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We report on the influence of a photochemical doping method on the spin-valley polarization degree ($P_{c}$) of excitons in WSe$_2$ monolayers. By varying the carrier density and transitioning from an excess of electrons (n-type) to an excess of holes (p-type), we observe a non-monotonic dependence of $P_{c}$ on the doping level. Using controlled, single-shot photochlorination steps, we unveil this non-monotonic behavior, with $P_{c}$ reaching a minimum value of less than 10$\%$ at 78 K near the charge neutrality point, while increasing by a factor of three at a hole density of $5 \times 10^{11} \,\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$. The impact of the doping on $P_{c}$ is explained using a phenomenological model that accounts for various mechanisms influencing exciton polarization dynamics, including exciton-carrier scattering processes and exciton-to-trion conversion rates. Among these, exciton-carrier collisions emerge as the dominant mechanism driving the observed variations in $P_{c}$, while the exciton effective lifetime remains nearly independent of doping. These findings highlight the potential of photochemical methods for investigating valley physics and for effectively tuning the exciton polarization degree in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

In transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor monolayers the spin dynamics of electrons is controlled by the original spin-valley locking effect resulting from the interplay between spin-orbit interaction and inversion asymmetry. As a consequence, for electrons occupying bottom conduction bands, a carrier spin flip occurs only if there is a simultaneous change of valley. However, very little is known about the intra-valley spin relaxation processes. In this work we have performed stationary and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements in high quality WSe$_2$ monolayers. Our experiments highlight an efficient relaxation from bright to dark excitons, due to a fast intra-valley electron transfer from the top to the bottom conduction band with opposite spins. A combination of experiments and theoretical analysis allows us to infer a spin relaxation time of about $\tau_s\sim10~$ps, driven by the interplay between $\Gamma$-valley chiral phonons and spin-orbit mixing., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

We have investigated the exciton fine structure in atomically thin WSe2 -based van der Waals heterostructures where the density of optical modes at the location of the semiconductor monolayer can be tuned. The energy splitting $\Delta$ between the bright and dark exciton has been measured by photoluminescence spectroscopy. We demonstrate that $\Delta$ can be tuned by a few meV, as a result of a significant Lamb shift of the optically active exciton which arises from emission and absorption of virtual photons triggered by the vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. We also measured strong variations of the bright exciton radiative linewidth, as a result of the Purcell effect. All these experimental results illustrate the strong sensitivity of the excitons to local vacuum field. We found a very good agreement with a model that demonstrates the equivalence, for our system, of a classical electrodynamical transfer matrix formalism and quantum-electrodynamical approach. The bright-dark splitting control demonstrated here should apply to any semiconductor structures.

We investigate the diffusion process of negatively charged excitons (trions) in WSe2 transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer. We measure time-resolved photoluminescence spatial profiles of these excitonic complexes which exhibit a non-linear diffusion process with an effective negative diffusion behavior. Specifically, we examine the dynamics of the two negatively charged bright excitons (intervalley and intravalley trion) as well as the dark trion. The time evolution allows us to identify the interplay of different excitonic species: the trionic species appear after the neutral excitonic ones, consistent with a bimolecular formation mechanism. Using the experimental observations, we propose a phenomenological model suggesting the coexistence of two populations: a first one exhibiting a fast and efficient diffusion mechanism and a second one with a slower dynamics and a less efficient diffusion process. These two contributions could be attributed to hot and cold trion populations.

