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High soil copper (Cu) concentrations in vineyards can cause phytotoxicity to grapevine rootstocks. In order to mitigate toxicity, the use of grapevine rootstock genetic variation and the application of amendments are possible strategies. The aim of this study is to assess the tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to Cu excess and whether phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) can reduce phytotoxicity caused by Cu. Grapevine rootstock seedlings were produced from selected stakes: Paulsen 1103 (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris); SO4 (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia); IAC 572 ((Vitis Riparia × Vitis rupestris) × Vitis caribaea); and Isabel (Vitis labrusca). Seedlings were grown in nutrition solution added with the following treatments: 0.3 µM Cu (control); 60 µM Cu; 60 µM Cu and 62 mg L -1 P; 60 µM Cu and 400 mg L -1 Ca. High Cu concentration caused phytotoxicity in all rootstocks, impairing their growth and decreasing nutrient concentration and photosynthetic activity. P and Ca addition had positive effect on the photosynthetic activity of all rootstocks, although it was not enough to revert growth to levels comparable with controls. Overall, based on the results, the application of P and Ca was not efficient in mitigating Cu phytotoxicity in grapevine plants grown in solution. Isabel was the most sensitive rootstock to Cu phytotoxicity, whereas Paulsen 1103 and SO4 presented more tolerance and can be used, together with other management strategies, in contaminated vineyard areas. Therefore, careful genotype rootstock selection for use in high Cu soils is important, while Ca and P are not efficient mitigators of Cu toxicity., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Grass species native to South American can have mechanisms to tolerate copper (Cu) excess, which improves their use to phytoremediate Cu-contaminated soils . The aims of the present study are to assess the tolerance of grass species native to South American grasslands to copper-contaminated soils, as well as their adaptive responses under high Cu-stressed condition and to identify native grass species presenting the highest potential to be used for phytoremediation purposes. Soil samples were air-dried and their acidity, phosphorus and potassium levels were corrected, and the samples were incubated. Three Cu levels were used in the experiment: natural (Dose 0), with added of 40 mg kg -1 of Cu and with added of 80 mg kg -1 of Cu. Three Axonopus affinis , Paspalum notatum and Paspalum plicatulum seedlings were transferred to 5-L pots filled with soil in August and grown for 121 days. Soil solution was collected during cultivation with the aid of Rhizon lysimeters. Main concentrations of cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon and pH in the soil solution were analyzed and the ionic speciation was carried out. Cu toxicity impaired the growth of grass species native to South America, since Cu excess led to both changes in root morphology and nutritional unbalance. Among all assessed native species, Paspalum plicatulum was the one presenting the greatest potential to phytostabilize in Cu-contaminated soils, since it mainly accumulates Cu absorbed in the roots; therefore, its intercropping with grapevines is can be beneficial in Cu-contaminated soils.

Foliar fungicide application in grapevines increases the content of heavy metals such as copper (Cu) in vineyard soils, which may reach phytotoxic levels. The application of soil amendments such as limestone and vermicompost may reduce Cu availability and phytotoxicity. The study aimed to assess growth, physiological status and changes in root morphology in young grapevines grown for 12 months in Cu-contaminated soil with and without the application of soil amendments. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf soil were collected in a vineyard with more than 30 years of cultivation. The following treatments were used: 1) control (without amendment), 2) application of organic vermicompost (86.7 g kg -1 ) and 3) application of limestone (3 Mg ha -1 ). Grapevines (Paulsen 1103 rootstock) were transplanted and grown for 12 months in PVC soil columns. We assessed parameters of growth, photosynthesis and root morphology. Grapevines grown in soil treated with limestone showed increased growth, dry matter yield and photosynthetic efficiency. The highest Cu concentrations in root tissue were found in grapevines grown in control soil. The application of vermicompost in this study did not alleviate Cu toxicity. Grapevines grown in soil treated with vermicompost showed high manganese (Mn) concentration in shoots before the winter pruning, reflecting the high Mn concentrations in soil solution that caused Mn phytotoxicity, resulting in plant death after the winter pruning. The vermicompost used in this study is not suitable for agronomic use. The use of limestone was an effective strategy to reduce Cu availability and phytotoxicity., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve plant ability to uptake P and tolerate heavy metals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of available P and the inoculation of Rhizophagus clarus in a Cu-contaminated soil (i) on the activity of acid phosphatases (soil and plant), the presence of glomalin, and (ii) in the biochemical and physiological status of Mucuna cinereum. A Typic Hapludalf soil artificially contaminated by adding 60 mg kg -1 Cu was used in a 3 × 2 factorial design with three replicates. Treatments consisted of three P levels: 0, 40, and 100 mg kg -1 P. Each P treatment level was inoculated (+AMF)/non-inoculated (-AMF) with 200 spores of R. clarus per pot, and plants grown for 45 days. The addition of at least 40 mg kg -1 P and the inoculation of plants with R. clarus proved to be efficient to reduce Cu phytotoxicity