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This study aimed to evaluate the extraction efficiency of mucilage from Cordia dichotoma fruits using various aqueous extraction methods, including microwave-assisted water extraction (MWE), hot-water extraction (HWE), and cold-water extraction (CWE). Different analytical techniques were employed to characterize the Cordia dichotoma mucilage (CDM). Additionally, the functional properties, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and dye reduction potential of CDM were assessed. The results indicated a significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield of CDM (13.44 ± 0.94 %) using MWE compared to HWE (12.08 ± 0.82 %) and CWE (7.59 ± 0.73 %). The optimal extraction condition was utilized for the spray-drying process, yielding a spray-dried mucilage powder (SDMP) with a yield of 9.52 ± 1.27 %. The presence of galactose and arabinose as major sugar and functional groups such as OH, COOH, CH, and NH from proteins, uronic acids, and sugars were identified. CDM particles exhibited an irregular morphology and demonstrated thermal stability, with maximum weight loss occurring between 221.83 and 478.66 °C. The particle size of CDM was 681.16 ± 2.18 nm with a zeta potential of -21.46 ± 1.72 mV. Rheological analysis revealed that CDM exhibited shear-thinning behavior. Furthermore, CDM displayed inherent biological activities, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The dye reduction potential of CDM was evidenced by an 88.67 % degradation of indigo carmine dye. In summary, this study provides insights into the cost-effective extraction methods for CDM and its potential utilization as an eco-friendly material for dye reduction., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The goal of this research study was to see how plant extracts of Acorus calamus Linn. and Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. overcome scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's type dementia in mice by activating the cholinergic system, anti-oxidant and protection of neuronal death in the brain (hippocampus region). Scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p.) reduced mice's routine in behavioral parameters such as Morris Water Maze (MWM), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and also the locomotor activity. It also decreases antioxidant levels such as Reduced glutathione (GSH) and also Superoxide dismutase (SOD) but also increases the level of Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) in brain. Assessment of various behavioral, and biochemical parameters (AChE, SOD, GSH, and Nitrite level) were compared with each group. Acorus calamus (hydro-alcoholic 1:1) 600 mg/kg p.o. and the combination (Acorus calamus 600 mg/kg p.o. + Cordia dichotoma 750 mg/kg p.o.) group showed significant results as compared to Cordia dichotoma 750 mg/kg p.o.in behavioral as well as in biochemical parameters. Histological studies showed significant neuroprotection in the Acorus calamus-treated group and the combination-treated groups. In the future, the Acorus calamus and the combination are possibly helpful in the treatment of various cognitive disorders or it may be valuable to investigate the pharmacological potential of such plant extracts during the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In situ exfoliated natural polysaccharide Cordia myxa (CMX) is used to promote the utilization of zinc-oxide nanoparticles for eco-friendly catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and microbial growth inhibition. Polysaccharide-mediated biosynthetic nanocomposite materials are interesting because they are cheap, green, and environmentally friendly. This study uses CMX gum as a bioreduction to produce multifunctional, environmentally friendly zinc-oxide nanocomposites (ZnO NPs). The process involves a low reaction time and temperature and utilizes CMX as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the CMX-ZnO nanocomposite were characterized. The biosynthetic CMX-ZnO NPs exhibited robust catalytic activity and recycling capacity for rapidly oxidizing hazardous p-NPs. The complete reduction of 4-NP to CMX-ZnO NPs in excess NaBH 4 was achieved within 15 min, with recyclability and pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.2571 min -1 . Additionally, human colon cancer (HCT116) and 3T3L1 cell lines were remarkably sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of ZnO nanoparticles. CMX-ZnO NPs exhibited potent antibacterial properties against human pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus, Salmonella, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) based on the zone of inhibition measured by the disc-diffusion method. The significant antibacterial activity of CMX-ZnO NPs can overcome the current limitations associated with removing water-soluble organic pollutants and microbiological contaminants for long-term environmental sustainability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cordia oncocalyx Allemão is an endemic economically underexploited plant from Brazilian semi-arid region. Herein, we carried out a well-defined bibliographic review about the