1. EWS-FLI1 and Menin Converge to Regulate ATF4 Activity in Ewing sarcoma
- Author
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Ramon Ocadiz Ruiz, Jennifer A. Jiménez, Abhijay Kumar, Jolanta Grembecka, Elena Haarer, April A. Apfelbaum, Elizabeth R. Lawlor, Allegra G. Hawkins, Alessandra X. Garcia, Dong Chen, Costas A. Lyssiotis, Laurie K. Svoboda, Zeribe C. Nwosu, Trupta Purohit, Joshua Bradin, and Tomasz Cierpicki
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Scaffold protein ,Cancer Research ,Oncogene Proteins, Fusion ,Context (language use) ,Bone Neoplasms ,Sarcoma, Ewing ,Biology ,Article ,Serine ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Transcription (biology) ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,Transcriptional regulation ,Humans ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,Cell Proliferation ,Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1 ,Gene Expression Profiling ,ATF4 ,fungi ,Activating Transcription Factor 4 ,Biosynthetic Pathways ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,030104 developmental biology ,HEK293 Cells ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cancer research ,RNA Interference ,RNA-Binding Protein EWS ,Protein Binding - Abstract
Ewing sarcomas are driven by EWS–ETS fusions, most commonly EWS-FLI1, which promotes widespread metabolic reprogramming, including activation of serine biosynthesis. We previously reported that serine biosynthesis is also activated in Ewing sarcoma by the scaffolding protein menin through as yet undefined mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether EWS-FLI1 and/or menin orchestrate serine biosynthesis via modulation of ATF4, a stress-response gene that acts as a master transcriptional regulator of serine biosynthesis in other tumors. Our results show that in Ewing sarcoma, ATF4 levels are high and that ATF4 modulates transcription of core serine synthesis pathway (SSP) genes. Inhibition of either EWS-FLI1 or menin leads to loss of ATF4, and this is associated with diminished expression of SSP transcripts and proteins. We identified and validated an EWS–FLI1 binding site at the ATF4 promoter, indicating that the fusion can directly activate ATF4 transcription. In contrast, our results suggest that menin-dependent regulation of ATF4 is mediated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Importantly, our data also reveal that the downregulation of SSP genes that occurs in the context of EWS-FLI1 or menin loss is indicative of broader inhibition of ATF4-dependent transcription. Moreover, we find that menin inhibition similarly leads to loss of ATF4 and the ATF4-dependent transcriptional signature in MLL-rearranged B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, extending our findings to another cancer in which menin serves an oncogenic role. Implications: These studies provide new insights into metabolic reprogramming in Ewing sarcoma and also uncover a previously undescribed role for menin in the regulation of ATF4.
- Published
- 2021