of security measures and its vulnerability to cyberattacks such as jamming and spoofing is a great concern for flight safety experts. In this paper, we first summarize the cyberattacks and challenges related to ADS-B’s vulnerabilities. Thereafter, we present theoretical and practical methods for implementing an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system as a possible additional safety layer to mitigate the presented cyber-vulnerabilities. Finally, a set of simulations and field experiments is presented to test the expected performance of the suggested IoT flight safety system. We conjecture that the presented system can be implemented in a wide range of civilian airplanes, leading to an improvement in flight safety in cases of cyberattacks or the absence of reliable ADS-B communication.

This book focuses on ways to better manage and prevent aircraft-based homicide events while in flight using alternate technology to replace the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) and/or Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) functions. While these events are infrequent, the implementation of real-time predictive maintenance allows aircraft operators to better manage both scheduled and unscheduled maintenance events. Aviation Safety and Security: Utilizing Technology to Prevent Aircraft Fatality explores historical events of in-flight homicide and includes relevant accident case study excerpts from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB). FEATURES Explores historical events of in-flight homicide and offers solutions for ways to mitigate risk Explains how alternate technologies can be implemented to address in-flight safety issues Demonstrates that metrics for change are not solely for safety but also for financial savings for aircraft operation Includes relevant accident case study excerpts from the NTSB and AAIB Expresses the need for real-time predictive maintenance Stephen J Wright is an academic Professor at the faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences at Tampere University, Finland, specializing in aviation, aeronautical engineering, and aircraft systems.

With the development of aviation, the issue of aviation safety is become more and more important. Especially for airplane maintenance and inspection task. As processes in the aircraft inspection after the plane take off are error prone and time consuming, efforts are made to implement these technologies to support apron operation safety supervisors during the inspection process. In this paper, we will show a concept to facilitate efficiency of assisting airport supervisor in aircraft inspection process. We propose a graphical user interface that contain the menu-guided instructions and digital inspection document, which will increase the efficiency of manual process. Furthermore, in order to help supervisor have an better understanding of inspecting processes, by attaching the 3D model of aircraft physical components, they can see corresponding hint information. Seeing instructional graphics overlaid directly on the actual task environment can significantly improve a user’s understanding compared to viewing instructions displayed on a nearby monitor or in a paper manual. In order to get the better view display effect, we used the one of the most advanced Augmented Reality (AR) glasses, the Microsoft Hololens2. In the inspector’s views, the part of airplane’s 3D model will immediately overlaid on the physical component. This Augment Reality Vision can be used for inspection purpose. And any inspection relate information can be directly attached to the aircraft component. For example, following the instruction, 3D model animation and inspection guide document information will appear on the aircraft component’s surface, which will improve the efficiency of inspection process. In addition, remote collaboration is discussed applying augmented reality devices in an inspection process, which will ensure inspector and expert has same vision in different site, that can improve the efficiency of dealing complicate problem.

Communication, navigation and surveillance equipment is the core of airspace management and command aircraft. Whether its management is efficient and reasonable has a direct impact on aviation safety and passenger safety. Any error in any link may have disastrous consequences. In recent years, China's civil aviation industry has developed rapidly, and the pressure of air traffic management has continued to increase with the increase in the number of flights. Problems such as incomplete implementation can no longer meet the needs of the current development of air traffic control equipment management. Based on this, combined with the current status of civil aviation control equipment operation, this paper proposes the application research of air traffic control communication navigation surveillance equipment based on data analysis. This paper analyzes the air traffic control system, uses object-oriented thinking to design the system, and finally realizes the data-based air traffic control communication and navigation construction system. Finally, the performance and function test results of the system show that the air traffic control communication navigation surveillance system based on data analysis has achieved rapid processing capabilities such as the collection and integration of air traffic control equipment data, analysis of data, and risk prediction.