pharmacological activities of oncocalyxones from C. oncocalyx and mechanisms responsible for the biomedical properties. MeSH terms were used in the scientific databases for a narrative exploration. Technological development and bioproducts were also examined. Cordia oncocalyx is a deciduous tree of sexual reproduction rich in terpenoid quinones. Among them, oncocalyxone A, a 1,4-benzoquinone, the main compound from heartwood ethanol extracts, revealed anti-inflammatory and anti-edematogenic actions induced by carrageenan and dextran and antinociceptive potential in mice provoked by acetic acid and formalin. Oncocalyxone A inhibits platelet aggregation via activation of the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme and blocks glycation processes. In addition to the antimicrobial effects against protozoa, fungi and bacteria and relaxation of smooth muscles, oncocalyxone A reduces mean blood pressure and glycemia in diabetic rats, decreases glomerular filtration parameters and tubular transport of electrolytes, and presents in vitro antimitotic and cytotoxic action upon different types of cancers, including resistant lung carcinoma lines. It has low oral acute toxicity (LD 50  > 2000 mg/kg) and activates cellular apoptosis through the production of free radicals and interactions with DNA. However, no patents were found, which also emphasizes that Brazil, as the cradle of the main articles on C. oncocalyx, is wasting time and money. Moreover, slight systemic deleterious effects in mammals stimulate the use of oncocalyxone A and related compounds as lead constituents of safer drugs against chronic diseases., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Depletion of non-renewable fuel has obliged researchers to seek out sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. Membranes have proven to be an effective technique in biofuel production for reaction, purification, and separation, with the ability to use both porous and non-porous membranes. It is demonstrated that a membrane-based sustainable and green production can result in a high degree of process intensification, whereas the recovery and repurposing of catalysts and alcohol are anticipated to increase the process economics. Therefore, in this study sustainable biodiesel was synthesized from inedible seed oil (37 wt%) of Cordia myxa using a membrane reactor. Transesterification was catalyzed by heterogenous nano-catalyst of indium oxide prepared with leaf extract of Boerhavia diffusa. Highest biodiesel yield of 95 wt% was achieved at methanol to oil molar ratio of 7:1, catalyst load 0.8 wt%, temperature 82.5 °C and time 180 min In 2 O 3 nanoparticles exhibited reusability up to five successive transesterification rounds. The production of methyl esters was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The predominant fatty acid methyl ester detected in the biodiesel was 5, 8-octadecenoic acid. Biodiesel fuel qualities were determined to be comparable to worldwide ASTM D-6571 and EN-14214 standards. Finally, it was concluded that membrane technology can result in a highly intensified reaction process while efficient recovery of both nano catalysts and methanol increases the economics of transesterification and lead to sustainable production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cordia verbenacea DC is a plant whose geographical distribution is all over Brazil, but mainly on the country's coastal areas. It is used by folk medicine to treat inflammations and chronic pain with application of the raw extract of macerated leaves in the region of pain. This paper aims to provide an integrative review of the role of chemical compounds present in the extract and the essential oil of Cordia verbenacea DC for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing properties. The extract of Cordia verbenacea DC is widely found within popular culture as teas, decoctions, infusions, pomades/creams for anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing uses. Its extract is mainly composed of α-humulene, α-pinene, trans-caryophyllene, artemetin, spathulenol and allo-aromadrendene. The described effects of the chemical compounds found in the extract are applied to muscle bruising and myofascial pain, edema reduction and chronic tendonitis, when used topically (with a comercial product being marketed); and to rheumatic, neuralgic and arthritic processes, when used orally as an anti-ulcerative agent; as well as for its healing and analgesic properties when used topically or as infusion according to test results using animals. Besides its use in chronic pain and topical application, in vitro studies have revealed the importance of antimicrobial action by inhibiting the bacterial growth of the components present in the Cordia verbenacea DC extract. In addition to expanding knowledge about Cordia verbenacea, other studies are being developed with the extract and essential oil in order to expand knowledge about healing aspects of topical use. Although other studies are being conducted, the results presented in this analysis provide a rich database of the activities found in the compounds found in the extract and the essential oil, in addition to promoting