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High‐temperature heating is ubiquitously utilized in material synthesis and manufacturing, which often features a rapid production rate due to the significantly improved kinetics. However, current technologies generally provide overall and steady‐state heating, thereby limiting their applications in micro/nano‐manufacturing that require selective patterning and swift heating. Herein, significantly improved control over small‐scale heating is reported by utilizing 3D printed reduced‐graphene‐oxide (RGO) probe triggered by electrical Joule heating, which enables precise heating with high spatial (sub‐millimeter scale) and temporal (milliseconds) resolutions. The block copolymer‐modified aqueous‐based RGO ink enabled 3D printing of high‐precision structures, and a bio‐inspired cellular microstructure is constructed to achieve control of the electrical conductivity and maximize structure robustness (benefit for efficient heating and operability). In particular, a thermal probe featuring a microscale tip with excellent heating capabilities (up to ≈3000 K, ultra‐fast ramping rate of ≈105 K s−1, and durations in milliseconds) is fabricated. This thermal probe is ideal for surface patterning, as it is demonstrated for the selective synthesis of patterned metal (i.e., platinum and silver) nanoparticles on nano‐carbon substrates, which is not possible by traditional steady‐state heating. The material construction and heating strategy can be readily extended to a range of applications requiring precise control on high‐temperature heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]