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This study involves a simple and low cost chemical method for the synthesis of Gallium Nitride (GaN) nanoparticles at low temperature. Structural and optical characterizations were carried out using various techniques in order to investigate the properties of the nanoparticles. The Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) images showed that the nanoparticles consist of cubic and hexagonal shapes, indicating crystallized structural quality of the GaN nanoparticles. The average size of the nanoparticles was found to be 51 nm. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis further confirmed the hexagonal and cubic phases of GaN nanoparticles. The room temperature photoluminescence deduced h-GaN energy gaps of 2.95, 3.12 and 3.13 eV.

Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) films were deposited as an absorber layer on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates by a screen printing technique using CIGS ink with a Ga content ranging from 0.3 to 0.6. The melting point of PET substrate is 254.9 °C; the average transmission in the visible (400 nm–800 nm) for PET substrates is greater than 85%. Effects of Ga content of the CIGS absorber layer on structural and electrical properties of the CIGS films were studied. The lattice parameters, a and c for all CIGS films were decreased with increasing Ga content. At room temperature, Hall mobility and charge-carrier concentration of the CIGS films varies from 97.2 to 2.69 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 9.98×1016 to 3.23×1018 cm−3, respectively.

Chalcopyrite copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) ink was prepared by dissolving copper, indium, gallium acetylacetonate and Se powder in oleylamine using the hot injection methods. CIGS films were deposited on a PET plastic substrate by a screen-printing technique using CIGS ink with a Ga content ranging from 0.3 to 0.6. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that the films exhibit a chalcopyrite-type structure. The crystalline grain sizes of the films decrease with increasing Ga content. AFM data shows that the root mean square (RMS) surface roughness of the CIGS film decreases with increasing Ga content. The effects of the Ga content in the CIGS absorber layer on the optical properties of the corresponding thin films and solar cells were studied. The band-gap energies of the CIGS thin films increased with an increasing Ga/(In+Ga) ratio. The short-circuit current (ISC) of the solar cell decreased linearly with the Ga/(In+Ga) ratio, while the open-circuit voltage (VOC) increased with this ratio. The solar cell exhibited its highest efficiency of 4.122% at a Ga/(In+Ga) ratio of 0.3.

This study reports a simple and low cost chemical method for the synthesis of InGaN nanoparticles at low temperature. The nanoparticles were drop-casted on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and characterized via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a nano-crystalline InGaN with hexagonal phase and In mole fraction of 15. As confirmed by FESEM, the average diameter of In0.15Ga0.85N nanoparticles increased simultaneously with increase in the thickness of as-deposited films. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum showed a blue emission at 2.4 eV and UV emission peak at 3.1 eV for In0.15Ga0.85N.

In the title structure, C19H14N4O4, there are two crystallographically independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The nitro groups are coplanar with the attached benzene rings. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and π–π inter­actions.

In the title compound, C11H11FN4OS, an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, molecules form chains through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which are extended by N—H...S hydrogen bonds into an infinite three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, C15H12N4OS, the dihedral angle between the nine-membered indolin-2-one ring system and the phenyl ring is 2.72 (7)°. Intramolecular cyclic N—H...O and C—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions [graph setS(6)] are present, as are weak N—H...N interactions [graph setS(5)]. In the crystal, molecules form centrosymmetric cyclic dimers through pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds [graph setR22(8)] and these are extended by C—H...S interactions. The crystal structure also features weak C—H...π interactions.

In the title compound, C10H9N5O3S, an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaN—H...S hydrogen bonds into a zigzag chain along thebaxis. C—H...O interactions are observed between the chains.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(C(15)H(11)N(4)OS)(2)]·C(3)H(7)NO, contains one Ni(II) complex mol-ecule and one disordered dimethyl-formamide solvent mol-ecule. The Ni(II) ion is six-coordinated in a distorted octa-hedral geometry by two N, two O and two S atoms. An intra-molecular C-H⋯S hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked through inter-molecular N-H⋯S, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds into infinite two-dimensional network parallel to the ab plane. The structure is further stablized by weak C-H⋯π inter-actions. The dimethylformamide solvent molecule is disordered over two sets of sites in a 0.514 (15):0.486 (15) ratio.

The title compound, C21H15NO4, was synthesized by reducing the Schiff base obtained from acenaphthenequinone and ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. The dihedral angle between the essentially planar 1,3-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline ring system [maximum deviation = 0.061 (2) Å] and the benzene ring is 75.08 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are connected via weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network. The ethyl group is disordered over two sets of sites with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.502 (12):0.498 (12).

In the title compound, 4C5H8N3+·2C8H4O42−·C5H7N3, the asymmetric unit consists of two protonated diaminopyridine cations, one phthalate anion and one half of a diaminopyridine molecule, which has twofold rotation symmetry and is disordered over two positions with a site-occupancy ratio of 0.534 (3):0.466 (3). In the disordered structure, both pyridine rings are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.011 (2) and 0.006 (2) Å, and these two rings are inclined to one another at a dihedral angle of 79.86 (10)°. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the ions and molecules into a three-dimensional network. The structure is further stabilized by C—H...π interactions.