knowledge of the best extraction method cited. Therefore, such studies constitute a preliminary source of information to encourage new pieces of research, species conservation, safe management of the species, use of the extract/essential oil and development of plant-based products., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ethnopharmacological Importance: CORDIA MORELOSANA: Standley (Boraginaceae) is commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, kidney inflammation, diabetes, lung pain, bronchitis, asthma, hoarseness, cough and fever., Aim: Current work was conducted to develop a bio-guided isolation of antidiabetic compounds from ethanolic extract of Cordia morelosana (EECm)., Material and Methods: The phytochemical bio-guided study was conducted by successive chromatographic techniques, and isolated compounds were characterized by 1D and 2D-NMR experiments. The in vivo antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic activities of EECm (100 mg/kg), and methyl rosmarinate (MR, 50 mg/kg) were determined on normoglycemic and diabetic murine models. Additionally, the in vitro activity was conducted to determine α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, and PPARs, GLUT4 and FATP expression on 3T3-L1 cells by RT-PCR. Acute and sub-chronic toxicological studies for EECm were conducted on rats, following the OECD guidelines (No. 420 and 407)., Results: EECm promotes significant α-glucosidase inhibition (55.6%) at 1 mg/kg respect to the control. Also, EECm (100 mg/kg) showed significant antihyperglycemic effect on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and in non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes (NIDD) model, had antidiabetic activity (p < 0.001) compared to controls. The bio-guided isolation allowed to obtain four known compounds described as rosmarinic acid (RA), methyl rosmarinate (MR), nicotiflorine and 1-O-methyl-scyllo-inositol. On the other hand, MR showed significant antidiabetic and anthiyperglycemic activities (p < 0.05), and overexpression of PPARγ, PPARα, GLUT-4 and FATP than control. Docking studies were conducted with PPARγ and PPARα, showing interesting binding mode profile on those targets. Finally, EECm displayed a LD 50  > 2000 mg/kg and sub-chronic toxicological study reveals no toxic signs in animals tested compared to control., Conclusion: EECm showed significant antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic actions being RA and MR the main antidiabetic metabolites., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no conflict of interest to declare. Authors’ contributions to the paper were as follows: study design and coordination: S. Estrada-Soto, B. Aguilar Guadarrama, D. Giles-Rivas; RT-PCR from 3T3-L1 cells studies: J. Almanza-Pérez and D. Giles-Rivas; preparation of the extracts and Phytochemical studies: S. Estrada-Soto, B. Aguilar Guadarrama, D. Giles-Rivas; in vivo studies: D. Giles-Rivas, S. Estrada-Soto and R. Villalbobos-Molina; α-glucosidases inhibition determination: R. Villalobos-Molina, D. Giles-Rivas and S. Estrada-Soto; In silico studies: B. Colin-Lozano and G. Navarrete-Vázquez; preparation and writing of the manuscript D. Giles-Rivas, S. Estrada-Soto and R. Villalobos-Molina; Finally, all authors contributed to the writing and revised the manuscript., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper aims to investigate chemical composition, rheological behavior, antioxidant activity and functional properties of Cordia myxa mucilage (CMM). Response surface methodology (RSM) demonstrated that optimum conditions for CMM extraction were as follow: ultrasound power of 99.37 W, extraction temperature of 88.05 °C and solid to water ratio of 16.25 w/w. CMM had, on average, 77.51% carbohydrate, 5.86% total ash, 8.90% protein, 6.90% moisture, and 1.00% fat. Due to a high level of nutrients, CMM can be suggested as a value added by-product in food and pharmaceutical systems. CMM is a low molecular weight polysaccharide containing three fractions with various molecular weights. FT-IR spectrum illustrated that this polymer had all typical bands and peaks characteristics of polysaccharides. Based on steady shear measurements, CMM can be introduced as a new source of hydrocolloid with high-temperature stability. CMM had the desirable antiradical capacity, water solubility and water/oil holding capacity., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper reports the results of the study on the performance of low-cost adsorbent such as granular activated charcoal (GAC) and surface modified granular activated charcoal with Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)in removing Cr (VI), Pb (II), Mn (II) and Bi (III) from aqueous media.The continuous tests were conducted at constant flow rates and bed height. The study were carried out by using initial concentration 21.25 mg/l, 30.75 mg/l, 19.77 mg/l, 20.43 mg/l having pH 2, 5, 11.5 and 1 for Cr (VI), Pb (II), Mn (II), Bi (III) metal ions respectively. Among the various surfactant tested to increase the adsorption capacity of GAC, GAC-loaded with SDS effectively removed the toxic metal ions from aqueous media. It was concluded that the GAC-loaded with SDS was an effective low-costadsorbent for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordia platythyrsa Baker is known for its medicinal value. This paper deals with a phytochemical investigation of this species, from which cordioxime (1), a new dioxime y-lactam has been isolated. Its structure was determined by comprehensive analyses of its 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic, and HREIMS data. The remaining two known compounds were identified as beta-sitosterol, and beta-sitosterol glucopyranoside.