Algorithms of positioning by navigational aids are widely used as an alternative to Global Navigation Satellite System on-board of large airplanes. Distance measuring equipment is a commonly used navigational aid for alternative positioning by a pair of measured ranges. Errors of range measuring are directly connected with airplane localization in airspace and have primary influence in airplane trajectory maintaining as well as ensuring the required level of air traffic safety. The impact of errors of on-board positioning system into aviation safety is represented in the paper. A mid-air collision category of aviation safety is assessed based on risk of airplane unintentional deviation from planned location due to influence of on-board positioning system errors. Represented approach is grounded on location of a bivariate probability density function at each airspace user location and estimation of a probability of getting two airspace users within the same safety region. Airplanes separation minimums are used as size of the safety region. Numerical demonstration is provided by live air traffic data shared by Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast message and received by Software Defined Radio within a part of Ukrainian airspace volume. Risks of mid-air collisions for each pair of airspace users are estimated.

After the loss of the Malaysia Airline “MH370”, ICAO and China Civil Aviation have successively launched the construction of the global tracking and monitoring system for civil aviation aircraft. In 2017, China Civil Aviation issued a three-stage implementation roadmap for the construction of the tracking and monitoring system for Chinese civil aviation, aiming to comprehensively improve the construction of the aviation safety guarantee system. This paper expounds in detail the construction background, construction ideas and technical innovation, and effectively promotes the expansion of China’s civil aviation aircraft tracking and monitoring system from domestic to international, enhancing China’s right of speaking in international aviation and ensuring global operation safety of Chinese flights.

Even after decades of continuous use, automation surprise and mode confusion are still prevalent in commercial airline operations. Without increased awareness of the aircraft and automation future state, crews have difficulty monitoring and managing flight path leading to clearance violations and the potential for loss of separation. A pilot-in-the-loop flight simulation study was conducted at NASA Langley Research Center to evaluate a path awareness display technology concept called “Automation Does What?” and an automation configuration display technology concept called “Automation Function Configuration Display”. The two technologies were evaluated and contrasted with a current state-of-the-art flight deck modeled from the Boeing B-787 using guided discussion and pilot comments. Objective and subjective data were collected from aircraft parameters, questionnaires, audio/video recordings, head/eye tracking data, and subject matter expert observations.

An air traffic delay is a common problem of a modern transport system. Continuously increasing demand of air traffic system and operation in a rapidly changing environment makes delay estimation is a key element in aviation safety. In the paper, we propose a light statistical method of airplane landing delay prediction at the destination airport. Proposed method grounds on statistical data processing of previous flights to identify mean trajectory of an airplane at the pre-flight stage and continuously comparison of mean trajectory with current airplane location in order to identify a time to land in the destination airport. A simple solution of minimization problem at the en-route phase of flight needs low computation power and guarantees the required confidence band for results. Proposed method has been trained on statistical data for Boryspil / Kharkiv connection routes in order to airplane delay prediction.

If aeroplanes and passengers, as well as property and people on the ground are to be protected, potential perpetrators of aviation terrorism must be prevented from breaching security checkpoints and gaining access to ‘secure’ airport areas and to aircrafts. Given the interconnectedness of the air transportation system, a sufficiently high level of security must be provided throughout the entire system. In this chapter we examine terrorism issues relevant to airline and airport security internationally, a topic that has received much attention since 9/11. Understanding the key issues is crucial in evaluating the various methods of regulating and providing aviation safety and security. The purpose of this chapter is to review the key features of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act and the characteristics of the resulting security policy. Then we examine terrorism, previous terrorists' acts against aviation as well as current and future aviation threats. A summary of our major points completes the chapter.

Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) is one of the unconventional airplane architectures of interest in the quest for decreasing aviation environmental footprint. This configuration integrates strong and innovative couplings between systems and aircraft design disciplines. To address limitations of the traditional approach for certification and of the associated means of compliance when certifying innovative products, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) issues in 2017 a novel certification philosophy that relies on high-level objective-based safety requirements. In this context, this paper presents a safety and certifiability evaluation of DEP airplane in EASA CS-23 category, with a methodology for aircraft-level safety assessment during preliminary design, a certification gap analysis with regards to existing means of compliance, and some proposals to clear the certification path for DEP configuration.

