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The work reported here is a systematic study to evaluate the compatibility of using PS-F (potassium silicate with high modulus – fly ash) slurry in the conservation of adobe structures. Firstly, the optimum mixing proportion (0.47) was determined by flow meter. Then the experimental program was divided into two parts: one part studied changes in physical and mechanical properties with increase in setting time by means of the measurement of moisture content, compressive and flexural strength, elastic-wave velocity, density, and porosity; the other part studied the durability of PS-F slurry through temperature and humidity cycles, freeze–thaw cycles, water stability, tensile testing, and alkali resistivity tests. The results show that the consolidation process with the slurry can meet the requirements of conservation applications and provide a timely anchoring force, and the slurry and soil mass of adobe-based structures have good compatibility in physical and mechanical properties. In addition, the slurry ...

In this study, calcined ginger nuts (CGN) grouts admixed by fly ash (F) and quartz sand (S) was investigated on its suitability for anchoring use in earthen sites. According to requirement for the consistency of grout, the mix proportions were determined with 0.45 for CGN_F, 0.33 for CGN_S and 0.35 for CGN_F_S, by mass, to study their physical and mechanical property and durability. Test results indicated that use of fly ash can prolong the initial setting time of grout and admixture by fly ash and quartz sand leaded to lowest density and shrinkage, higher porosity, and highest strength. Accelerated aging tests indicated that admixture by fly ash led to a high resistance to fluctuation of temperature and humidity, sulfate attack and alkali environment; meanwhile, admixture by quartz sand resulted in high resistance to freeze-thaw action and water environment. As a compromise, CGN_F_S can get predominant durability. The paper shows that CGN_F_S grout is basically compatible to earthen sites and suitable for anchoring use in the conservation of earthen sites in terms of workability and durability.

Almost all defects of earthen buildings such as roughening, erosion, volume reduction, cracking as well as crazing, etc., have been witnessed in the ancient city of Jiaohe, an earthen architectural heritage in northwest China. In this paper, their long-term durability and deterioration due to prolonged exposure to environmental factors were studied, based on the basis of field investigation and laboratory analysis. The results indicated that the deterioration of building materials should be attributed to their basic properties, including density, particle size distribution, soluble salts, mineral, mechanical strength, etc., and interaction with environmental factors. And then, four main deterioration modes can be identified, namely: wind-related deterioration, water-related deterioration, temperature-related deterioration and chemical related deterioration. It can be concluded that the greatest deterioration was wind-related deterioration on west-north facing facades, and chemical related deterioration on the surface of building materials.