Background and Objectives Antihistamine drugs for acute upper respiratory tract infection treatment in children have many side effects. In this study, a anti-cough syrup was prepared from Cordia (Sepestan in Persian) extract and its effect was compared to that of diphenhydramine syrup on cough relief of children with upper respiratory tract infection. Subjects and Methods This double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 124 children with upper respiratory tract infection aged 6-12 years referred to Abouzar Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran during 2019- 2021 in two treatment groups. The first group was given Sepestan syrup at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day and the second group received diphenhydramine syrup at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day in four dosages. For three days, the number and severity of day-time and night-time coughs were examined and the data were analyzed with independent t-test and chi-square test in SPSS software, version 24. Results The number and severity of day-time and night-time coughs in the group received Sepestan syrup significantly decreased compared to the diphenhydramine group, without any side effects (P<0.001). Conclusion High polysaccharides, strong antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds of Sepestan can reduce throat irritation and soften the chest. The mucilage in the Sepestan extract can dissolve in water and produce a viscous substance such as gelatin that cause softening of the breast and expectoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is a contribution toward the knowlege of wood anatomy of eight species of trees used for handicraft goods produced in the state of Michoacan (Mexico): Gyrocarpus jatrophifolius, Bocconia arborea, Lysiloma acapulcensis, Lysiloma microphylla, Platymiscium lasiocarpum, Cedrela dugesii, Cordia elaeagnoides, Ehretia latifolia. Descriptions of esthetic aspects and of wood structure are made. Statistical univariate analysis of measured elements is applied. Wood characters of the trees are correlated with their real and potential use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian cherry (Cordia myxa L.), locally called lasora or gonda, is an important multipurpose fruit tree species distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of India. Its versatile adaptability to poor soils, wastelands and tolerance capacity to water stress makes it suitable plant for arid ecosystem. The species is known for its nutritious fruits and diverse uses of other plant parts. It is generally planted as shelter belt on farm boundaries, but now a days, it is grown as planned orchard to fetch premium prices from its fruits in summer season (March-April). In view of its benefits both in tangible and non-tangible terms, the research work on its genetic improvement and production technologies has been attempted at various ICAR institutes and Agricultural Universities. High yielding varieties like Maru Samridhi, Karan Lasora and Thar Bold have been developed by selection from seedling population. The vegetative propagation technique, rootstocks, canopy management and crop regulation by defoliation and irrigation scheduling have been standardized. To review the available information on its germplasm collection, evaluation and improvement as well as production, and post harvest management under-utilized may serve the purpose for benefits of growers, researchers, and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordia sinensis, locally known as 'Goondi' in India, is an underexploited multipurpose fruit species found in hot arid regions that is well adapted to drought, salt and hot conditions. The present study was undertaken to collect fruit samples from different locations in the Kachchh region of Gujarat, India, and to determine their field establishment for characterization, conservation and utilization. The maximum distribution of the species was observed in Bhuj (45%) and Mandvi (25%). Field boundaries (35%) and scrub forests (30%) had greater frequencies, whereas backyards had rarer frequencies (10%). The species most commonly occurred on levelled topography (60%) with a soil pH in the range of 8–8.5 (63%). Morphological data of three-year-old plants in the field gene bank showed a maximum coefficient of variation in the number of leaves per plant (66.6), followed by the number of branches per plant (45.62) and collar diameter (27.69). Wide variations were recorded in plant height (121.67–212 cm), spread (118–223 cm2) and the number of branches per plant (6–24.33). Specific accessions were identified for fodder (CBCG-12, CBCG-13 