Search

Optimization and kinetic modeling of methyl ester production from non-edible tung nut oil (Vernicia fordii) and methanol using a solid acidic ionic liquid polymer as a catalyst were performed in this study. A solid acidic ionic liquid polymer was synthesized using vinyl imidazole, 1, 3-propane sulfonate, N, N- dimethyl dodecylamine, allyl bromide and toluene, characterized and used for transesterification of tung nut oil for methyl esters synthesis. The optimum reaction conditions resulted in highest methyl ester yield of 91% were a tung-nut- oil -to-methanol molar ratio of 1:1.5, solid acidic ionic liquid polymer catalyst loading of 160 wt % based on the oil, reaction time of 6 h, agitation speed of 400 rpm and reaction temperature of 65 °C. Further kinetic studies performed at different temperatures revealed that the conversion of tung nut oil to methyl ester follows the first order reaction. Methyl esters were purified using an ion exchange resin and then analyzed by GC-MS. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated as 72.81 kJ mol−1. The properties of methyl esters such as kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, density at 25 °C, cloud point and pour point were also determined. Methyl esters met the quality standard defined under ASTM. Image 1 • The novel solid acidic ionic liquid polymer has been synthesized and characterized. • The solid acidic ionic liquid polymer showed high capacity in methyl esters production. • Maximum yield of methyl esters (91%) at 65 °C for 6 h with 400 rpm. • The process can generate biodiesel of high purity that meets the quality demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The PEI 10000 C 12 polymer ionic liquid was selected as the most efficient catalyst. • The mechanism of polymer ionic liquid catalyzed esterification/transesterification was clarified. • An emerging, efficient and green technology for ethyl ester production was developed. • Kinetics of ethyl esters has been investigated using Pistacia chinensis with polymer ionic liquid. • We examined the catalytic activity of structure and reusability of polymer ionic liquid. A novel solid acidic polymeric ionic liquid catalyst was synthesized for ethyl esters production via the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, normally transesterification of Pistacia chinensis oil with diethyl carbonate. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was used to characterize the products and optimize the reaction conditions to provide P. chinensis oil derived ethyl esters in 93% yield. Kinetic studies performed at different temperatures revealed that the conversion of P. chinensis oil to an ethyl ester follows first order reaction kinetics. The properties of ethyl esters were determined, found to meet the ASTM D6751-02. Results revealed that the catalyst had perfect utility after several runs without much loss in activity. The mild conditions (1:5) P. chinensis oil:diethyl carbonate molar ratio, 300 wt% PIL loading, 120 °C, 400 rpm, 6 h, recyclability of the catalyst make the proposed synthesis a sustainable method for the development of ecofriendly, cost-effective biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The novel solid acidic ionic liquid polymer has been synthesized and characterized. • Methyl esters from Jatropha curcas seed oil in a solid ionic liquid polymer one step process. • The process can generate methyl esters of high purity that meets the quality demands. • Kinetic of methyl esters has been investigated using Jatropha curcas with PILs. The objective of this study was to use n -hexane containing an ionic liquid for the extraction of oil and transesterification for the production of methyl esters from Jatropha curcas oil. A solid acidic ionic liquid polymer was synthesized using vinyl imidazole, 1,3-propane sultone, N , N -dimethylhexadecyl amine, allyl bromide, toluene, and the product was characterized by NMR and used for the transesterification. The optimum reaction conditions that resulted in the highest methyl ester yield of 94% were a J. curcas oil-to-dimethyl carbonate molar ratio of 1:5, a solid acidic ionic liquid polymer catalyst loading of 260 wt%, for 6 h with 500 rpm at 80 °C. Methyl esters were purified using celite powder and then analyzed by GC–MS. The activation energy and reaction rate constant were calculated from 4.862 to15.382 kJ/mol, and 0.389 to 4.602, respectively. The methyl esters met the quality standards defined under ASTM D6751-02. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mesoporous polymer ionic liquids for the immobilization of lipase demonstrated mesoporous properties. • Resultant systems were used as recyclable biocatalysts for ester production. • Lipase immobilization led to higher stability than that of the free enzyme. • The process can generate high-purity esters using lipase-immobilized mesoporous polymer ionic liquid. Herein, fatty acid esters were synthesized cost-effectively from various fatty acids using reusable lipase (L) immobilized with novel porous ionic polymer (PIP) (l –PIP). The functionalized mesoporous PIP was synthesized through Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of 1, 4-bis(bromomethyl) benzene in the presence of ferric chloride as catalyst, and lipase was completely immobilized with PIP at varied time, forming l –PIP–6 H , l –PIP–12 H , l –PIP–18 H , l –PIP–24 H , l –PIP–30 H , and l –PIP–36 H , which were applied in ester production. l –PIP–30 H was characterized using FT–IR, SEM, XPS, solid–state 13C NMR, and N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. The conversion of oleic acid reached 88.21 % under optimized conditions (12:1 ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio after 5 h at 45 °C with 250 wt% catalyst at 300 rpm). The stability and reusability of l –PIP–30 H were demonstrated by the sustained catalytic efficiency for at least six reaction cycles. Good catalytic activity during the esterification of various free fatty acids with ethanol was observed. This cost–efficient and effective lipase–immobilized PIP catalyst may have positive economic and environmental repercussions to inspire further academic and industrial research on biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ionic organic polymeric materials fabricated with urea units are the efficient catalysts for the CO 2 fixation reaction. • The outstanding performance was attributable to the synergistic effect of bromine ion and urea units. • The kinetic experimental was studied and the activated energy was calculated as 48.5 kJ/mol. • A possible mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by ionic organic polymeric material of UIP-2 was proposed. Ionic organic polymeric materials are one of the most promising catalysts for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to five-membered cyclic carbonates (5CCs). Herein, a series of urea functionalized ionic organic polymer materials UIPs (UIP-1, UIP-2 and UIP-3) have been prepared by condensation and Menshutkin reaction of three components in one-pot by solvothermal method. After characterization by FT-IR, SEM, 13C CP MAS NMR, TGA, N 2 adsorption and XPS spectroscopy, the UIPs were alternated as competitive catalysts for the CO 2 cycloaddition reaction with epoxides without metal and co-catalyst under solvent-free conditions. In particular, UIP-2, derived from 1,3,5-tribromomethyl benzene, 4-amino pyridine and 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in the CO 2 cycloaddition reaction with a high cyclic carbonate yield of 92.6 % under mild conditions: epichlorohydrin (ECH) (10 mmol), UIP-2 (0.10 mmol), reaction at 70 °C for 16 h with 1 bar of CO 2 , and the activated energy was calculated to be 48.5 kJ/mol. Furthermore, a possible catalytic mechanism was proposed by experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The ionic organic polymeric materials (UIPs) fabricated with urea units as activation sites showed excellent catalytic activity for CO 2 fixation reaction under mild conditions. The outstanding performance was attributable to the synergistic effect of nucleophilic bromine ion and urea unit as hydrogen bonding donor. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New suites of sulfonic acid-functionalized microporous ionic polymers (PIPs) catalysts were synthesized with polymer, alkyl bromides, and 1, 3-propane sultone via a two-step procedure. The synthesized microporous PIP catalysts were characterized using FT-IR, SEM-Mapping, XPS, N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, solid NMR spectroscopy, and element analysis. Esterification of several fatty acids with ethanol, which was used as a model reaction in the stabilization of Jatropha curcas seed oil, was checked over functionalized PIP. We tested the catalytic performance of PIP-C 8 on the synthesis of fatty acid esters via the transesterification of J. curcas seed oil with a mixture of short-chain alcohols such as ethanol, ethanol–to–diethyl carbonate (1;1 molar ratio), and ethanol–to–dimethyl carbonate (1:1 molar ratio) with 170 mg of PIP-C 8 at reflux temperature with agitation. The PIP-C 8 catalyst was particularly effective, having achieved yields of 85%, 94%, and 70% for J. curcas seed oil with ethanol, J. curcas seed oil with ethanol–to–DEC, and J. curcas seed oil with ethanol–to–DMC, respectively, under the optimized reaction conditions. The catalyst could be recycled more than five times without significant deactivation. Kinetic studies performed at different temperatures revealed that the conversion of oleic acid to an ethyl ester follows a first-order reaction. The best catalysts with microporous structure (average pore diameter: 1.7–1.9 nm, pore volume: 0.23–0.33 cm3 g–1) and –SO 3 H density (0.70–0.84 mmol/g cat) were obtained by 1, 3-propane sultone of the chemically activated. The results indicate that the site activity of functionalized microporous ionic polymer materials shows promising approach for the development of environmentally friendly technology. [Display omitted] • A novel, efficient and recyclable microporous ionic polymer (PIPs) catalyst was synthesized. • The catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability of synthesized microporous PIP was examined. • Microporous PIP catalyst yield excellent FFA tolerance level. • Microporous PIP catalyst exhibit promising results for FFAs esterification and Jatropha curcas oil transesterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]