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The extensive use of nanoparticles (NPs) increases the possibility of their deposition into water ecosystems and endangering aquatic life. Thus, this study aimed to assess the acute effect of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on the freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea. Biochemical, histopathological, and genotoxic biomarkers were examined to achieve this purpose. Clams were exposed to 1.8 and 6.6 mg/l of CuO NPs for 96 h. By comparison with control clams, a significant increase in both malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels occurred with a concomitant decrease in catalase (CAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in clam's tissues treated with both sub-lethal concentrations. Histopathological alterations were observed in the mantle, gills, digestive glands, and gonads of C. fluminea exposed to both sub-lethal concentrations and the histopathological indices for all the reaction patterns in the examined tissues were significantly higher in clams exposed to the higher concentration of CuO NPs (6.6 mg/l). DNA damage evaluated by changes in RAPD profiles. These findings revealed that CuO NPs have a toxicological impact on Corbicula fluminea even after a short period of exposure, thereby immense care should be taken regarding its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO nanoparticles with good water solubility and uniform particle size were successfully prepared. Interestingly, the oxidase-like activity of CuO NPs was continuously enhanced by the addition of thiourea (TU), and the enzyme activity was further enhanced by the addition of aluminum ion (Al3+). By systematically exploring and optimizing the experimental conditions, including the key parameters such as temperature, reaction time, and pH, a fluorescence-colorimetric dual-mode sensing system based on CuO nanoparticles was constructed. The detection range of TU and Al3+ were 1-100 µM and 1-100 µM, respectively, and the selectivity and precision of detection were further improved. In addition, the catalytic mechanism of CuO NPs as oxidase-like catalysts and the specific process in the reaction were investigated. Finally, the nano-sensing system was successfully applied to the analysis of three real environmental samples, namely, tap water, lake water and river water, which provided an effective new strategy for the future development of nano-sensing technology for TU and Al3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher usage of copper oxide nanomaterials in industrial and biomedical fields may cause an increase of these nanoparticles in aquatic environments, which could have a detrimental ecological effect. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles on the freshwater gastropod, Biomphalaria alexandrina. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and UV–VIS spectrophotometer of CuO NPs revealed a typical TEM image and a single crystal structure with average crystallite size of approximately 40 nm also, a sharp absorption band was appeared. Following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of CuO NPs (LC10, 15.6 mg/l and LC25, 27.2 mg/l), treated snails revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione contents as well as catalase, and sodium dismutase activities were significantly declined (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. Also, histopathological alterations were observed in the digestive gland, including ruptured and vacuolated digestive cells, and a marked increase in the number of secretory cells and the severity of the damage increased with rising concentrations. Furthermore, changes in RAPD profiles were detected in the treated snails. In conclusion, our research highlights the potential ecological impact of CuO NPs release in aquatic ecosystems and advocates for improved monitoring and regulation of CuO NPs industrial usage and disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work considers the application of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) for the pre-sowing treatment of pea seeds as trace element fertilizer. CuO NPs were chosen since Cu-containing forms are actively involved in the construction of necessary proteins and enzymes, as well as in the processes of growth and development of cells, tissues, and plants. However, many works reported that CuO NPs have a toxic effect on crops as well. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of CuO NPs towards pea seeds. It was found that the best indicators of changes in the length of roots and sprouts occur at treatment with 0.1 mg/L CuO NPs. At the same time, the length of roots and sprout of pea seeds at 100 mg/L CuO NPs was the lowest concerning other samples. Preliminarily, the results obtained revealed the potential toxic effect of CuO NPs on pea seeds at concentrations ≥ 1 mg/L. However, anatomical and histological examination revealed that the toxic effect starts from 10 mg/L. The results obtained will become a basis for further study of the multidirectional impact of CuO NPs on other crops at various concentrations for the determination of optimal concentrations with growth-stimulating effects for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale agrochemicals have been widely used in sustainable agriculture and may potentially affect the nitrogen fixation process in legume crops. The present study investigated the size-effects of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on nitrogen assimilation in soybean (G. max (L.) Merrill) plants, which were treated with different sizes (20 and 50 nm) of CuO NPs at low use doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) for 21 days under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that 50 nm CuO NPs significantly increased the fresh biomass more than 20 nm CuO NPs achieved at 10 mg/kg. The activities of N assimilation-associated enzymes and the contents of nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, proteins, and amino acids, in soybean tissues were greatly increased across all the CuO NP treatments. The use doses of two sizes of CuO NPs had no impact on the Cu contents in shoots and roots but indeed increased the Cu contents in soils in a dose-dependent fashion. Overall, our findings demonstrated that both 20 and 50 nm CuO NPs could positively alter soybean growth and boost N assimilation, furthering our understanding that the application of nanoscale micro-nutrient-related agrochemicals at an optimal size and dose will greatly contribute to increasing the yield and quality of crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide was prepared by simple chemical method and deposited on quartz glass and single crystal PSi for solar cell and Photodetector applications by drop casting method. XRD measurements reveal that the film was polycrystalline in nature. The average crystalline size of film was (17.46) nm. In order to investigate the optical characteristics of CuO, researchers took a recording of the transmittance against wavelength. It was determined that the optical energy gap of CuO is equal to 3.5 electron volts. The efficiency of solar cell was (0.27)% and the maximum value of spectral detectivity was 5*10 1 0 (cm Hz 0. 