and CBCG-16), early flowering and fruiting (CBCG-12, CBCG-13 and CBCG-14), easier propagation by seeds (CBCG-12 and CBCG-13) and salt tolerance (CBCG-15 and CBCG-16). Preliminary findings and information provided about this species' utilization and other aspects might be useful for future research on its domestication, sole plantation and conservation aspects, improving the exploitation of this species by present and future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution in roadside soil and trees because of traffic emission has been recognized for a long time of Nasiriyah city, Iraq. The study was conducted to examine the heavy metals content of five plant species of Zizphus, Cordia, Morus, Salix alba and Ficus the concentration of heavy metals was tested, including the iron, zinc and copper. Heavy metals were detected using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The accumulation of Fe, Cu, and Zn in roadside soil was affected by human activity. Significant difference (p<0.05) in Fe, Cu and Zn content were found in soil samples. The results showed that the highest concentration of iron in Morus leaves and Ficus leaves. Among the Zizphus, Cordia, Morus, Salix alba and Ficus studied, showed higher heavy metals concentration Zn and Cu of Zizphus leaves. The results indicated that the Salix alba leaves had the lowest heavy metals content compared with Zizphus, Cordia, Morus, and Ficus. It could be concluded that impaction of traffic emission on the accumulation of heavy metals in roadside trees and soils in urban area was slight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), Cordia verbenacea and Psidium guajava, both alone and in association against Rhipicephalus microplus. Larval packet and adult immersion tests were conducted in concentrations ranging from 3.1 at 100.0mg mL−1. CNSL was effective against engorged females (99.6%) at 100.0mg mL−1 and against larvae (99.2 %) at 50.0mg mL−1. The highest efficacy on engorged females was achieved by the essential oils of P. guajava at 12.5mg mL−1 (99.9%), followed by those of C. verbenacea at 25.0mg mL−1 (96.9%), while a low larvicidal activity of 5.8 and 59.0% was, respectively, obtained. The association at 50.0mg mL−1 had asignificant effect on both life stages of R. microplus. This association caused considerable larval mortality (95.3%) and high efficacy on engorged females (93.9%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. It is broadly accepted that plant diversity influences plant–herbivore interactions, yet few studies have separated damage by different herbivore species and simultaneously tested for effects on herbivory and plant defences to elucidate the mechanisms underlying such effects. 2. This study tested for effects of tree species diversity on leaf damage by beetle larvae and caterpillars on Cordia dodecandra in a diversity experiment, and measured leaf chemical and physical traits to assess whether differences in herbivory underlie changes in plant traits. 3. Four year‐old trees were sampled in 21 × 21‐m plots classified as monocultures of C. dodecandra or mixtures of this species plus three other tree species. Herbivory by beetle larvae and caterpillars was estimated, and we subsequently collected undamaged leaves to quantify total phenolics and condensed tannins, trichome density, and specific leaf area. 4. A significant effect of diversity on herbivory by beetle larvae was found, with mixtures exhibiting an 80% lower mean value than monocultures. By contrast, there was no diversity effect on caterpillar herbivory. Additionally, a positive relationship was found between beetle larvae (but not caterpillar) damage and plant chemical defences, yet there was no effect of diversity on defences. Specific leaf area was higher and trichome density tended to be lower in mixtures than in monocultures, but neither trait was associated with herbivory, and damage did not explain diversity effects on these traits. 5. These findings emphasise the importance of separating diversity effects on different herbivore species and measuring plant traits associated with herbivory to better understand controls of diversity on plant–herbivore interactions. Tree diversity had contrasting effects on leaf herbivory by beetle larvae and caterpillars on the tropical tree Cordia dodecandra, negatively affecting the former but not influencing the latter.Diversity altered leaf physical attributes but not chemical defences, and changes in the former were not explained by herbivory but instead probably responded to changes in abiotic conditions with diversity.Contrasting effects on beetles and caterpillars suggest differences in dispersal ability or oviposition. That differences in herbivory levels did not to drive changes defences suggests that diversity effects on herbivory and plant defences operate independently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, natural gums and mucilages have been shown to be useful in the food and pharmacological industries. In this study, the mucilage of the fruit of Cordia lueta has been extracted and characterised in order to explore its potential applications. Thermogravimetric tests were used to measure the water