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During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and deep influence in platform safety and operability, in a process explained in Figure 1. Those digital technologies, such as the use of databases, computer aided engineering (CAE), analysis tools, 3D simulations and consistency check, were identified in constructability reviews and were developed to achieve the best constructability procedures and solve construction inconsistencies between several involved disciplines in posterior detailed design, procurement and commissioning phases. This manuscript aims to present the use of digital technologies to support constructability analysis in offshore oil & gas production facility – surface installations - projects of Petrobras.

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), one of three next-generation extremely large telescopes (ELTs), will have a 25.4- meter diameter effective aperture, and will be located on the summit of Cerro Las Campanas in Chile. Developing a new observatory for cutting-edge science operations and a 50-year lifespan poses challenges that have resulted in competing design concepts. This paper discusses the concepts that have been adopted in the GMT site master plan, including designs for the site infrastructure, telescope enclosure, and facilities. The GMTO site has been in active construction since 2015, and in the past two years has completed important steps in site development including completion of residential and office facilities, road improvements, and other necessary infrastructure to support upcoming work. This paper concludes with an overview on managing design and construction simultaneously.

Appropriate design and operations of deepwater facilities require prior knowledge of expected properties of gas, oil and water to be produced. With the subsurface uncertainty of reservoir connectivity, compositional gradients, aquifer presence and support and the extent of the reservoir to be developed, it is challenging to put bounds to the expected fluid properties. Any estimates of production rates and the fluid property variations in a field to be developed is riddled with uncertainty, as are other aspects of the development. The integrated project team consisting of reservoir, flow assurance, facilities and production disciplines is tasked to convert this uncertainty to a robust set of design basis for execution. For the team to be successful in this endeavor, the team members are expected to be aware of the potential impact of the production chemistry on the project success. This paper is a discussion of principal fluid characteristics that may compete with other uncertainties to define project risks. In this discussion, production chemistry refers to both fluid compositions and the macroscopic flow-related elements. For example, fluid compositions and flowing pressure and temperatures impact hydrate, paraffin and/or asphaltene precipitation and deposition characteristics. And kinematic properties such as viscosity and phase equilibria impact the design of flowlines, separators and ultimately operations. Specific discussions are on condensate and water properties in wet gas field developments and for oil developments, asphaltene and water properties are discussed. Intent of this discussion is to assess the influence of fluid properties on successfully developing and operating wet gas and black oil fields.

The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) will have a 25.4-meter diameter effective aperture, and is one the three currently planned next generation extremely large telescopes (ELTs). The GMT will be located at the summit of Cerro Campanas at the Las Campanas Observatory (LCO) in Chile, one the world’s best observing sites. This paper provides an overview of the site master plan comprising site infrastructure, enclosure, and facilities, and outlines the analysis of alternative trade studies that will lead to the final design. Also presented is an update of the site infrastructure development and preconstruction activities currently underway that will be completed prior to the beginning of enclosure construction near the end of 2016.

Operators, as well as engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) companies facing large capital expenditure projects, such as new-build and brownfield production and process installations, are creating new designs and practices to accommodate the complexity of changing demands and environments.

Public facilities are the basis of urban public space, and public facilities are core parts of emergency shelters. It is important that the design of rescue facilities focuses on relief efforts. This article analyzes the present situation and raises questions about the study on the design of public facilities in emergency shelters, then applies theory related to design semiotics, cites examples, and suggests improvements on the usability and completeness of public facilities in emergency shelters. Facilities design in emergency shelters provides the theoretical foundation to make rescue system of emergency shelter more effective in the future.

Contractors’ personnel play a prominent role in enhancing the constructability of facilities design, construction and assessment. Looks at the constructability concepts identified by the Construction Industry Institute at Austin, Texas (CII) and represents and describes the constructability concepts in relation to contractors’ personnel. Discusses the role of each of them in enhancing constructability of facilities projects. Concludes that a set of obligations are the answer to the question of “How can the contractor’s personnel enhance the project constructability?”.