5 W − 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reported a green approach for the sonochemical-assisted synthesis (SAS) of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by using the aqueous extract of the Ficus johannis plant. The aqueous extract was obtained using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (15 min, 45 °C) and microwave-assisted extraction (15 min, 450 w). Next, the as-prepared extracts were used in a plant-mediated approach for the green synthesis of CuO NPs. The synthesized CuO NPs have been characterized via different techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), ultraviolet–visible absorption, photoluminescence, and Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic techniques. As observed, a broad absorption band around 375 nm clarified the successful synthesis of CuO NPs. From the SEM analysis, the average particle size of the prepared CuO NPs was estimated below 50 nm. In addition, the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal properties of the aqueous extracts as well as the as-prepared CuO NPs were evaluated by different assays. These included the release of protein, nucleic acids, disk diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-killing assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized via solution combustion approach with Bengal gram powder as a fuel. The XRD analysis confirms the monoclinic structure of CuO NPs. FT-IR spectrum reveals the formation of CuO NPs. SEM studies show that the NPs are nearly spherical, and the elemental composition was confirmed by EDAX. The absorption spectra revealed a direct optical band gap of 1.50 eV. DFT calculations were performed to determine the HOMO–LUMO energy bandgap and found to be 1.72 eV, which is in good agreement with the experimental value. The Z-scan technique was used to investigate the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) characteristics using DPSS continuous wave laser (532 nm, 200 mW). A high reverse saturation absorption and negative nonlinear refractions were observed. Third-order NLO parameters β , n 2 and χ (3) were found to be 1 9. 6 × 1 0 − 5 cm/W, − 1. 1 2 × 1 0 − 8 cm2/W and 5. 9 7 × 1 0 − 7 esu, respectively. The CuO NPs also displayed strong optical limiting behavior with a limiting threshold of 2.11 kW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO nanoparticles were made quickly from natural macromolecules using the combustion process, and their structural, morphological, thermal, and particle stability properties were examined. All samples were monoclinic polycrystalline by XRD. Tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine-assisted nanoparticles had crystallite sizes of 25.82, 26.18, 27.69, and 25.32 nm, respectively, according to the WH plot. FESEM and EDAX analysis verifies leaf, pollen grain, disc, and rice-like morphologies and stoichiometric products. Crystallite size correlates with TEM mean particle size. The parameters of the XRD pattern, which was matched with the standard data, reveal the presence of a pure monoclinic CuO phase with only substantial vibrations at 430 cm-1 to 603 cm-1. Thermal investigations (TG-DTA) demonstrate that particles are stable at 896°C-960°C before sublimating. Tea extract, wine, honey, and cow urine have been shown to affect CuO weight reduction. Anti-microbial study of the organic fueled CuO was made with Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative) bacteria, also Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungi. It is found that CuO nanoparticles effectively inhibit fungal growth more than bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study is to develop, a hitherto unreported, novel, and sustainable protocol to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Jasminum sambac flower extract. CuO NPs of diverse shapes and sizes were obtained using four different copper salt precursors, namely copper sulfate pentahydrate, copper chloride dihydrate, copper nitrate trihydrate, and copper acetate monohydrate while maintaining similar synthetic conditions. XRD analysis reveals that the crystallite sizes of NPs are in the range of 5.25–55.01 nm. FTIR has predicted that biomolecules serve as stabilizing as well as capping agents during the nucleation of NPs. The presence of broad absorption peaks, resulting from surface plasmon resonance, was observed in UV-Vis spectra. The FE-SEM images depicted the diverse morphologies of NPs, which were actually governed by the copper salt precursors. The EDS investigations endorse the dominant peaks corresponding to Cu and O. The analysis of antimicrobial activity was carried out to confirm their aptitude for biomedical applications. It was found that the analogy between the shape of bacteria and that of nanostructure resulted in efficient anti-bacterial activity. The toggle-shaped NPs of CuO derived out of copper sulfate precursor exhibited the best antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we explored the catalytic activity of CuO NPs prepared by gum of the Acacia Senegal plant for the multicomponent synthesis of Coumarin derivatives in an aqueous medium. The morphology of Bi–CuO NPs was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TGA–DTA tools. It has been shown that Bi–CuO NPs not only act as an efficient and green catalyst for the synthesis of Coumarin derivatives in an aqueous medium but also recover easily and is recycled many times without significant loss in their catalytic activity. High efficiency, short reaction time, high TOF, green solvent, and chromatography-free separation of the product are the key features of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO nanoparticles are synthesized from Ferulago angulate leaf extract under different pH values. The structural, morphological, as well as optical properties of the green synthesized CuO NPs are studied. Besides, the functional groups in the Ferulago angulate stabilizer capping the copper nanoparticles were examined using FTIR spectra. The primary factor that led to the first confirmation of CuO NP production was the reaction mixture's color change. A phytochemical test revealed the presence of proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. FTIR spectrum shows a peak at 532.35 cm-1, this may be attributed to CuO's vibrations confirming the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles. XRD analysis shows the presence of crystalline monoclinic cupric oxide (CuO). The morphological study (FESEM) shows different morphology (different shapes and sizes) under different pH values. EDS data shows the Orichness of the prepared CuO NPs extracted from Ferulago angulate [Schltdl.] BOISS leaf extract shows pure CuO phases. In this investigation, fabricated CuO's estimated energy band gap values were higher than those of bulk CuO. Results show Eg increment with increasing pH values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polymeric nanocomposite film, composed of PMMA/PVDF and different amounts of CuO NPs, was successfully prepared using the casting method to enhance its electrical conductivity. Various techniques were employed to investigate their physicochemical properties. The addition of CuO NPs causes a noticeable difference in the intensities and locations of vibrational peaks in all bands, confirming the incorporation of CuO NPs inside the PVDF/PMMA. In addition, the broadening of the peak at 2θ = 20.6° becomes more intense with increasing amounts of CuO NPs, confirming the increase in the amorphous characteristic of PMMA/PVDF incorporated with CuO NPs in comparison with PMMA/PVDF. Furthermore, the image of the polymeric structure exhibits a smoother shape and interconnection of pore structure associated with spherical particles that agglomerate and give rise to a web-like organization that becomes a matrix. Increasing surface roughness is responsible for an increasing surface area. Moreover, the addition of CuO NPs in the PMMA/PVDF leads to a decrease in the energy band gap, and further increasing the additional amounts of CuO NPs causes the generation of localized states between the valence and conduction bands. Furthermore, the dielectric investigation shows an increase in the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electric conductivity, which may be an indication of an increase in the degree of disorder that confines the movement of charge carriers and demonstrates the creation of an interconnected percolating chain, enhancing its conductivity values compared with that without the incorporation of a matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Physics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Green synthesis offers an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). In this study, the synthesis of CuO NPs was optimized by using copper sulfate (CuSO4) and the aqueous extract of Alpinia officinarum and its antifungal activity were investigated. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared radiation spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the optimized conditions for the synthesis of CuO NPs were 1:2 ratio of extract and CuSO4 solution, pH 7, and 30 °C. The characteristic UV–vis peak of A. officinarum synthesized CuO NPs was at 264 nm. The synthesized CuO NPs had high crystallinity and purity and were spherical in morphology with the mean size of 46.40 nm. The synthesized CuO NPs reduced the fungal growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the CuO NPs were 125 μg·mL−1 and 500 μg·mL−1, respectively. The antifungal activity of CuO NPs may be attributed to its ability to deform the structure of fungal hyphae, induce excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation in fungi, disrupt the mycelium cell membrane, and result cellular leakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth regulators tagged on metallic oxide nanoparticles (NPs) may function as nanofertilizers with reduced toxicity of NPs. CuO NPs were synthesized to function as nanocarriers of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed 30.4 nm size of NPs and sheet-like structure, respectively, of CuO-IAA NPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed CuO-IAA formation. IAA-decorated CuO NPs enhanced the physiological parameters of Chickpea plants, i.e., root length, shoot length, and biomass compared to naked CuO NPs. The variation in physiological response was due to change of phytochemical contents in plants. Phenolic content increased up to 17.98 and 18.13 µgGAE/mg DW at 20 and 40 mg/L of CuO-IAA NPs, respectively. However, significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes' activity was recorded compared to control. Presence of CuO-IAA NPs increased the reducing potential of plants at higher concentration of NPs, while decrease in total antioxidant response was observed. This study concludes that IAA conjugation to CuO NPs reduces toxicity of NPs. Furthermore, NPs can be explored as nanocarriers for plant modulators and slow release in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Versatile nature of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) has made them an imperative nanomaterial being employed in nanomedicine. Various physical, chemical, and biological methodologies are in use for the preparation of CuO NPs. The physicochemical and biological properties of CuO NPs are primarily affected by their method of fabrication; therefore, selectivity of a synthetic technique is immensely important that makes these NPs appropriate for a specific biomedical application. The deliberate use of CuO NPs in biomedicine questions their biocompatible nature. For this reason, the present review has been designed to focus on the approaches employed for the synthesis of CuO NPs; their biomedical applications highlighting antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant studies; and most importantly, the in vitro and in vivo toxicity associated with these NPs. This comprehensive overview of CuO NPs is unique and novel as it emphasizes on biomedical applications of CuO NPs along with its toxicological assessments which would be useful in providing core knowledge to researchers working in these domains for planning and conducting futuristic studies. Key Points: • The recent methods for fabrication of CuO nanoparticles have been discussed with emphasis on green synthesis methods for different biomedical approaches. • Antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties of CuO nanoparticles have been explained. • In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of CuO nanoparticles exploited along with their respective mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an easily, extremely fast, low-cost method with high-capacity removal for sunset yellow (SSY) was developed. A new modified nano-copper oxide (CuO) was fabricated using both glycine (Gly) and beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Initially, the nano-copper oxide was prepared through chemical precipitation method and then modified with β-CD in the presence of glycine. This tailored copper oxide NPs was depicted using FT-IR and XRD. The prepared decorated oxide, assigned as β-CD@Gly/CuO, was used as adsorbent for removal of the nontoxic food colorant such as sunset yellow (SSY). Batch studies were accomplished to identify the best conditions for practically removal of SSY using UV/Vis spectrophotometric measurements at λmax = 482 nm. The obtained results signified that more acidic medium of pH 1.7 was the optimum. The adsorption was found to be improved after β-CD decorated CuO nanoparticles due to the presence of many functional groups on β-CD which were able to bind SSY in acidic medium and reached 97% at the final conditions. In addition, the adsorption process was achieved in a relative short time of 10 min, and the model of the adsorption was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of copper oxide were synthesized from the Spirodela polyrrhiza (greater duckweed) plant. Ultraviolet spectroscopy absorbance of around 400 nm was used for nanoparticle characterization. The presence of copper and oxygen in the biogenic nanoparticles was analyzed by the EDX technique. Based on scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) results, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are evenly distributed and spherical, and their sizes are in the 100 nm range. The synthesized nanoparticles of copper oxide were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and nematicidal effectiveness against plants pest and pathogens. Antifungal and nematicidal activity against pests and plant pathogens was observed, with fungal mycelium reduced by 45–50% and eggs hatching. The findings suggest that plant-based copper oxide nanoparticles could be a potential source of plant pathogen inhibition. From this study, we concluded that synthesized CuO NPs have the potential to serve as a safer alternative for plant disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to biofabricate copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. The biofabricated CuO NPs were treated against the malarial parasite of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (INDO) and the antilarval efficacy was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and dengue vector Aedes aegypti. The prominence at 285 nm in the UV–visible spectrum helped to identify the produced CuO NPs. Based on the XRD patterns, the concentric rings correspond to reflections at 38.26° (111), 44.11° (200), 64.58° (220), and 77.34° (311). These separations are indicative of CuO's face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The synthesized CuO NPs have FTIR spectra with band intensities of 3427, 2925, 1629, 1387, 1096, and 600 cm−1. The absorbance band at 3427 cm−1 is known to be associated with the stretching O-H due to the alcoholic group. FTIR proved that the presence of the -OH group is responsible for reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized CuO NPs were found to be polymorphic (oval, elongated, and roughly spherical) in form with a size range of 11–47 nm and an average size of 16 nm when the morphology was examined using FESEM and HRTEM. The highest antiplasmodial efficacy against the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum (INDO) was found in the synthesized CuO NPs, with LC50 values of 19.82 µg/mL, whilst HEK293 cells are the least toxic, with a CC50 value of 265.85 µg/mL, leading to a selectivity index of 13.41. However, the antiplasmodial activity of T. cordifolia leaf extract (TCLE) and copper sulfate (CS) solution showed moderate activity, with LC50 values of 52.24 and 63.88 µg/mL, respectively. The green synthesized NPs demonstrated extremely high antilarval efficacy against the larvae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, with LC50 values of 4.06 and 3.69 mg/L, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper nanoparticles are widely utilized in a variety of applications, including metal catalysts, semiconductors, heat transfer fluids in machine tools, and even in antibacterial medications. Forty mature healthy Westar rats were utilized in the current investigation and grouped randomly into four groups (n = 10 rats/group). Group I (G1) was kept as a control group, but G2, G3, and G4 were intraperitoneally injected with CuO NPs with a dose (5 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg/kg body weight/day) respectively for 9 days. Rats were sacrificed; then, the livers and kidneys were dissected and subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Our findings of G2 and G3 revealed mild to moderate