The landing gear system is one of the key subsystems of the aircraft. It is designed to meet the requirements of small weight, small footprint, high life and reliability, and low life cycle cost. At the same time, the take-off and landing of the aircraft is a high-risk stage of aviation safety accidents. Therefore, the landing gear is an important accessory in aircraft flight safety. The landing gear needs to be associated with various aircraft parameters such as aircraft takeoff weight, engine nacelle size, and aircraft wingspan to meet actual needs. Considering the fact that the traditional design method is time-consuming and low in efficiency, the CATIA software is used as the development platform to build a practical parameterized modelling system. Based on the parameters offered by the aircraft, the model is expected to cooperate with the aircraft in the simulation of the takeoff and landing process and provide the foundation for the further research.

The objective of this proposed work is to predict whether the airline crash has occurred due to a bird strike or not by using data mining techniques. Risk and safety are not always guaranteed within the field of aircraft. Bird strikes are dangerous for aircraft due to the relative speed of the plane with reference to the bird. The characteristics of aircraft damage from bird strikes, which is critical enough to make a high risk to continue a safe flight, differs in step with the dimensions of aircraft. Data from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which records all the aircraft accidents, are used as a training data set for the proposed system. Machine learning is the most effective technology to harnessing the useful information and knowledge from big data. The proposed work intended at building a prediction model using machine learning techniques such as decision trees and Bayesian classifications, which can be very useful in the aviation safety system and is utilized to conjecture the air crafts mishaps ahead of time so that there is an extension to the reduction in aircraft crash rate. The prediction results are range between 80% to 90%. The proposed aircraft crash prediction model is also assessed by using synthetic data sets.

The aim of this study is to discuss the relationship between human determinant factors which includes attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control for licensed aircraft engineers in an aircraft maintenance process. This is important as the aircraft maintenance process affects the safety performance for aircraft operations. Licensed aircraft engineers are the individual that certifies the maintenance release for all aircraft maintenance process that is a legal document and form part of the certificate of airworthiness. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) will play a significant role as the underpinning theory on the proposed model of the safety performance. It is needed as per the regulations to ensure that the aircraft is maintained accordingly and all systems are serviceable thus ensuring that the aircraft is fit for the intended flight. There are research gaps identified as per the literature review, as not many studies on aviation safety centered on licensed aircraft engineers. Emphasis are also given more on flight operations as compared to aircraft maintenance when it comes to aviation safety studies. As such this study is aimed at fulfilling those gaps and would contribute towards enhancing aviation safety.

My technical project and STS research paper are connected through the area of aviation safety. Improving aviation safety through both the design of aircraft and construction of air traffic control towers safes lives as well as billions of dollars in prevented damage. My technical project studies aviation safety in additional to economics and efficiency at the airport and air traffic level, while my STS research paper studies safety from the aircraft and aircraft design perspective. However, both elements are integrated into the overall aviation system, and studying both are necessary to improve aviation safety. My technical work focuses on quantifying airport similarity in order to build a decision aid for airports looking to build air traffic control towers. My team focused our analysis on three aspects of airport data, including safety, economic, and efficiency metrics. Using this data, we performed hierarchical clustering to study which airports had similar characteristics, and which metrics were most important in determining similarity. From this analysis, we built an interface where airport stakeholders can input their own data points to see which airports are similar to their own airport. We hope by completing this project to provide more information to airports looking to build air traffic control towers and guidance on further studying on the benefits of air traffic control towers. The STS component of my thesis also involves aviation safety, but from an aircraft level perspective. As a case study, I look at the design and subsequent fatal crashes of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. My research focuses mainly on the designers of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, and how they behaved unethically. Using the framework of virtue ethics, I argue that the designers of the 737 MAX violated the virtues of foresight and holistic thinking, in turn making their behavior unethical. These specific virtues were important in understanding how the design was inherently unsafe and too risky to fly. My paper explores this idea, as well as how engineered systems need to be viewed from a whole system viewpoint in order to prevent catastrophes such as the crashes of the two 737 MAX aircraft. Working on both of these projects at once provided plenty of additional insight and value. My technical work introduced me to several aviation data sources, including the ASRS, which proved to be a valuable primary source for my research paper. Similarly, my research paper provided insight into the aviation regulation process, and helped understand why the guidelines for building an air traffic control tower are so outdated. Working on the research paper motivated me to work more on the technical project to aid in updating legislation to prevent more catastrophic accidents. In conclusion, working on both the technical project and STS research paper have allowed me to study aviation safety from multiple dimensions, and further understand the socio-technical aspects of my engineering work.