Optical properties of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides are controlled by robust excitons characterized by a very large oscillator strength. Encapsulation of monolayers such as MoSe$_2$ in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) yields narrow optical transitions approaching the homogenous exciton linewidth. We demonstrate that the exciton radiative rate in these van der Waals heterostructures can be tailored by a simple change of the hBN encapsulation layer thickness as a consequence of the Purcell effect. The time-resolved photoluminescence measurements together with cw reflectivity and photoluminescence experiments show that the neutral exciton spontaneous emission time can be tuned by one order of magnitude depending on the thickness of the surrounding hBN layers. The inhibition of the radiative recombination can yield spontaneous emission time up to $10$~ps. These results are in very good agreement with the calculated recombination rate in the weak exciton-photon coupling regime. The analysis shows that we are also able to observe a sizeable enhancement of the exciton radiative decay rate. Understanding the role of these electrodynamical effects allow us to elucidate the complex dynamics of relaxation and recombination for both neutral and charged excitons.

The emission of circularly polarized light from a single quantum dot relies on the injection of carriers with well-defined spin polarization. Here we demonstrate single dot electroluminescence (EL) with a circular polarization degree up to 35% at zero applied magnetic field. The injection of spin polarized electrons is achieved by combining ultrathin CoFeB electrodes on top of a spin-LED device with p-type InGaAs quantum dots in the active region. We measure an Overhauser shift of several $\mu$eV at zero magnetic field for the positively charged exciton (trion X$^+$) EL emission, which changes sign as we reverse the injected electron spin orientation. This is a signature of dynamic polarization of the nuclear spins in the quantum dot induced by the hyperfine interaction with the electrically injected electron spin. This study paves the way for electrical control of nuclear spin polarization in a single quantum dot without any external magnetic field., Comment: initial version, final version to appear in ACS Nano Letters

The optical selection rules for inter-band transitions in WSe2, WS2 and MoSe2 transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers are investigated by polarization-resolved photoluminescence experiments with a signal collection from the sample edge. These measurements reveal a strong polarization-dependence of the emission lines. We see clear signatures of the emitted light with the electric field oriented perpendicular to the monolayer plane, corresponding to an inter-band optical transition forbidden at normal incidence used in standard optical spectroscopy measurements. The experimental results are in agreement with the optical selection rules deduced from group theory analysis, highlighting the key role played by the different symmetries of the conduction and valence bands split by the spin-orbit interaction. These studies yield a direct determination on the bright-dark exciton splitting, for which we measure 40 $\pm 1$ meV and 55 $\pm 2$ meV for WSe2 and WS2 monolayer, respectively.

The strong light matter interaction and the valley selective optical selection rules make monolayer (ML) MoS2 an exciting 2D material for fundamental physics and optoelectronics applications. But so far optical transition linewidths even at low temperature are typically as large as a few tens of meV and contain homogenous and inhomogeneous contributions. This prevented in-depth studies, in contrast to the better-characterized ML materials MoSe2 and WSe2. In this work we show that encapsulation of ML MoS2 in hexagonal boron nitride can efficiently suppress the inhomogeneous contribution to the exciton linewidth, as we measure in photoluminescence and reflectivity a FWHM down to 2 meV at T = 4K. This indicates that surface protection and substrate flatness are key ingredients for obtaining stable, high quality samples. Among the new possibilities offered by the well-defined optical transitions we measure the homogeneous broadening induced by the interaction with phonons in temperature dependent experiments. We uncover new information on spin and valley physics and present the rotation of valley coherence in applied magnetic fields perpendicular to the ML., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

Carrier and spin recombination are investigated in p-type GaAs of acceptor concentration NA = 1.5 x 10^(17) cm^(-3) using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy at 15 K. At low pho- tocarrier concentration, acceptors are mostly neutral and photoelectrons can either recombine with holes bound to acceptors (e-A0 line) or form excitons which are mostly trapped on neutral acceptors forming the (A0X) complex. It is found that the spin lifetime is shorter for electrons that recombine through the e-A0 transition due to spin relaxation generated by the exchange scattering of free electrons with either trapped or free holes, whereas spin flip processes are less likely to occur once the electron forms with a free hole an exciton bound to a neutral acceptor. An increase of exci- tation power induces a cross-over to a regime where the bimolecular band-to-band (b-b) emission becomes more favorable due to screening of the electron-hole Coulomb interaction and ionization of excitonic complexes and free excitons. Then, the formation of excitons is no longer possible, the carrier recombination lifetime increases and the spin lifetime is found to decrease dramatically with concentration due to fast spin relaxation with free photoholes. In this high density regime, both the electrons that recombine through the e-A0 transition and through the b-b transition have the same spin relaxation time., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures

MoTe2 belongs to the semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenide family with some properties differing from the other well-studied members (Mo,W)(S,Se)2. The optical band gap is in the near infrared region and both monolayers and bilayers may have a direct optical band gap. We first simulate the band structure of both monolayer and bilayer MoTe2 with DFT-GW calculations. We find a direct (indirect) electronic band gap for the monolayer (bilayer). By solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we calculate similar energies for the direct excitonic states in monolayer and bilayer. We then study the optical properties by means of photoluminescence (PL) excitation, time-resolved PL and power dependent PL spectroscopy. We identify the same energy for the B exciton state in monolayer and bilayer. Following circularly polarized excitation, we do not find any exciton polarization for a large range of excitation energies. At low temperature (T=10 K), we measure similar PL decay times of the order of 4 ps for both monolayer and bilayer excitons with a slightly longer one for the bilayer. Finally, we observe a reduction of the exciton-exciton annihilation contribution to the non-radiative recombination in bilayer.

We have investigated the exciton dynamics in transition metal dichalcogenide mono-layers using time-resolved photoluminescence experiments performed with optimized time-resolution. For MoSe2 monolayers, we measure $\tau_{rad}=1.8\pm0.2$ ps that we interpret as the intrinsic radiative recombination time. Similar values are found for WSe2 mono-layers. Our detailed analysis suggests the following scenario: at low temperature (T $\leq$ 50 K), the exciton oscillator strength is so large that the entire light can be emitted before the time required for the establishment of a thermalized exciton distribution. For higher lattice temperatures, the photoluminescence dynamics is characterized by two regimes with very different characteristic times. First the PL intensity drops drastically with a decay time in the range of the picosecond driven by the escape of excitons from the radiative window due to exciton- phonon interactions. Following this first non-thermal regime, a thermalized exciton population is established gradually yielding longer photoluminescence decay times in the nanosecond range. Both the exciton effective radiative recombination and non-radiative recombination channels including exciton-exciton annihilation control the latter. Finally the temperature dependence of the measured exciton and trion dynamics indicates that the two populations are not in thermodynamical equilibrium., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures

We combine linear and non-linear optical spectroscopy at 4K with ab initio calculations to study the electronic bandstructure of MoSe2 monolayers. In 1-photon photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and reflectivity we measure a separation between the A- and B-exciton emission of 220 meV. In 2-photon PLE we detect for the A- and B-exciton the 2p state 180meV above the respective 1s state. In second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy we record an enhancement by more than 2 orders of magnitude of the SHG signal at resonances of the charged exciton and the 1s and 2p neutral A- and B-exciton. Our post-Density Functional Theory calculations show in the conduction band along the $K-\Gamma$ direction a local minimum that is energetically and in k-space close to the global minimum at the K-point. This has a potentially strong impact on the polarization and energy of the excitonic states that govern the interband transitions and marks an important difference to MoS2 and WSe2 monolayers., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

We investigate exciton dynamics in 2H-WSe2 bilayers in time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Fast PL emission times are recorded for both the direct exciton with $\tau_{D}$ ~ 3 ps and the indirect optical transition with $\tau_{i}$ ~ 25 ps. For temperatures between 4 to 150 K $\tau_{i}$ remains constant. Following polarized laser excitation, we observe for the direct exciton transition at the K point of the Brillouin zone efficient optical orientation and alignment during the short emission time $\tau_{D}$. The evolution of the direct exciton polarization and intensity as a function of excitation laser energy is monitored in PL excitation (PLE) experiments., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