degenerative changes within the hepatic parenchyma, moderate blood vessel congestions, glycogen depletion, hemosiderosis, and microvesicular steatosis (fatty changes within the hepatocytes). In addition, at the level of kidney, our examination clarified moderate degenerations of the renal corpuscles and renal tubules with moderate swelling and congestions of the glomerulus with moderate vacuolations in the renal tubules lining epithelium. On the other hand, increasing the dose of CuO NPs, the toxicity became more obvious, where the liver of G4 revealed severe necrosis of hepatocytes with completely disorganizations of the hepatic rays, loss of the hepatic architectures, severe steatosis, severe hemosiderosis, sinusoidal dilatations with congestions, as well as severe fibrous tissue proliferation with anti-inflammatory cell infiltrations specially around portal triad with hyperplasia of bile duct. Meanwhile in kidney, G4 clarified severe necrosis and atrophy of the renal corpuscles with severe damage of Bowman's capsule leading to completely disorganization and loss of normal renal cortex architectures, severe congestion of the glomerulus, severe necrosis of the renal tubules with damage and sloughing for its lining epithelium, and severe hemorrhage between renal tubules. In addition, severe and diffuse caspase 3 immunoreactivity were observed within the hepatic and renal tissues of G4. The present investigation was concluded that the CuO NPs have a potential toxicological effect on the hepatic and renal tissues that may affect their functions.--> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work makes an investigation of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) composite scattered by copper oxide nanoparticles. Spectroscopic techniques have been utilized for studying the mechanism of the reaction between PVA/PVP and CuO NPs. Cell viability and antibacterial assessment are used for investigating the antibacterial activity of nanocomposite systems. XRD and FTIR-ATR approved the complexation and miscibility between PVA, PVP, and CuO NPs UV–Vis spectra approved the embedding of CuO NPs into PVA/PVP by the appearance of an additional peak at 336 nm. Optical parameters and bandgap calculation indicate that CuO NPs decrease the crystallinity of the nanocomposite system. DSC measurements were also studied to reveal the thermal stability of the prepared sample. The inhibition zone values of E. coli and S. aureus microorganisms increased by increasing the CuO NPs ratio in PVA/PVP to 18.5 ± 0.5 and 20.4 ± 6.0. The responses of the fibroblast cell line to the synthesized nanocomposites showed the capacity of PVA/PVP/CuO NPs nanocomposite to be recommended for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of nanomedicine, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are remarkable and foremost transition metal oxides having engrossing features. Their green synthesis is getting popularity as future antimicrobials due to cost effective, ecofriendly and simplicity. In this study, CuO NPs were synthesized from Aerva javanica (kapok bush or desert cotton) leaf extract which is well known for its medicinal properties. Antimicrobial potential of A. javanica synthesized CuO NPs was assessed against multi drug resistant bacterial and fungal strains. CuO NPs synthesised in this study were characterized using Uv-Visible, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS). These fabricated CuO NPs were studied for their antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method against multi drug resistant bacterial and fungal strains. Uv-Vis with absorbance band of 255nm confirmed the CuO NPs. XRD pattern distinctive structural peaks that confirmed the typical monoclinic CuO NPs structure. The average measured diameter of CuO NPs by XRD was 5.5 nm. FT-IR spectrum 1378 cm-1-1524 cm-1 displayed CuO vibrations. SEM studies revealed the spherical and agglomerated synthesized CuO nanoparticles. EDXS showed strong peak of copper and oxygen and low peak of carbon elements due to capping of biomolecules. CuO NPs exhibited significant (p<0.005) antimicrobial activity against resistant bacterial strains. However, the significant inhibitory effect was reported in gram negative as compared to gram positive bacterial strain. CuO NPs showed significant (p<0.005) antifungal activity. However, Aspergillus exhibited higher sensitivity as compared to Candida. Based upon our results, it can be anticipated that biologically synthesized CuO NPs can play role as promising therapeutic agents in nanomedicine field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports an environmentally safe synthesis of CuO NPs employing Echinophora platyloba DC extract. The production of CuO NPs was authenticated using various analytical characterization techniques such as FT‐IR, TEM, XRD, SEM‐EDX, DLS, zeta potential, and UV‐Vis. The DPPH assay was employed to assess the scavenging efficacy of synthesized CuO NPs. The results of the MTT assay exhibited that CuO NPs have efficient anticancer potential on two used cancer cell lines (MCF‐7 and Burkitt's lymphoma). Thus, it tempts us to study the synthesized CuO NPs biocompatible aspects by interactions with several biologically significant molecules. The present experimental evidence demonstrates the direct interaction of CuO NPs with DNA, which might be one of the credible highways elevating its anticancer potential. Moreover, we investigated the interaction of CuO NPs with the most important blood proteins (HSA, HHb, and Lys) in simulated physiological conditions using spectroscopic methods. The interaction findings suggest that the native conformation of the above proteins was preserved at the level of secondary structure in spite of complex formations with CuO NPs. The binding constant values revealed the greater binding affinity of CuO NPs with HSA, HHb, and Lys as compared to ct‐DNA; the binding affinity was found in the order HSA>HHb>Lys>ct‐DNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, copper oxide nanoparticles have been fabricated by using a biological method. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have received more attention than other metal oxides due to their distinctive properties and applications. Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained the attention of researchers because of its simple and ecologically sustainable approach. The biosynthesis of CuO NPs included the use of Passiflora edulis leaf extract that acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent. A non-toxic, cost-effective, and ecologically acceptable method was the use of plant leaf extract in the biogenesis of nanoscale materials. UV-vis, SEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques were used to examine the biologically produced copper oxide nanoparticles. The findings of the SEM examination, which gives morphological information, demonstrate that the synthesized NPs have a spherical shape and have an average particle size of between 60 and 65 nm. CuO has been further investigated in the current study as a photo-catalyst in the methylene blue (MB) dye degradation and as an antioxidant in free radical scavenging activities. The decolorization efficiency was approximately 93% after 160 min. Furthermore, CuO nanoparticles were tested for antioxidant performance by scavenging 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free radicals (DPPH) and evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The result showed that biologically synthesized CuO NPs can be used as an effective antioxidant. The half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of copper oxide nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 0.13–0.20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological safety of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in the environment determines the advancement of nano-agriculture owing to breakthroughs in nanotechnology; however, the release of Cu2+ is an uncontrollable factor. Currently, the trade-off mechanisms of CuO NPs and Cu2+ dominating the potential hazards of plant-nano systems remain unclear. This study proposed the trade-off strategy for reconstructing physiological responses and metabolic profiles and deciphered the differential regulation of dominant CuO NPs and Cu2+ in plants. The results showed that 100 and 500 mg/kg CuO NPs promoted root fresh weight but reduced shoot fresh weight, while 1000 mg/kg Cu2+ demonstrated the strongest inhibition on both roots and shoots. The net photosynthetic perturbation in photosynthetic disorders is accompanied by superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, which are severe under 1000 mg/kg CuO NPs and Cu2+ stress. Metabolomics revealed that CuO NPs significantly altered coumaric acid and derivatives, for example, down-regulating coumaroyl hexoside (isomers of 690 and 691) by 40.79 %. Additionally, Cu2+ treatment severely interfered with the dominant metabolic response, activating plant hormone signal transduction and α-linolenic acid metabolism. The trade-off strategies of galactose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, pantothenate and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, and β-alanine metabolism as differential metabolism were confirmed by comparing the CuO NPs and Cu2+ exposure. Protein secondary structure analysis revealed specific regulation of protein conformation upon exposure to CuO NPs and Cu2+. These findings provide new insights into differential metabolism and environmental effects in plant-nano systems. [Display omitted] • Cu2+ exposure stimulated ROS bursts and photosynthetic perturbations. • CuO NPs altered coumaric acid and derivatives without inducing metabolic disorders. • Jasmonic acid activated phytohormone signaling against Cu2+ stress. • Trade-off strategies of metabolic profiles were driven by CuO NPs and Cu2+. • (α-helix + β-turn)/β-sheet induced the protein secondary structure regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials (NPs) and antibiotics, as two emergent pollutants, forms a complex contamination through their interaction, potentially causing adverse effects on the organism. This study systematically examined the influence of two NPs (CuO NPs and carbon nanotubes, CNTs) on the photodegradation behavior of tetracycline (TC) and their combined toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that CuO NPs significantly accelerated TC photodegradation compared to CNTs, increasing the TC photodegradation rate constant by187.6%. Electron spin resonance (ESR) indicated that under the coexistence of CuO NPs or CNTs, 1O 2 、O 2 •- and •OH were the main active species promoting TC photodegradation. Probe and quenching experiments confirmed the predominant role of O 2 •- and 1O 2 in the presence of CuO NPs and CNTs. Additionally, three possible TC photodegradation pathways were proposed for the coexistence of CuO NPs and CNTs. In the Chlorella vulgaris growth inhibition experiment, the combined toxicity of CuO NPs or CNTs and TC was higher than that of individual substance, indicating significant synergistic effects, especially with the combination of CNTs and TC. This study provides a new perspective on accurately assessing the environmental behaviors and risks when NPs and antibiotics coexist. [Display omitted] • CuO NPs obviously accelerated the photodegradation of TC than CNTs. • O 2.•- and 1O 2 were the main active species in the CuO NPs and CNT coexistence system. • Toxicity of TC degradation products was lower in CuO NPs coexistence system. • CuO NPs or CNTs combined with TC cause graver toxic effects on Chlorella vulgaris. • The toxicity mechanism of CuO NPs and CNTs with TC showed synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper ion (Cu2+) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle (NP) ecotoxicity are of increasing concern as they are considered to be a potential risk to marine systems. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate CuO NP impacts on the seaweeds and Cu2+ on the chlorophyte Ulva rigida. Effects on oxidative stress, antioxidant defence markers, photosystem II function, thalli growth, and cell viability in U. rigida exposed for 4 up 72 h to1 and 5 mg L−1 Cu2+ and CuO NPs were examined. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and growth inhibition seemed to be reliable and early warning markers of toxicity. The most important variables of the principal component analysis (PCA): H2O2 generation, antioxidant stress markers, and growth-based toxicity index, were higher at 1 mg L−1 CuO NPs compared to CuSO4 and at 5 mg L−1 CuSO4 compared to CuO NPs. Intracellular uptake kinetics fit well to the Michaelis–Menten equation. The higher toxicity at 5 mg L−1 CuSO4 compared to 1 mg L−1 was due to the higher Cu uptake with increasing concentration, suggesting and higher accumulation ability. On the contrary, 1 mg L−1 CuO NPs induced more strongly toxicity effects than 5 mg L−1. The relatively stronger effect of CuO NPs at 1 mg L−1 than the respective CuSO4 concentration could be attributed to the higher rate of initial uptake (Vc) and the mean rate of Cu uptake [Cmax/(2 × Km)] at CuO NP treatment. The intracellular seaweed experimental threshold of Cu, which coincided with the onset of oxidative stress, was within the Cu concentration range recorded in Mediterranean Ulva spp., indicating that it may pose a substantial risk to marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato plants can be infected by different bacterial diseases, among them, the potato brown rot disease, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The novelty of the present research is to assess the potential impact of the synthesized copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs)-streptomycin nano-drug synthesized by gamma irradiation for inducing the systemic resistance against potato brown rot disease. CuO NPs-streptomycin was completely-characterized by UV–Vis., XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, SEM, and EDX elemental analysis. In the greenhouse experiment, the efficiency of CuO NPs was tested after three times of application. Disease index percent, phytochemicals, and metabolic indicators of resistance (as a response to induction of systemic resistance) were investigated. Our results indicated that treatment with CuO NPs during planting was more effective for increasing the protection percent by 55.8% and reducing the disease severity by 37.5% in the infected potato plants. CuO NPs-streptomycin increased not only the photosynthetic pigments but also the osmolytes contents. The highest reduction in malondialdehyde (44.89%) and hydrogen peroxide (32.9%) contents was achieved in the case of potato plants treated one week after planting. Therefore, it suggested applying CuO NPs-streptomycin in controlling plant disease since they are cost-effective and eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot aqueous extract of E. camaldensis leaves as a degradable agent and copper nitrate as a copper source with cold plasma was used in this work to present an easy and green technique for copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesis. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) were all used to determine the production of copper oxide nanoparticles (SEM). The energy gap was 4.9 eV, and the average crystalline size of CuO NPs evaluated using the Scherrer equation was 15.06 nm, according to the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD). CuO NPs had a grain size of 70.63 nanometers, according to AFM morphology study. Finally, the effect of copper oxide nanoparticles on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A successful electrochemical study of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) polymer (SPEEK), and sulfonated polyether ether ketone-copper oxide (SPEEK/CuO) nanocomposite on bare gold electrodes was conducted. The synthesized CuO NPs and SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD showed that the diameter of the CuO NPs synthesized was 20.44 nm. The cyclic voltammetry properties of bare screen-print gold, SPEEK and SPEEK/CuO-modified electrodes were assessed in a 5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] solution. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes investigated revealed that CuO NPs improved the electrochemical properties of SPEEK, and the quantum size effect indicated good adsorption by the SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite compared to the SPEEK polymer and the CuO NPs alone. Moreover, the Tafel values indicated the enhanced electrochemical performance of the other electrodes as compared with the SPEEK/CuO nanocomposite. This, therefore, confirmed the successful incorporation of CuO NPs into the SPEEK polymer, as the increased surface area and the interactions between the polymer matrix and CuO fillers improved the electrochemical performance of the electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we described novel biogenic preparation of the CuO nanorods and its surface modification with l-alanine amino acid accelerated by microwave irradiation. The effect of surface functionalized CuO nanorods on the physico-mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol/carboxymethyl cellulose films were investigated through various characterization techniques. The tensile strength was improved from 28.58 ± 0.73 to 43.40 ± 0.93 MPa, UV shielding ability and barrier to the water vapors were highly enhanced when PVA/CMC matrices filled with 8 wt% of CuO-l-alanine. In addition, the prepared films exhibited acceptable overall migration limit and readily undergoes soil burial degradation. Nevertheless, CuO-l-alanine incorporated films showed potent antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals and had high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Furthermore, the nanocomposite films showed negligible cytotoxic effect on HEK293 and Caco-2 cell lines. In these contexts, the developed nanocomposite films can be implementing as an active food packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of eco-benign nature of green synthesis, in the present investigation, the CuO NPs are prepared using Citrullus lanatus seeds extract and photocatalytic degradation efficiency for Acid Blue 40 (AB-40) was evaluated. The CuO NPs were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray), and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) techniques. The synthesized CuO NPs was in face centered monoclinic crystalline form with particle size in 40–60 nm range. The photocatalytic degradation potential of CuO NPs was assessed for acid blue 40 (AB-40) dye degradation and catalyst dose, concentration of dye, radiation exposure time and pH are considered for dye removal. The CuO NPs exhibited auspicious efficiency, an 84.89% dye removal was attained at optimal conditions and dye degradation followed BMG (Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbery) kinetics model. Results revealed CuO NPs synthesized using C. lanatus seeds extract is photoactive catalyst and green route can be employed for CuO NPs fabrication for photocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the precipitation method was used to synthesize CuO nanoparticles (NPs). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) were used as a surfactant to modify the surface morphology of the CuO NPs. To investigate the characteristics of the CuO NPs, X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), X-Ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) were used. The catalytic activities of as prepared CuO NPs were evaluated by monitoring reduction of MB dye in the presence of NaBH4 as reducing agent. Effect of catalyst mass, concentration of NaBH4 and concentration of MB dye were investigated. The best results for the reduction of MB dye were obtained by the CuO–SDS catalyst. The results showed that 10 min of reaction time was sufficient to have the total degradation of MB dye. The reuse of the CuO–SDS catalyst for five cycles has shown interesting results via the reduction of MB dye without losing its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, soils spiked with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) or Cu(NO3)2 and aged as long as 90 days were utilized to investigate effect of soil properties and aging on oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of CuO NPs. Results showed that oral bioaccessibility of CuO NPs in gastric phase (GP) ranged from 70% to 84%, it significantly decreased to 50%–70% in intestinal phase (IP). The inhalation bioaccessibility of CuO NPs in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) ranged from 66% to 85%, and much higher than that in Gamble's solution (GS, 3.3%–23%). By comparing CuO NPs to Cu(NO3)2 bioaccessibility, insignificant difference was found. The aging time (D15 and D90) had limited effect on their oral and inhalation bioaccessibility. CEC and free Al were positively and clay content was negatively correlated with CuO NPs inhalation bioaccessibility, while Cu(NO3)2 inhalation bioaccessibility decreased with increasing soil clay content and pH. Our findings provide an essential basis to evaluate the human health risks of CuO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pure undoped and transition metal doped CuO NPs were successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation method. • The doping of CuO NPs modulates the photocatalytic efficiency, depending on the extrinsic dopants Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe or Co. • T The logarithmic derivative approach is used for precisely estimate the bandgap's value and the band transitions' nature. • TM-doped CuO NPs exhibit high adsorption rates, leading to enhanced catalytic activity under sunlight irradiation. • The degradation reaction kinetic obeys the pseudo-first-order kinetic Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The presence of non-biodegradable, toxic, and harmful organic pollutants in various environmental mediums poses significant threats to ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the impact of transition metal (TM) doping on the photocatalytic performance of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in degrading methylene blue (MB) dye under sunlight irradiation. CuO NPs are synthesized using the co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a monoclinic structure with space group C2/c for undoped and TM–doped CuONPs, with crystalline sizes ranging from 13 nm for undoped to 36 nm for Zn-doped CuO. Based on UV–Visible Spectroscopy data, the band gap energies and the nature of electronic band transitions are determined using a new simplified calculation method. Accordingly, direct band gap energy exhibits a slight red-shift as a result of doping with Ni, Mn or Fe, from 1.427 eV for undoped to 1.402 eV for Fe-doped CuO. While Co or Zn doping, induces a trivial blue-shift to 1.468 eV and 1.434 eV respectively. The CuO particles show a heterogenous distribution size and shape. The mean grain size raised from 34.3 nm for undoped to about 100 nm for TM-doped CuONPS, excluding the Co-doped CuO for which the mean grain size reached 154.532 nm with highest standard deviation heterogeneity of 125.737 nm. Furthermore, photocatalytic experiments demonstrated that TM-doping significantly enhanced the degradation rate of MB dye under sunlight irradiation. Co-doped CuO is the most efficient catalyst. This makes TM-doping a promising pathway for the use of CuO NPs in wastewater decontamination applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Innovative green synthesis of copper oxide NPs using dandelion leaf extract. • Primarily, Cost-effective and time-efficient nanoparticle production method. • Characterization with XRD and SEM to investigate synthesized NPs. • Significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. • Predominantly, Potential of dandelion leaf extract-derived copper NPs for sustainable antibacterial applications. The present work demonstrates an innovative and environmentally conscious approach to synthesizing copper nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method in green synthesis. Copper nanoparticles were produced using aqueous extract from dandelion leaves. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles was achieved through advanced techniques, including analysis of structure, surface morphology, elemental composition, and functional properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed a monoclinic structure. SEM images showed an aggregation of spherical-shaped copper nanoparticle structures in the microscale region and FTIR confirmed the correlation of morphological terms. The resulting nanoparticles exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Notably, the antibacterial efficacy was significantly enhanced in the dandelion leaf, attributed to its larger specific surface area for bacterial strains. This research highlights the low-cost and effective nature of utilizing copper nanoparticles derived from dandelion leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) from the leaf extract of Alpinia zerumbet was investigated in this protocol. The basic nature of A. zerumbet leaf extract helps in CuO NPs synthesis. The catalytic activity of A. zerumbet-fabricated CuO NPs is explored in water at room temperature only in the presence of NaPTS hydrotrope. The green catalytic protocol is investigated via synthesis of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene. The biogenic leaf extract fabricated CuO NPs are efficiently reactive, stable and recyclable in aqueous solution of sodium p-toluenesulfonate (NaPTS) hydrotrope. CuO/NaPTS proved to be the best catalytic system as synergistic nanotrope in terms of yield and time of reaction in water at room temperature. The green synthetic approach of CuO NPs, greener medium, easy workup and proficient recyclability are advantages in the said protocol. This is first time report of catalytic activity of biogenic CuO NPs in water at room temperature in the presence of NaPTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eco-friendly bio-mediated synthesis of metal oxide nanostructures is found to be gaining research attention towards various applications. In this manuscript, Aerva lanata (A. lanata)-mediated bio-treated production of copper oxide NPs (CuO NPs) were achieved. Also, BBD–RSM method is being used for the optimization of synthesized CuO NPs. Further, the bio-treated CuO NPs were well studied by various characterizations, such as UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM with EDAX, BET, and TEM analysis. The answers have been found to infer that the synthesized bio-mediated CuO NPs with high crystallinity were in the spherical form ranging from 10 to 50 nm. Further, the synthesized bio-mediated CuO NPs is found to act as an excellent larvicidal agent against A. ageypti which results in significant activity against dengue vector at higher concentration of 200 ppm of 95% of mortality rate. Overall, the proposed synthesis route of CuO NPs can be utilized by pharmaceutical industry to develop effective drugs against microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing role of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in many industries and their broad range of applications increase its potential toxic effects. Curcumin possesses a wide range of health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the role of curcumin in attenuating CuO NPs toxicity in rat kidney. Thirty six animals were divided into five groups; control groups (I, II), curcumin group orally received curcumin 200 mg/kg bw, CuO NPs group orally gavaged 250 mg/kg bw CuO NPs and combined group orally gavaged curcumin and CuO NPs. Treatment was given for 3 months. Administration of CuO NPs revealed elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, elevated kidney and urine levels of kidney injury molecule‐1, decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase activities, total sulfhydryl, reduced glutathione content, increased serum reactive oxygen species, tissue total oxidant status, lipid hydroperoxides, protein carbonyl, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide levels, increased interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, nuclear factor (NF‐κB), and decreased heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ‐GCS) genes expression. Moreover, histopathological alteration in kidney structure was detected. Immunohistochemical‐stained sections by caspase‐3 reaction revealed apoptosis. Pretreatment with curcumin improved most of the adverse effects in rats treated with CuO NPs regarding oxidative stress and inflammatory indices in kidney, and kept histopathological‐ and immunohistochemical‐stained sections near to normal. This study shows that curcumin administration attenuates the toxicity in the kidney of CuO NPs‐treated rats through its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), a small gaseous signaling molecule, regulates antioxidase activity and improves plant tolerance to oxidative stress. The phytotoxic effect of Copper Oxide (II) nanoparticles (CuO NPs) is due to oxidative stress. Here, we show that H 2 S-mediated persulfidation of antioxidase is essential for an effective stress response of tomato exposed to CuO NPs. The CuO NP-induced increase in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly reduced by treatment with the H 2 S donor NaHS. In vivo , NaHS increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) activities under CuO NP stress. In vitro , NaHS increased APX and POD activities but decreased catalase (CAT) activity. Persulfidation existed in recombinant SlCAT1, SlcAPX1 and SlPOD5 proteins. The persulfidatied cysteine (Cys) residues were verified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), revealing their position on the protein surface. Cys234 of SlCAT1 is located in the immune-responsive domain and close to the enzyme activity domain. Cys234 of SlcAPX1 and Cys 61 SlPOD5 are located in the enzyme activity domain. Persulfidation increased SlcAPX1 and SlPOD5 activities but decreased SlCAT1 activity. These data indicate that H 2 S-mediated persulfidation posttranslationally regulates the activities of CAT, APX and POD, thereby enhancing the plant's response to oxidative stress. Additionally, this work provides an experimental approach for the study of persulfidation in plants. • Persulfidation exists in the antioxidase of tomato cells. • The persulfidated sites locate on protein surface and in the enzyme activity domain. • H 2 S increases the persulfidation level of recombinant SlCAT1, SlcAPX1 and SlPOD5 in a dose-dependent manner. • Persulfidation regulates the recombinant SlCAT1, SlcAPX1 and SlPOD5 activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of green nanotechnology has attracted significant attention of researchers towards the eco-friendly green synthesis of nanoparticles. The present study reports a green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Cinnamomum malabatrum in appropriate conditions. It is observed that the leaf extract can act as reducing and stabilizing agents to synthesize CuO NPs. The synthesized NPs are characterized using XRD. The XRD pattern clearly suggests the crystalline nature and monoclinic structure of the synthesized composition. The average crystalline size is calculated using Debye-Scherrer relation and it was found to be 17nm. The FT-IR analysis is carried out in order to investigate the biomolecules present in the synthesized CuO NPs. The presence of CuO NPS is confirmed with EDX. The TEM and SEM images reveal the spherical shape of the NPs and the size of the NPs calculated is consistent with XRD results. The antibacterial activity of these NPs is tested against four human pathogenic bacteria both Gram-positive (S.aureus) and Gram-negative (E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and P.mirabilis). The synthesized CuO NPs show significant antibacterial activity against all the four bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized by the Pechini sol-gel approach. The effect of three fundamental synthesis parameters on the size, morphology, structural, and optical properties of the prepared products was systematically investigated. The prepared powders were evaluated by XRD, FTIR, DSC/TG, FE-SEM, TEM, and EDS analyses. Based on these experiments, the monoclinic phase structure of highly pure CuO NPs with space group C2/c was characterized. A wide range of crystallite size from 19.1 nm to 45.7 nm were obtained via diverse compositions and calcination temperatures. The preferred orientation (Texture) was found to be altered from (311) to (020). Structural quantities were calculated by Rietveld analysis. Microstructural observations demonstrated that the different morphologies of the CuO NPs (spherical, semi-spherical, and plate-like decorated by semi-spherical NPs) can be achieved by controlling the synthesis parameters. The optical properties of the prepared samples were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. The estimated direct band gap was decreased from 