content of this natural mucilage. Differential scanning calorimetry allowed assessing thermal transitions and thermal degradation of the samples. Steady flow rheometry was used to measure the viscosity of the samples as a function of the shear rate. Dynamic oscillatory rheometry was used to study the variation of the storage and loss modulus of the mucilage as function of the oscillatory frequency and stress. The results showed that this mucilage is a polysaccharide network that behaves as a pseudoplastic fluid. Its storage modulus is not completely independent from the oscillation frequency. In addition, the stress sweeps showed that C. lutea mucilage has a reversible stress softening behaviour. The findings reported in the present work suggest that this mucilage can be used as a rheology modifier for commercial foods and biomedical materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new neolignan glucoside ( 1) and one new biphenyl ether lignan ( 2) along with seven known compounds, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, rosmarinic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, 5-acetoxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, vanillic acid, and 5,5′-oxybis(5-methylene-2-furaldehyde), were isolated from the fruits of Cordia latifolia. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated as 9′-hydroxy-3,5′-dimethoxy-4′,9-epoxy-8,3′-neolign-7′-( E)-ene-4- O- β-D-glucopyranoside ( 1) and (1- p-hydroxy-cis-cinnamoyl)cinnamic acid ( 2) by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of specimens used as original material for the description of new species were destroyed in the bombing of the Berlin-Dahlem herbarium, B, in 1943. Six lectotypes are designated here for Cordia discolor Cham., Cordia multispicata Cham., Cordia tobagensis Urb. and its variety broadwayi Urb. in the Cordiaceae and for Tournefortia paniculata Cham. and Tournefortia ulei Vaupel in the Heliotropiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant potential, total flavonoid and phenolic content in extracts of aerial parts of Cordia retua (Vahl.) Masam. The samples such as ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts were tested using six in vitro models such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radical, iron chelating, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential of C. retusa by spectrophotometrically. Total flavonoid and phenolic content in samples were estimated using aluminum chloride colorimetric and Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results were analyzed statistically by the regression method. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of the ethanol extract was found to be 596 956;μg/ml for DPPH, 597 µg/ml for nitric oxide radical, 554 μg/ml for iron chelating, 580 μg/ml for hydroxyl radical, 562 μg/ml for superoxide radical and 566 μg/ml for total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the total flavonoid content and total phenolic content of the ethanol extract were found to be 2.71 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract and 1.86 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of extract, respectively. In all the testing, a significant correlation existed between concentrations of the extract and percentage inhibition of free radicals. The results of the present comprehensive analysis demonstrated that C. retusa possess potent antioxidant activity, high flavonoid and phenolic content. The antioxidant property may be related to the polyphenols and flavonoids present in the extract. These results clearly indicated that C. retusa is effective against free radical mediated diseases as a natural antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two new genera and four new species of the Diptilomiopidae from Thailand were described. They are Khamroka tomentosi gen. nov., sp. nov. on Ellipanthus tomentosus Kurz, Salaya takhronami gen. nov, sp. nov.on Sisyrolepis muricata (Pierre) Leenh. Diptilomiopus mandongii sp. nov. on Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. and Diptilomiopus khatkhaii sp. nov. on Oxyceros horridus Lour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruits of Cordia myxa contain a polysaccharide having strong adhering and emulsifying properties. Peanuts contain high proportion of unsaturated fat and are prone to oxidative rancidity. An effort was made to investigate the efficacy of gum cordia in comparison with carboxymethyl cellulose ( CMC) as edible coating to increase the shelf life of peanuts. Gum cordia and CMC with and without natural antioxidants were used in this study. Methanolic extract of the fruits of C. myxa and alpha tocopherol were selected as natural antioxidants. Peanuts were evaluated by chemical and sensory methods during 126 days storage at 35C. Samples coated with gum cordia containing the extract of C. myxa exhibited highest (122%) increase in shelf life followed by gum cordia (91%), CMC and the C. myxa extract (80%) and CMC (70%); based on peroxide value (40 mEq O2/kg). Samples treated with alpha tocopherol did not improve the oxidative stability. Practical Applications Oxidative rancidity reduces the shelf life of peanuts. Oxidation can