Currently, with the rapid development of the aviation industry, researchers are paying more attention to the improvement of aviation safety. Aviation safety mainly includes flight safety, aviation ground safety, and air defense safety. In terms of flight safety, the analysis of large amounts of flight data has gradually become a useful tool for timely detection of potential dangers at various stages of flight. As a result, flight data analysis has been one of the hot topics in aviation. However, due to the complexity of the aircraft operating conditions throughout the aircraft, if the data is analyzed at the entire flight phase, it is very difficult and time consuming to identify the problematic fight phase. Therefore, flight phase recognition for civil aircraft is implemented in this study. A flight phase recognition method based on Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is proposed in this work, which is the important foundation for timely detecting the abnormal event and improving the system safety and reliability. Firstly, the FDR data are preprocessed by spline interpolation and normalization, and then a GMM-based flight phase clustering is realized. In addition, a set of evaluation method is developed to evaluate the quality of flight phase recognition result. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by using real FDR data from NASA's open database.

Nowadays passive bistatic radars (PBR) allow for detection, determination of coordinates and tracking of moving objects. In order to enable PBR integration into air traffic control systems, it is necessary to solve the problem of recognizing airborne objects, in particular, propeller-driven aircraft (AC). This will increase the degree of aviation safety. To solve the recognition problem, the analysis of propeller-driven aircraft echo signals, such as helicopter and propeller airplane, is performed. The in-formative features that can be used for recognition of propeller-driven aircraft in PBRs are defined. The method for propeller-driven aircraft recognition is proposed, that is based on extraction of modulation components originated from the rotational parts of the aircraft and estimation of their rotation parameters. The algorithm for echo signal processing is developed, which makes it possible to apply the proposed recognition method for PBRs. The experimental results of the processing algorithm are presented on the example of real signals reflected from the Mi- 8 helicopter and the Cessna 172 propeller aircraft. The experimental data are recorded by two different PBRs using DVB-T2 digital terrestrial television signals standard for airspace illumination. The estimated rotation parameters of the aircraft propeller blades correspond to the actual values. Such a correspondence allows not only to recognize the aircraft group, but in some cases to identify its type.

In the age of data, enterprise-related data can be efficiently used for supporting safety management decisions. In this paper, the state of the art in the domain of aviation safety is reviewed and ...

Failures of critical systems at airports can significantly impact aircraft operations and cause substantial safety risks. This study develops a generalized method for measuring the impacts of unscheduled communication, navigation and surveillance systems outages on airport operational performance (i.e. throughput) and safety. The proposed method consists of two separate models – the aggregate and the disaggregate model. The aggregate model is a regression model that analyzes flight data, which are averaged per quarter hour and obtained from the Aviation System Performance Metrics database, and investigates the reductions in airport throughput due to an outage. The disaggregate model analyzes individual flights using the Performance Data Analysis and Reporting System database to investigate air traffic controllers’ terminal airspace traffic management procedures during an outage by examining the time-separation (i.e. headways) between consecutive arriving aircraft on each runway. More specifically, the model calculates the changes in the probability of a loss of separation and assesses the necessity of enacting a Traffic Management Initiative. The proposed method is tested on the case of two localizer outages at Los Angeles International Airport. The case-study results reveal that the throughput decreased after air traffic controllers enacted a Ground Delay Program during the first observed outage. The probability of a loss of separation doubled and the smaller aircraft were diverted to other airports. Further results indicate that arriving headways can be better described by a combination of two probability distributions, rather than a single distribution, in order to more accurately capture a complexity of air traffic controllers’ actions. The method can help aviation regulators: (1) make better decisions about the value of equipment and redundancies, (2) analyze operational and safety degradations caused by equipment failures, and (3) develop appropriate traffic management procedures and improve existing ones.

