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The purpose of this study was to examine the association between race and concussion diagnosis as well as the association between race and mechanism of injury (MOI) for concussion diagnoses in adult patients (>19 years old) visiting the emergency department (ED). A retrospective analysis of patient visits to the ED for concussion between 2010 and 2018, using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, was conducted. Outcome measures included concussion diagnosis and MOI. Multivariable and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between race and outcome variables. The results were weighted to reflect population estimates with a significance set at p < 0.05. Overall, 714 patient visits for concussions were identified, representing an estimated 4.3 million visits nationwide. Black adults had lower odds of receiving a concussion diagnosis [p < 0.05, Odds Ratio (OR), 0.54; 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 0.38–0.76] compared to White adults in the ED. There were no significant differences in MOI for a concussion diagnosis by race. Racial differences were found in the ED for concussion diagnosis. Disparities in concussion diagnosis for Black or other minoritized racial groups could have significant repercussions that may prolong recovery or lead to long-term morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examined the association between participation in school‐based and/or community‐based activity and major depressive episodes (MDE) in adolescents using nationally representative data. Methods: This study utilized cross‐sectional data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health from 2015 to 2019. Nine screening questions determined the presence of past‐year MDE in adolescents ages 12‐17 (n = 67,033). Participants indicated past‐year participation in school‐based (eg, team sports, cheerleading, choir, band, student government, or clubs) and/or community‐based activities (eg, volunteer activities, sports, clubs, or groups). Sociodemographic variables included sex, race/ethnicity, family income, and age. Descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable regression analyses were conducted. The multivariable model included interaction terms between age and sex, and age and race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, 14% of the sample met the criteria for having MDE. The odds of MDE increased with age. Joint effects of age and sex, and age and race/ethnicity significantly influenced the association between MDE and school‐ or community‐based activities. Participation in 1+ community‐based activities was protective for MDE across all races/ethnicities. Conclusions: Findings help illuminate the direct association of school‐ and community‐based activity participation on MDE risk in adolescents, improving our understanding of MDE across various sociodemographic subgroups in an adolescent population. Schools should aim to facilitate equitable programming and endorse adolescent participation in multiple activities throughout the year. Schools should examine the resources available and consider partnerships that would bolster resources, access, and social capital throughout the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess the time from linkage to care and viro-immunologic parameters before and after implementation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2006 revised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing strategy. Methods: Case reports from South Carolina's enhanced HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Reporting System were used to compare time to linkage to care and viro-immunologic indicators at diagnosis and 1 year after diagnosis of HIV in individuals diagnosed between 2004 and 2006 (n = 2456) with those diagnosed between 2008 and 2010 (n = 2118). CD4 T-cell count/percent and viral load tests were used as a proxy for a clinical visit and to determine disease stage. Results: Individuals diagnosed between 2008 and 2010 were less likely than those diagnosed between 2004 and 2006 to be in care after 12 months than within 3 months of HIV diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.42, 95% confidence interval [I] 0.34-0.51). Individuals diagnosed between 2008 and 2010 were more likely than those diagnosed between 2004 and 2006 to have high CD4 T-cell counts (>500 cells per cubic millimeter than S200 cells per cubic millimeter; AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01-1.51) and have undetectable viral loads 1 year post-HIV diagnosis (AOR 8.42, 95% CI 6.96-10.18). Although period of diagnosis did not predict disease stage 1 year post-HIV diagnosis (AOR 0.99, 95% CI 0.87-1.13), there was a decrease from 13% between 2004 and 2006 to 10% between 2008 and 2010 in the percentage of HIV-only patients at diagnosis who progressed to AIDS 1 year postHW diagnosis. Conclusions: Implementation of routine, opt-out HIV testing resulted in more timely linkage to care and improved viro-immunologic parameters 1 year postdiagnosis when compared with the previous testing recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]