be retarded by using synthetic antioxidants and modified atmosphere packaging. However, there are increasing evidences about carcinogenesis of synthetic antioxidants while modified atmosphere packaging is considered expensive. Results of this work indicate that gum cordia coating can be used to extend the shelf life of peanuts. Gum cordia coating is superior over other methods because it is environment friendly and has no health issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to determine phenolic content, antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts ofCordia evolutior(leaf, bark, and fruit), and nutrition composition. The leaf extract showed the highest total phenolic content (25.40 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (69.70 ± 3.37mg RE/g extract) accompanied with the best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays. The fruit proximate compositions of crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, fiber, and fat were analyzed. Macro-nutrient contents were found to be higher in the fruit when compared to micronutrients. The analysis also showed the presence of almost all of the essential and non-essential amino acids. Linolenic acid content was higher than stearic acid among the fatty acids in the fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordia macleodii Hook. (Boraginaceae), known as Sikari/Phanki by the tribals of Orissa, is a plant of ethnomedicinal importance and is available in Gandhamardana hills ranges of Orissa. Stem bark of this plant is used for healing wounds and for treating jaundice. In this study, an attempt has been made to study pharmacognostical characters of the stem bark which includes its macroscopic and microscopic characters and preliminary phytochemistry including TLC and HPTLC. Bark shows microscopic characters like cork, cortex, medullary rays, sclerenchyma fibres, phloem, cambium and crystals. The phytochemical tests show presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and HPTLC profile shows presence of 9 spots and 8 spots at 254 and 366 nm respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The plant Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. (Boraginaceae) is commonly known as ''Bhokar'' in Marathi. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its bark is reported in the treatment of ulcer and colic pain. Objective: The present work was undertaken to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by using scientific methods. Materials and methods: Dried bark powder was extracted with methanol and this crude methanol extract was fractionated using various solvents. These fractions were tested for effectiveness against UC. Macroscopical study and histopathology of the colon, level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in colon and blood were studied for the assessment of the activity. Antioxidant activity of these fractions was screened by using various methods. Results: Animals treated with the methanol fraction of the crude methanol extract showed lower pathological scores and good healing. This fraction reduced MPO and MDA levels significantly in blood and tissue. It showed antioxidant potential [in DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay IC50 value is 26.25; trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity µµg/ml TE/g of plant material on dry basis in ABTS (2,2′′-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential) assay is 2.03 and 2.45, respectively]. The fraction contains a high level of phenolics. Discussion and conclusion: The methanol fraction of crude methanol extract of C. dichotoma bark is effective in the treatment of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition of mild steel using extracts of Cordia dichotoma in different acid media was investigated by mass loss and thermometric methods. The experiments were carried out at 299±0.2 K in presence of different concentrations of dry fruit, leaves and stem extracts of Cordia dichotoma. The results reveal that the alcoholic extracts of Cordia dichotoma is a better corrosion inhibitor than that of toxic chemicals. The fruit extract is more potent than leaves and stem extracts to inhibit the corrosion rate. The study seeks to investigate the possibility of using extracts of Cordia dichotoma as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts and four flavonoids isolated from leaves of two Boraginaceae species ( Cordia multispicata Cham. and Tournefortia bicolor Sw.) were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, DPPH free radical scavenging and inhibition of peroxidation of linoleic acid by FTC method. For comparison, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and BHT were used. In general, extracts from T. bicolor (68.8 ± 0.001 to > 1000 mg/g) showed higher phenolic content than C. multispicata (66.1 ± 0.009 to 231 ± 0.07 mg/g), and also scavenged radicals (IC50 12.8 ± 2.5 to 437 ± 3.5 mg/L) and inhibited lipid peroxide formation (IC50 51.2 ± 2.29 to 89 ± 0.59 mg/L). For these extracts a good correlation between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed, suggesting that T. bicolor is richer in phenolic compounds and that it could serve