A light aircraft crosswind takeoff is a risky operation. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying STPA (Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis) to closed-loop continuous controls, identifying the hazards of crosswind takeoffs with light aircraft and the mitigating actions that could make its execution safer. The paper analyzes the variables that affect the response of the aircraft when subjected to severe crosswind, considering how aircraft characteristics affect its stability. The hazard analysis technique STPA is a tool based on the conceptual accident causality model called STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes), which in turn is based on systems theory. To deal with closed-loop actions on continuous control systems, a new approach to STPA was developed and effectively used to analyze data collected on a crosswind flight test campaign. This campaign, conducted by the Flight Test and Research Institute, led to a flight envelope extension of the Embraer’s training aircraft Super Tucano. The demonstration analysis showed the need for new, previously unidentified mitigating measures to be assigned to aircraft manufacturers, operators or owners, and their pilots.

The article presents a semiotic model of “aircraft conditions” in flight and multilevel structures of an aircraft. The hierarchical structure of abstract models is divided into blocks and levels that make them more compact by applying a mathematical apparatus corresponding to the goals sated. The above models were tested on the basis of statistical data on TU-154 aircraft failures for 10 years. Various aircraft functional system failures in flight were examined. The state of the aircraft is identified by normative indicators recorded in the “Aircraft Technical Operation Manual”.

This paper introduces the AVAC-SMS maturity metric and its accompanying tool which were developed in the frame of a research project with the aim to suggest new safety metrics, especially for Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The metric is based on the ICAO Safety Management Manual, it was designed by applying the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) technique and it was reviewed by companies, authorities and field experts. It can be used to assess the institutionalisation, capability and effectiveness of an aviation SMS by following a systematic approach that employs the use of information from the safety department, managers and employees of an organisation. The AVAC-SMS maturity metric is uniform for the aviation sector, customisable to the size and complexity of the organisation, and results in numerical scores that can be used to monitor SMS maturity levels over time or perform benchmarking among companies.

In January 2015, the FAA released a congressionally mandated, final rule on Safety Management Systems (SMS) for Part 121 air carriers. Since organizations must implement SMS, often at considerable expense, a sound, valid means of measuring SMS effectiveness must be established. The purpose of this research was to develop a model to measure and test SMS effectiveness. It was constructed through a systematic series of steps, ensuring accomplishment of research objectives. While preliminary, this research demonstrates that Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models can be produced to help organizations measure the effectiveness of their SMS and determine how to improve SMS-related performance.

In this paper, we show that modal logic is a valuable tool for the formal analysis of human errors in aviation safety. We develop a modal logic called Agent Safety Logic (ASL), based on epistemic logic, doxastic logic, and a safety logic grounded in a flight safety manual. We identify a class of human error that has contributed to several aviation incidents involving a specific kind of pilot knowledge failure, and formally analyze it. The use of ASL suggests how future avionics might increase aircraft safety.