The engineer’s personnel play a prominent role in enhancing the constructability of facilities design, construction and assessment. This paper is based on the constructability concepts identified by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) at Austin, Texas and represents and describes the constructability concepts in relation to the engineer’s personnel. It discusses the role of each of them in enhancing constructability of facilities projects. A set of obligations has been concluded as an answer to the question of "How can the engineer’s personnel enhance the project constructability?".

Classroom and facilities management require more than a series of techniques. Management and safety require a philosophy. Veteran teachers who “make it look easy“ have not perfected the techniques of management inasmuch as they have integrated certain techniques into a system and philosophy of C&I, assessment, discipline, facilities design, and safety. We can think of our combination of techniques and philosophies as flexible superstructure that complements our somewhat inflexible infrastructure of architectural units, devices, software, tools, and machines. The greatest amount of anxiety for new teachers tends to be over classroom management, and specifically the way that individual students are disciplined for incivilities. Rather than confronting incivilities, effective management and safety depends on preventive infrastructure and systems that are in place. This point cannot be stressed enough. Students will test new and veteran teachers alike. Veteran teachers may have the benefit of experience in dealing with incivilities such as bullying, but they rely on their infrastructure and systems of prevention rather than their reactive techniques. They know how to deal with individual incivilities but prefer preventive measures by setting a tone for acceptable classroom behavior. We will explore a range of techniques, including humor, for dealing with classroom behavior.

The long-range performance of a facility is controllable mainly in the design phase by using quantifiable aspects of serviceability and performance. But Facilities design and serviceability is not a linear activity, and problems with a building often indicate other more subtle problems, relating to areas of management such as administration or personnel. These problems, and the needs that must be addressed in solving them, are important factors in creating a long-range serviceable building.

Abstract Agbami is an oil field in 5,000 ft water offshore Nigeria. Following a decision at the end of 2002 to move from using a Dry Tree Unit (DTU) to an all-subsea development, the subsea facilities team was faced with moving from a minimal pressure maintenance scope to a full scale production and injection system consisting of approximately 40 wells. At this time the floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel definition was well advanced while the subsurface development plan was undergoing major revision. This paper reviews the design development for the subsea facilities. Also reviewed is the method employed that provided flexibility to accommodate ongoing changes in subsurface requirements while allowing preparation of invitations to tender for lump sum contracts, along with descriptions of the work processes and some key decisions. Introduction The Agbami field was discovered in 1998 and plans were put in place to proceed with an initial development scheme comprising an FPSO and limited subsea wells. As reservoir understanding developed, the subsea facilities were replaced with a DTU and a water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection system comprising six subsea wells for pressure maintenance. In October of 2002, the pressure maintenance scheme was revised to a conventional gas injection and water injection scheme due to uncertainties in the performance of WAG. Production capacities for the FPSO were set at 250,000 bbl of oil per day (BOPD), 450,000 bbl of fluid per day (BFPD) and 450,000 thousand standard cubic ft per day (Mscf/D) of gas based on profiles developed using analogue wells and sector models. Revisions to the already well developed engineering for the FPSO commenced. A full reservoir model was being developed to establish well targets and surface locations but this was not expected to yield results until mid 2003. Nonetheless, studies indicated the need for a significant increase in the number of non-DTU (subsea) development wells. After careful evaluation, the DTU was dropped in favor of an all subsea development. Significant drivers in this decision were:Similar economic performance for reduced initial investment commitment.Increased flexibility to accommodate potential future changes in subsurface requirements. Early in 2003 the subsea team commenced front end engineering for subsea facilities. The development plan consisted of approximately 40 subsea production, gas injection, and water injection wells tied into the FPSO. Although subsea engineering had been undertaken in support of all previous development plans, the scale of these schemes was small, consisting mostly of injection wells for pressure maintenance. It was therefore appropriate to fully review the work to date in relation to the much increased scope and the now-critical role of the subsea facilities to overall project performance. Subsea Front End Engineering Design Strategy The developing nature of the subsurface definition, combined with the need to provide a firm basis for FPSO engineering, required a specific approach to subsea system front end engineering design (FEED). The approach would provide long term flexibility to accommodate change in subsurface requirements with minimum future impact on FPSO. The methodology would also support an immediate start to subsea FEED if the project schedule for delivery of trees was to be achieved.