Monolayers (MLs) of MoS2 and WSe2 are 2D semiconductors with strong, direct optical transitions that are governed by tightly Coulomb bound eletron-hole pairs (excitons). The optoelectronic properties of these transition metal dichalcogenides are directly related to the inherent crystal inversion symmetry breaking. It allows for efficient second harmonic generation (SHG) and is at the origin of chiral optical selections rules, which enable efficient optical initialization of electrons in specific K-valleys in momentum space. Here we demonstrate how these unique non-linear and linear optical properties can be combined to efficiently prepare exciton valley coherence and polarization through resonant pumping of an excited exciton state. In particular a new approach to coherent alignment of excitons following two-photon excitation is demonstrated. We observe a clear deviation of the excited exciton spectrum from the standard Rydberg series via resonances in SHG spectroscopy and two- and one-photon absorption. The clear identification of the 2s and 2p exciton excited states combined with first principle calculations including strong anti-screening effects allows us to determine an exciton binding energy of the order of 600 meV in ML WSe2., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures + Supplementary Information

We report on the selective creation of spin filltering regions in non-magnetic InGaAs layers by implantation of Ga ions by Focused Ion Beam. We demonstrate by photoluminescence spectroscopy that spin dependent recombination (SDR) ratios as high as 240% can be achieved in the implanted areas. The optimum implantation conditions for the most efficient SDR is determined by the systematic analysis of different ion doses spanning four orders of magnitude. The application of a weak external magnetic field leads to a sizeable enhancement of the SDR ratio from the spin polarization of the nuclei surrounding the polarized implanted paramagnetic defects.

The electron spin dynamics in (111)-oriented GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells is studied by timeresolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. By applying an external field of 50 kV/cm a two-order of magnitude increase of the spin relaxation time can be observed reaching values larger than 30 ns; this is a consequence of the electric field tuning of the spin-orbit conduction band splitting which can almost vanish when the Rashba term compensates exactly the Dresselhaus one. The measurements under transverse magnetic field demonstrate that the electron spin relaxation time for the three space directions can be tuned simultaneously with the applied electric field., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures

Light pulses propagating through ZnO undergo distortions caused by both bound and free excitons. Numerous lines of bound excitons dissect the pulse and induce slowing of light around them, to the extend dependent on their nature. Exciton-polariton resonances determine the overall pulse delay and attenuation. The delay time of the higher-energy edge of a strongly curved light stripe approaches 1.6 ns at 3.374 eV with a 0.3 mm propagation length. Modelling the data of cw and time-of-flight spectroscopies has enabled us to determine the excitonic parameters, inherent for bulk ZnO. We reveal the restrictions on these parameters induced by the light attenuation, as well as a discrepancy between the parameters characterizing the surface and internal regions of the crystal., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

The optical orientation of the exciton spin in an ensemble of self-organized cubic GaN/AlN quantum dots is studied by time-resolved photoluminescence. Under a polarized quasi-resonant excitation, the luminescence linear polarization exhibits no temporal decay, even at room temperature. This demonstrates the robustness of the exciton spin polarization in these cubic nitride nanostructures, with characteristic decay times longer than 10 ns.

We report on both experimental and theoretical study of conduction-electron spin polarization dynamics achieved by pulsed optical pumping at room temperature in GaAs(1-x)N(x) alloys with a small nitrogen content (x = 2.1, 2.7, 3.4%). It is found that the photoluminescence circular polarization determined by the mean spin of free electrons reaches 40-45% and this giant value persists within 2 ns. Simultaneously, the total free-electron spin decays rapidly with the characteristic time ~150 ps. The results are explained by spin-dependent capture of free conduction electrons on deep paramagnetic centers resulting in dynamical polarization of bound electrons. We have developed a nonlinear theory of spin dynamics in the coupled system of spin-polarized free and localized carriers which describes the experimental dependencies, in particular, electron spin quantum beats observed in a transverse magnetic field., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, Submitted to JETP Letters