4.17 eV to 3.01 eV by increasing temperature values. It was found that the size, morphology, texture, and consequently properties of the prepared CuO nanostructures can be controlled by changing the Pechini process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilization of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and their release into the environment has made it imperative to elucidate their impact on the ecological system including plants. However, their potential toxic impact and mechanisms on plant growth are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CuO NPs and released Cu ions on seed germination and early seedling growth, as well as physiological and biochemical parameters of Oryza sativa. The results showed that CuO NPs at high concentration significantly inhibited seed germination and early seedling growth. The toxicity of CuO NPs originated from the particulate NPs rather than the released Cu2+. The phytotoxicity of CuO NPs to rice seed germination and seedling growth probably induced by high Cu accumulation along with the lignification and oxidative damage. The work presented here will increase our knowledge of phytotoxicity of CuO NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This review study discusses the potential utilizations of CuO NPs synthesized using a greener approach. • In various fields, including biomedical, biosensor, environmental remediation, photodegradation, nano fertilizers, textile industry, nanofluid, and energy storage. • The eco-friendly and sustainable nature of the synthesis process, coupled with the versatile applications of CuO NPs. • The importance of green synthesis approaches in advancing nanotechnology for a sustainable future. The green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has garnered significant interest owing to their eco-friendly and sustainable approach, which utilizes natural resources as both reducing and stabilizing factors. This method yields NPs with desirable properties suitable for various applications in diverse areas. Among different metal oxide NPs, copper oxide (CuO) NPs have drawn considerable interest due to their excellent properties and applications in diverse fields of nanomedicine and biomedicine. Various methods are used to synthesize CuO NPs, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physicochemical methods are known to be highly toxic, energy-intensive, and expensive, while biological synthesis offers an eco-friendly, cost-effective, simple, and reliable method of producing CuO NPs. This review discusses the potential utilizations of CuO NPs synthesized using a greener approach in various fields, including antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammation, anticancer, anti-oxidant, drug delivery, wound healing, biosensor, environmental remediation, photodegradation, nano fertilizers, textile industry, nanofluid, energy storage, and so on. The eco-friendly and sustainable nature of the synthesis process, coupled with the versatile applications of CuO NPs, underscores the importance of green synthesis approaches in the advancement of nanotechnology for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles obtained huge special attention owing to their safe, biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Here, we describe the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tecoma stans (T. stans) flower extract. The physico-chemical properties of the CuO NPs were studied using different characterization techniques. The UV Visible spectrum showed a characteristic peak at 360 nm confirming the synthesis of green CuO NPs. FE-SEM study clearly indicated that synthesized CuO NPs are in spherical shaped morphologies. The green synthesized CuO NPs were carried out bactericidal activity against various clinical pathogens by agar well diffusion techniques. Interestingly, CuO NPs were exhibited very good bacterial killing efficiency against of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The in vitro anticancer activity of the T. stans flower mediated CuO NPs were tested against A549 lung cancer cell line. Further, AO/EtBr staining assay used to determine the apoptotic changes in cancer cell treated with CuO NPs were identified by fluorescence microscopy. The dye-degrading capability of the synthesized CuO NPs were assessed against methylene blue dye (MB) molecules. Finally, this study reveals that the synthesized nanomaterials could performed as a promising candidate in numerous biomedical applications like antimicrobial, anticancer, and dye degradation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, MOFs-derived transition metal oxides (CuO NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal method combined with the stirring aging method using MOFs as sacrificial templates to realize the growth of CuO NPs octahedra on Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene nanosheets. Due to the synthesized binary heterostructured CuO NPs/Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene materials retain the unique MOFs structures, have abundant heterojunction interface, and owns the advantages of MOFs, such as large specific surface area, abundant active sites, high porosity, and effective oxidative chemical adsorption, the composite sensor shows very significant gas sensing capabilities for NO 2 gas with a gas-sensitive response and response time of 38.54 and 2.84 s, respectively, for 100 ppm NO 2 gas at RT. It achieves an impressively low detection limit of 30 ppb, maintaining stability for up to 10 weeks. This positions it as a highly sensitive NO 2 gas sensor with potential for room-temperature applications. [Display omitted] In this paper, MOFs-derived transition metal oxides (CuO NPs) were prepared by hydrothermal method combined with the stirring aging method using MOFs as sacrificial templates to realize the growth of CuO NPs octahedra on Ti3C2TX MXene nanosheets. Due to the synthesized binary heterostructured CuO NPs/Ti3C2TX MXene materials retain the unique MOFs structures, have abundant heterojunction interface, and owns the advantages of MOFs, such as large specific surface area, abundant active sites, high porosity, and effective oxidative chemical adsorption, the composite sensor shows very significant gas sensing capabilities for NO2 gas with a gas-sensitive response and response time of 38.54 and 2.84 s, respectively, for 100 ppm NO2 gas at RT. It achieves an impressively low detection limit of 30 ppb, maintaining stability for up to 10 weeks. This positions it as a highly sensitive NO2 gas sensor with potential for room-temperature applications. • CuO NPs/Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene with high specific surface area and porous structure. • The porous structure of CuO and the thin layer structure of MXene can significantly improve the gas sensitivityof NO 2. • The gas sensing performance and mechanism of CuO NPs/Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene were studied. • The excellent properties are attributed to the abundant active sites and porous structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel simple green synthesis route was applied to produce copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) and CuO nanograins (NGs) by using cupric chloride dihydrated as copper salt precursor, curcumin (a natural and non‐toxic food spice) as conjugated agent with or without cetyl trimethylammonium bromide acting as a stabilizing agent at extreme basic condition. Synthesis of this curcumin conjugated CuO nanoparticles was optimized by studying effect of several parameters starting with copper salt precursor, curcumin concentration, pH and temperature. Scanning electron microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X‐ray Analyzer, thermogravimetirc analysis, X‐ray diffraction, UV‐visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and zeta potential were used to characterize the resulted CuO NPs/NGs. In this work, the synthesized copper oxide nanograins were found to be efficient nano‐catalysts for the reduction of methylene blue and it was found that nanograin has better catalytic activity compared to spherical shape nanoparticles, emphasizing shape of the CuO particles is crucial for its nanocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]