The title compound, C14H11BrN4O4, comprises two crystallographically independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. In moleculeB, intramolecular bifurcated N—H...O and N—H...Br hydrogen bonds and in moleculeA, an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generateS(6) ring motifs. The dihedral angle between the phenyl and benzene rings is 5.44 (6) in moleculeAand 7.63 (6)° in moleculeB. Theortho- andmeta-nitro substituents make dihedral angles of 6.67 (15) and 2.26 (15)° to the attached benzene ring in moleculeAand 6.37 (17) and 5.81 (16)° in moleculeB. The Br atom in moleculeBis disordered over two positions with a refined site-occupancy ratio of 0.61 (3):0.39 (3). Interesting features of the crystal structure are the short Br...N [3.257 (3)–3.294 (4) Å], Br...O [3.279 (3)–3.307 (4) Å] and O...O [2.9319 (16)–2.9995 (16) Å] contacts, which are shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms. The crystal structure is further stabilized by intermolecular C—H...O and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6643 (8)–3.8514 (8) Å].

The title thiosemicarbazone derivative, C12H18N4S, features intramolecular N—H...N and C—H...S hydrogen bonds which generate S(5) ring motifs. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the thiourea unit is 6.30 (6)° indicating planarity in the molecule. Intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds generate dimers with an R22(8) ring motif. The methyl group of the N-ethyl residue is disordered and was refined with site occupancies of 0.521 (5) and 0.479 (5).

In the title compound, C11H12N4OS, an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond generates anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the molecules form a helical chain along theaaxis through an N—H...O hydrogen bond. These chains are extended by an N—H...S hydrogen bond and a C—H...π interaction into a three-dimensional network.

The title compound, C15H11FN4OS, crystallizes with three independent molecules (A, B and C) in the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the nine-membered 5-fluoroindolin-2-one ring system and the benzene ring are 22.14 (11), 12.56 (11) and 3.70 (11)° in molecules A, B and C, respectively. In all three molecules, intramolecular cyclic N—H...O and C—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions [graph set S(6)] are present in the N—N—C—N chain between the ring systems. In the crystal, the A molecules form centrosymmetric cyclic dimers through intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which are linked into a supramolecular chain along [100] via C—H...F interactions; each type of hydrogen bond has graph set graph set R22(8). A similar chain stabilised by similar interactions and also along [100] but, comprising alternating molecules of B and C is found. The latter chains are connected via C—H...S interactions, forming a layer with a zigzag topology parallel to (001).

In the title compound, C15H11ClN4OS, the dihedral angle between the nine-membered 5-chloroindolin-2-one ring system and the benzene ring is 10.00 (6)°. Intramolecular cyclic N—H...O and C—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions [graph set S(6)] are present in the N—N—C—N chain between the ring systems. In the crystal, molecules form centrosymmetric cyclic dimers through intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds [graph-set R22(8)] and are extended by C—H...Cl interactions into infinite chains which propagate along [100].

In the title compound, C16H14N4OS, the dihedral angle between the nine-membered 5-methylindolin-2-one ring system and the benzene ring is 10.21 (7)°. Intramolecular cyclic N—H...O and C—H...S hydrogen-bonding interactions [graph set S(6)] are present within the N—N—C—N chain between the ring systems. In the crystal, molecules form centrosymmetric cyclic dimers through pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds [graph set R22(8)].

In the title compound, C(15)H(14)N(2)O(4), the N=C double bond has an E configuration. The two benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 28.59 (6)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by inter-molecular N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and stabilized by weak C-H⋯π inter-actions.

In the title compound, C13H9N5O7, one of the nitro groups is twisted away from the attached benzene ring by 16.21 (8)°. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 4.63 (1)°. The molecular structure is stabilized by intramolecular N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds which generate an S(6) ring motif. The molecules pack as layers parallel to the ab plane; molecules of adjacent layers are linked into chains along the [101] direction through N—H...O hydrogen bonds.

In the title compound, C7H6N4O4, the mol­ecule is essentially planar and the nitro groups are nearly coplanar with the benzene ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯N inter­actions, as well as by short O⋯O and O⋯N contacts.

In the title compound, C(15)H(14)N(2)O(4), the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 40.59 (4)° and an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, C15H14N2O3, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 66.56 (5)°. In the crystal, N—H...O, O—H...O and C—H...O interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional network. A π–π interaction, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.628 (6) Å, helps to establish the packing.

In the title molecular salt, C7H16N+·Cl−, the piperidinium ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, the two components are connected by N—H...Cl and C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a supramolecular double-chain structure along the c axis.

In the title hydrated molecular salt, C7H11N2+·Cl−·2H2O, the pyridine N atom of the 2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyridine molecule is protonated. The cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.006 (2) Å. In the crystal, the components are linked by N—H...O, N—H...Cl and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, thereby forming sheets lying parallel to (100). The crystal structure is further stabilized by aromatic π–π stacking interactions between the pyridinium rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.4789 (9) Å].

In the title compound, C14H12N2O3, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 21.70 (4)°. An intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional framework.

In the title compound, C13H11N3O3, the mol­ecule is essentially planar, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings being 5.31 (10)°. The nitro group meta to the phenyl­hydrazone substituent is almost coplanar with the ring to which it is attached, with a dihedral angle of 3.09 (12)° between the plane of the nitro group and the phenol ring plane. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions inter­connect the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional framework. In addition, the crystal packing is stabilized by weak π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.7279 (11) A].