The demand on the public transportation in many cities has been increasing with the diversity of commuters’ activities that require the regular travelling across the urban and suburb areas. However, the public transport systems still suffer from the traffic congestion and detour, which will then reduce the efficiency. Accordingly, extensive efforts have been made for decades to optimize the operations of metro ground traffic with trains, subways, and buses (2D public transportation). On the other hand, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely applied in the event-triggered tasks, such as delivery, rescue and surveillance in urban environments, and they have a great potential to relieve the pressure in 2D ground public transportation. Inspired from metro systems, AirMetro is a new concept proposed for future 3D public air transportation service, which carries the passengers commuting from a point to the destination, routinely and periodically. In this paper, the flight scheduling problem for AirMetro is studied based on the flight route of UAVs. The low-altitude airspace in urban environments is divided into several layers by altitude, and AirMetro is conducted in the allocated airspace as the public lanes. First, a pipeline-based route planning algorithm is proposed for the gridded urban environments to further reduce the length of a flight route generated by A* algorithm. The UAV is not required to pass through the centre of a cube in the pipeline-based algorithm when compared with the A* algorithm. This can then potentially result in a shorter flight route. As for resolving the conflict among UAVs, a minimum influence-based approach is developed to delay the flight and reduce the influence of adjustment on the follow-up flights of the UAV. By further introducing a modified simulated annealing (MSA) algorithm, the delay of flight can be further reduced by optimizing the UAV sequence conducting the conflict resolution. Results of the case studies demonstrate that the trajectory-based flight scheduling method can improve the flight efficiency by ensuring the flight safety of UAVs and reducing the average delay of UAVs as well in AirMetro. Ministry of Education (MOE) Nanyang Technological University This research work is supported by the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (grant number of cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0602) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant number of 2020 CDJ-LHZZ-066). Thanks are also due to China Scholarship Council (project reference number 201906055030) for the financial support of the research attachment of the first author to the ATMRI in the NTU, Singapore. This collaborative research, findings presented, and interactions among teams are also relevant to the Ministry of Education (MOE, Singapore) Tier-1 project research grant (Project ID: 2018-T1-002-124) and the UAS Program on “Urban Aerial Transport Traffic Management and Systems” in the ATMRI, NTU, Singapore. The current work also provides the basis and idea for the recently approved National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number of 52102453).

Passengers’ safety knowledge is a key factor in determining the chance of surviving any life- or injury-threatening situation that could occur in civil aviation. Aviation regulations require airlines to provide safety briefings to inform passengers of safety procedures on board. The safety briefing card and the safety briefing video are the two media that airlines routinely employ on board to this purpose. Unfortunately, research on aviation safety briefing media has cast serious doubts about their efficacy, urging researchers to better understand what makes safety briefing media effective as well as improving their effectiveness. This paper contributes to such goals in two different ways. First, it proposes the introduction of interactive technology into aviation safety briefings for improving their effectiveness. Second, it illustrates a controlled study that compares the effectiveness of three safety briefing media: the two briefing media that airlines currently employ on-board (safety briefing card and safety briefing video) and a safety briefing video extended with basic interactive controls. The results obtained by the study highlight a superior effectiveness of the two video media over the card media for aviation safety briefings. Moreover, the video with interactive controls produced improvements over the card in a larger number of effectiveness measures than the traditional video. The paper includes a discussion of factors that can explain the better results obtained with the video conditions, and in particular the video with interactive controls, and of possible additional extensions to increase the interactivity of aviation safety briefings.

The constant growth of air travel in the Philippines has brought about significant consequences to air traffic congestion. Given limited resources, major airports seek to address this issue while considering various attributes generally affecting air transportation. This paper adopts fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory–analytic network process (DEMATEL–ANP) to identify the most critical attributes in the commercial aviation industry. A case study participated by key experts of Ninoy Aquino International Airport was conducted to illustrate the proposed approach. The fuzzy DEMATEL–ANP model performed satisfactorily as it was able to extract the global priority vectors of attributes under a fuzzy environment. The results showed that aviation safety is most prioritized, as can also be seen from the significant influence it brings on other attributes. Following next to safety in terms of priority are attributes that address the general air transportation system such as economic value, environmental value, social value, equitable treatment of competing airline, customer goodwill, and utilization of runway and terminal. Then, attributes relating to passenger cost, fuel cost, extra crew cost, landing/take-off fee, and cost of using flight routes are of last priority. Given the order of priorities and criticality of each attribute, short-term and long-term policies can be framed accordingly to propose air traffic flow management actions that can best address the issue on congestion.

Demand for commercial air travel has been increasing over the years and recent forecasts indicate similar future trends. New aircraft with enhanced design features are being built and entering the ...