and increase dry matter yield. Mycorrhization and phosphate fertilization reduced the activity of enzymes regulating oxidative stress (SOD and POD), and altered the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, due to the lower stress caused by available Cu. These results suggest a synergism between the application of P and the inoculation with R. clarus, favoring the growth of M. cinereum in a Cu-contaminated soil. This study shows that AMF inoculation represents an interesting alternative to P fertilization to improve plant development when exposed to excess Cu., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Organic amendments often represent a source of trace metals (TMs) in soils, which may partly leach into the groundwater. The objectives of this study were (1) to validate Hydrus-2D for modeling the transport of Zn and Cu in an Alfisol amended with pig slurry (PS) by comparing numerical simulations and experimental field data, and (2) to model the next 50 years of TM movements under scenarios of suspended or continued PS amendments. First, between 2000 and 2008, we collected detailed Zn and Cu data from a soil profile in Santa Maria, Brazil. Two hypotheses about Zn and Cu reactivity with the solid phase were tested, considering physical, hydraulic, and chemical characteristics of six soil layers. Using a two-site sorption model with a sorption kinetic rate adjusted based on laboratory EDTA extractions, Hydrus simulations of the vertical TM transport were found to satisfactorily describe the soil Zn and Cu concentration profiles. Second, the long-term fate of Zn and Cu in the soil was assessed using the validated parameterized model. Numerical simulations showed that Zn and Cu did not present risks for groundwater pollution. However, future Cu accumulation in the surface soil layer would exceed the Brazilian threshold for agricultural soils., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fraction accumulation and adsorption capacity were evaluated in sandy-soil after 16 pig slurry (PS) and deep-litter (DL) applications under subtropical climate. Sixteen PS and DL applications to a Typic Hapludalf increased soil Cu and Zn soluble, exchangeable, mineral, organic, and total fractions. Cu mostly accumulated in organic and residual fractions (1.03, 4.39, 9.81, and 9.68, 12.9, 13.98 mg Cu kg−1 in the control, PS, and DL, respectively), whereas Zn presented a greater increase in mineral and exchangeable fractions (0.42, 6.39, 15.46 and 1.67, 8.96, 14.83 mg Zn kg−1 in the control, PS, and DL, respectively). Manure applications changed Cu and Zn adsorption behavior, with the greatest (895.8 mg Cu kg−1 and 945.9 mg Zn kg−1) adsorption occurring in DL, which is related to the 1.5- and 1.6-times organic matter increase compared to PS and control. Cu showed a preference for soil exchangeable sites under the competitive adsorption system, reducing Zn absorption about 11 and 6 times in the PS and DL, respectively. Application of pig manure rates based solely on crop N demand is unwise as it potentiates Cu and Zn accumulation, Zn bioavailability, increasing the risk of Zn toxicity and transference to aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of copper (Cu)-based fungicides to control diseases in vineyards can cause excessive Cu accumulation in soils. Greater Cu availability is expected in acid sandy soils with low organic matter (OM), where the risk of toxicity to plants and environment contamination is high. This study aimed to study the evolution of Cu in acid, sandy soils planted with grapevines for a period of time between 2 and 32 years. Two studies were carried out in South Brazil: in the first study, soil samples, from 19 vineyards were collected and analyzed in the first 0.2 m depth-layer for the total and available Cu. In the second study, 3 soils were selected among the previous 19 according to the age of vineyard (5, 11, and 30 year-old), and their 0.60 m-depth profile was analyzed for 5 fractions of Cu (soluble, exchangeable, mineral, organic, and residual). All the soils were classified as Ultisols. The vineyards with more than 25 years under cultivation had a mean total Cu concentration of 90 mg kg−1in the 0–0.10 m layer. Approximately 80% of it was potentially available to plants. The greatest total and available Cu were found in the soil surface layers (0.2 m depth), where up to 75% of the total Cu is adsorbed in clay minerals and only 20% is complexed in the OM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Successive pig slurry application can increase the copper and phosphorus levels in the soil and the losses of these elements by surface runoff and percolation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the losses and the forms of both copper and phosphorus in the surface runoff and also in/on the percolation solution, on soils with successive pig slurry application under no tillage system. The experiment was installed in 2000, at Typic Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of successive applications of 0, 40 and 80m3 ha-1 of pig slurry applied on soil surface in no tillage system. Samples of surface runoff and percolated solutions were collected during the life cycle of oat (Avena strigosa) in the 2006 winter, when the soil had a history of 16 pig slurry applications. The following parameters have been evaluated: Cu, P, cation, anion and pH, dissolved organic carbon and electric conductivity. The Visual MINTEQ program version 2.15 was utilized to estimate the copper and phosphorus ionic speciation. The surface runoff is the most important form of copper and phosphorus loss of the soil. In addition, copper was found in the organic form (CuCOD) and phosphorus in the free forms (HPO4 2- e H2PO4 -) in the surface runoff solution. Thus, these elements could be an important source of water contamination in places where pig farming is widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]