This paper discusses the structure (life-cycle stages and environmental areas of concern) of a streamlined, environmental Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) matrix for facilities (the physical plant, including buildings and equipment), the types of questions developed for the matrix cells, approaches to valuation, criteria for application, and the first impressions of the facility design community. It is expected that the matrix will evolve over time as it is applied and the users become more familiar with its application. The matrix also provides a template for structuring a Design for the Environment (DfE) approach to facilities design and planning.

Processing biological agents requires the use of containment facilities to ensure that the biological agent is not itself contaminated and to ensure operator and environmental protection. Categorization of biological agents according to hazard and categories of containment is fully described in the ACDP guidelines [1]. For animal cell cultures, even where a pathogen has not been identified, the uncertainty arising from the potential for contamination with unidentified agents (primarily viruses) means that, in general, they should be handled under containment level 2 (see Chapter 1).

ABSTRACT The topsides facilities for the Garden Banks 426A, "Auger" Tension Leg Platform (TLP) include full production and drilling rig facilities plus shared facilities such as accommodations, utilities and power generation. From 1988 through 1993, a diverse engineering and construction team utilized multiple consultants and fabrication contractors to design and construct numerous modules and skids for subsequent integration into the TLP deck structure (see schedule overview - Figure 1). The project team developed design and construction strategies, consultant and contractor selection strategies, and coordinated the actual design and construction process. The team took the initial design basis for various TLP systems (e.g., production, drilling, utilities, power generation, etc.) and by combining existing technology with new, unique ideas, developed a state-of-the art facility which will ultimately drill, complete and produce oil and gas wells in 2860 ft of water at Garden Banks 426A. The TLP deck, complete with modules, was mated to the hull in October 1993. Commissioning activities were performed simultaneously as associated interconnecting piping and electrical work was completed. The entire TLP was ultimately towed to its Gulf of Mexico site for tendon installation in December 1993 with final start-up scheduled for 1st Quarter 1994. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT A. Consultant Usage Multiple design consultants provided the wide variety of skills required and fulfilled the substantial engineering and drafting manpower requirements. Following requests for quotations, the consulting firms were selected based on engineering/drafting expertise, cost, and manpower availability. The contracts were generally distributed as follows:Production Process and Utilities SystemsDrilling Rig SystemsPower Generation/Distribution SystemsControl SystemsAccommodationsRegulatory Submittals Detailed engineering contracts were awarded in the 2nd Quarter of 1988. The primary engineering/drafting effort was concluded in mid-1991. B. Design Influences Although many different factors influenced the final design basis, several major factors are as follows:Design ParametersNumerous design parameters such as production flow rates, drilling depths, drilling loads and environmental effects influenced the design of various topsides systems. These parameters are discussed in the "Design Basis" section.Weight BudgetA critical consideration for TLP design is payload weight. Not only is weight costly, but a change in payload weight during the design cycle can have significant cost and schedule impact. Therefore, a topsides weight budget was established during the conceptual design phase and an estimated weight (plus contingency for error and unidentified items) and center of gravity was provided for each module, building, skid, etc. This weight budget was then utilized by the TLP deck and hull structural designers. As topsides design progressed and additional items were identified, weight estimates were refined and the weight budget updated. The weight budget was ultimately "frozen" in December 1989 so that deck and hull structural analysis could be finalized. After fabrication, all items greater than 100 tons were weighed with load cells for final verification.

The engineering design of the surface facilities for the SSC is a large and diverse task totaling 27 primary projects budgeted at $299,000,000. Design is either completed or in progress on 25 of the 27 projects, with design completion at 83 percent. Construction contract values on these projects range from $200,000 to $46, 700,000. These 25 projects are on schedule, supporting the technical operation of the laboratory, and are overall within five percent of budget. The big success story of the past two years on the surface has been the fast-track design/construction of the accelerator systems string test facility, with a phased occupancy in October 1991. By September 1992, the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (SSCL) had successfully proven the operation of the cold magnets string, and had done it several weeks ahead of the first critical technical schedule milestone for the project.

This paper describes a management approach to achieving cost effective offshore topsides by setting realistic weight targets for their specification and design. It is based upon an analysis of oil platforms on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS), but the approach can be applied to other mature operating areas.