Safety performance index is a tool with the potential to grasp the intangible domain of aviation safety, based on quantification of meaningful aviation safety system properties. The tool itself was developed in the form of Aerospace Performance Factor and is already available for the aviation industry. However, the tool turned out to be rather unsuccessful as its potential was not fully recognised by the industry. This paper introduces performed analysis on the potential and it outlines new features, utilising time-series analysis, which can improve both the recognition of the index by the industry as well as the motivations to further research and develop methodologies to evaluate overall aviation safety performance using its quantified system properties. This paper discusses not only the features but also their embedding into the existing approach for the development of aviation safety, highlighting possible deficiencies to overcome and relating the scientific work already performed in the domain. Various types of appropriate time-series methodologies are addressed and key specifications of their use with respect to the discussed issue concerning safety performance index are stated.

In this paper, we introduce the application of an integrated fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to mitigate airport congestion which affects the on-time performance of airlines, operational reputation of airports, and air travel experience of passengers. In a classical approach, when congestion occurs at the destination airport while the aircraft is en-route, an air traffic flow management action is prompted for implementation. In selecting the most suitable action in the event of airport congestion, the decision must reflect the multiple criteria nature of the problem as well as the uncertainty and vagueness associated with the decision-making process; thus, an integrated fuzzy MCDM is adopted. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated in a case study at Ninoy Aquino International Airport. It is found that stakeholders of the commercial aviation industry favored to apply rerouting, among other actions, as this satisfies aviation safety as the most prioritized criterion.

The dynamic development of the air transport market has led to a significant increase in air traffic in a highly fragmented and relatively small European airspace. This situation could, in the near future, render the currently functioning European air traffic management (ATM) system obsolete and incapable of providing the high safety standards demanded by the ICAO and Eurocontrol. Recognizing the urgency in finding a solution to this problem, the EU gas launched the Single European Sky (SES) initiative, along with its technological pillar, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) programme, which seeks to enhance air traffic safety, support the sustainable development of the air transport system and improve the overall performance of ATM and air navigation services, so that they meet the requirements of all airspace users. This paper presents a selection of the SESAR programme’s key technological solutions, such as approaches based on area navigation (RNAV)/Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and the “remote tower” concept, which have been developed to maximize the safety and efficiency of the new European ATM system.

Safety is a vital aspect of aviation industry, and emphasis has been made by all stakeholders in the industry to ensure aviation safety. Strict safety and regulatory procedures are adapted during all phases of aviation including design and development, manufacturing, operations, maintenance and ground services. Still, accidents and incidents persist in aviation, resulting in loss of human life and huge losses to airlines and aircraft OEMs. Artificial intelligence is an evolving domain, which has gained lot of importance during the last decade, predominantly due the capacity of AI systems to handle and process huge amount of data and implement complex algorithms. This paper is indented to improve the aviation safety with the prudent use of artificial intelligence. The paper focuses on how the effects of the factors like pilot fatigue, adverse weather and false warnings, which affect aviation safety, can be mitigated with the use of artificial intelligence.

Human error has been well studied in aviation. However, less is known about the ways in which human performance maintains and contributes to aviation safety. The lack of data on positive human performance prevents consideration of the full range of human behaviors when making safety and risk management decisions. The concept of resilient performance provides a framework to understand and classify positive human behaviors. Through interviews with commercial airline pilots, this study examined routine airline operations to evaluate the concept of resilient performance and to develop a taxonomy for success. The four enablers of resilient performance, anticipation, learning, responding, and monitoring, were found to be exhaustive but not mutually exclusive. The tenets of resilience theory apply in airline pilot behavior, but operationalizing a taxonomy will require more work.

In the aircraft industry maintenance is considered to be one of the key contributors to business success of an air carrier. By this, efforts are made to achieve maximum aircraft utilization with a reliability level as high as possible and minimal operating costs. As a result, aiming to increase profitability, and monitoring the reliability of an aircraft, its components and systems is of great benefit to aircraft carriers. As per Hong Kong Civil Aviation Department (HKCAD) requirements, all registered aircraft must have an approved maintenance schedule (AMS) to ensure aviation safety. In the AMS, system or component reliability plays an important role in condition-monitored maintenance program. To assist in the assessment of reliability of aircraft components, alert levels are established for the components which are to be controlled by the program. An alert level can help the operator to monitor engineering performance of an aircraft system or component during routine operations. Besides a consideration of the quality management processes to be contained within the AMS, this paper illustrates the development of an alert level for a helicopter air-conditioning system (ACS). The function of an ACS is to regulate the temperature, humidity, and air flow inside the helicopter. The reliability of the ACS is therefore important to an air operator. Once the alert level is triggered, approved maintenance actions need to be executed, such as component repair or replacement. In this paper, ACS of the helicopter McDonell Douglas 902 Explorer was chosen to illustrate the development of an alert level for the purpose of improving operational performance.

Due to the rapid development of technologies for small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS’s), the supply and demand market for sUAS’s is expanding globally. With the great number of sUAS’s ready to fly in civilian airspace, an sUAS aircraft traffic management system that can guarantee the safe and efficient operation of sUAS’s is still absent. In this paper, we propose a control protocol design and analysis method for sUAS traffic management (UTM) which can safely manage a large number of sUAS’s. The benefits of our approach are two-fold: at management level, the effort for monitoring sUAS traffic (authorities) and control/planning for each sUAS (operator/pilot) are both greatly reduced under our framework; and at operational level, the behavior of individual sUAS is guaranteed to follow the restrictions. Mathematical proofs and numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the proposed method.

The aging of the U.S. Air Force's fleet and the increasing complexity of newer military aircraft have led some to worry that the service's fleet is likely to be more prone to incidents that result in a loss of aircraft or, worse, life. At the same time, significant efforts to improve the safety of military aircraft have been pursued. The authors analyze trends in aircraft mishap rates to assess the overall impact of these competing factors.

Flight safety can be created only by good cooperation from all stakeholders in aviation. In other words, each flight stakeholder has the responsibility and contribution to the flight safety. This condition shows the importance of analyzing the implementation of Safety Management System (SMS) in the aviation industry, because it is a part of the State Safety Program (SSP) in accordance with ICAO standard. The research method is presented descriptively related to the aviation safety regulations with the current conditions of implementing flight safety. The results showed the implementation of the Safety Management System (SMS) by each flight stakeholder was running, but the "Flight Safety Promotion" activity had not been able to run properly, because there were no periodic reports issued by regulators on the Aviation Safety Program. Another thing is the violation of the implementation of Safety Management System (SMS) has not been through the "Aviation Professional Assembly", so that the personnelwho committedthe violations will get objective punishment.

It is established that International aviation organizations are constantly tightening requirements and demand to improve the technical and technological support of processes of control for aviation safety (AB) when the passenger service and baggage handling. However, the level of technical equipment of the airports, but there are new methods and means of implementing acts of unlawful interference which jeopardize the safe operation of civil aviation. The article presents an overview of mathematical modeling during the formalization of the subject area related to aviation security in civil aviation. and refined the concept of "aviation safety". The mathematical models to evaluate the level of aviation safety of the airport, namely: the mathematical model of the "risks" of ABA and the mathematical model of the "vulnerability" of ABA, based on qualimetric the models and use the analogy of the concepts of "quality" and "vulnerability" as well as a mathematical model for integrated air transport security. It is established that the prediction of individual performance and aviation safety in General, correctly be based on the work of highly skilled experts and the processing of their subjective evaluations, because most real events are characterized by some uncertainty, so each observation in the time series (factor) to assign a fuzzy variable with a certain membership function. Solving a scientific task of developing a mathematical model of interaction of airport services in emergency situations in Aeroporto the system defined by the system look for all calculations analyzed a mathematical simulation that provides high-quality analysis of a control system of the aviation security control in the passenger service and baggage handling.