as a new source of natural antioxidants or nutraceuticals with potential applications. Chromatographic procedures monitored by antioxidant assays afforded seven compounds, which were identified by spectral analyses (IR, MS and 1D and 2D NMR) and comparison with reported data as being trans-phytol ( 1), taraxerol ( 2), 3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone ( 3), 5,3’-dihydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone ( 4), quercetin ( 5), tiliroside ( 6), and rutin ( 7). Compounds ( 4-7) were also evaluated and were effective as DPPH quenching (IC50 7.7 ± 3.6 to 79.3 ± 3.4 mg/L) and as inhibition of lipid peroxidation (IC50 80.1 ± 0.98 to 88.7 ± 3.62 mg/L). This is the first report on the total phenolic content, radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proximate composition and mineral constituents of Cordia myxa R. fruit were evaluated. The fruit contained 6.7% ash, 8.32% crude protein, 2.2% crude lipid, 25.7% crude fiber, and 57.08% carbohydrates. The fruit also has high energy value (281.4 kcal/100g dry weight). Mineral ranges (mg/100g dry weight, DW) were: K (7.83), Na (1.62), Ca (0.46), Fe (0.51) and Zn (0.35). Comparing the stem mineral contents with recommended dietary allowances (RDA), the results indicated that Cordia myxa R. fruit could be a good supplement for some nutrients such as fibre, protein and carbohydrates. The wild fruit could be promoted as a carbohydrate and protein supplement for cereal-based diets in poor rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study conducted to analyze the effect of Cordia myxa on the oxidative stress induced by chemicals. It informs that oxidative liver damage was induced by carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide in rats. According to the results, Cordia myxa was effective in the mitigation of chemically induced fibrosis by the chemical agents.

Cordia africana Lam. is a commercial timber species that grows naturally throughout sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Arabia. At present very little is known about genetic variation in this species and baseline information is needed to initiate improvement programs in Ethiopia. Thus, the objectives of the study were to quantify the inter- and intra-population variations in seed size traits and germination responses to different constant temperature regimes. Seeds were collected from 30 open-pollinated families within each of the five populations representing the natural distribution of the species in Ethiopia. To examine seed size variations, seed length, seed width, and 1,000-seed weight were quantified. Inter- and intra-population variations in seed germination were investigated under different constant temperature regimes from 20 to 35°C in climate chambers. Significant variations in seed length, width and weight were detected both at inter- and intra-population levels, and family heritabilities of 0.63–0.76 showed that much of the phenotypic variation in seed size traits were additive genetic variation. Significant variation in germination was also found among and within populations as well as between the different constant temperature regimes. Generally the variation in germination was considerably higher within population than between populations. The optimal temperature for germination of C. africana seeds was 25–30°C with family heritabilities for germination ranging between 0.20 and 0.33, depending on the germination temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years "D. I. A. F." (Department of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering of Florence University), has been testing the effectiveness of soil bioengineering techniques in Central America. The focus of the present study was to find out which native plants were most suited for soil bioengineering purposes, particularly in the realization of riverbank protection in Nicaragua. Furthermore, we have also been aiming at economic efficiency. These techniques are appropriate for sustainable watershed management especially in underdeveloped countries. Concerning the plants to be used we experimented four native species. Gliricidia Sepium, Cordia dentata and Jatropha curcas are suitable for soil bioengineering more than Bursera Simaruba. Economically speaking, the sustainability of such interventions in underdeveloped countries, has been shown by the evaluation of the cost of riverbank protection using vegetated crib-walls in Nicaragua compared to the cost in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from stem and leaves of Cordia globosa (Jacq.) Hmb., Bonpl. et Kunth and Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. et Schult. were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. The oil yield of C. globosa and C. curassavica was 0.5% and 1.1% for the stem and 0.6% and 1.0% for the leaves, respectively. Although they belong to the same genus, the chemical composition of the oils from two Cordia species was very different. The main components in the oil of C. globosa were: 1-endo-bourbonanol (20.2% in stem) and linalyl butyrate (14.7% in stem);β-caryophyllene (39.0% in leaves) and α-humulene (12.1% in leaves). Spathulenol (27.1% in stem), trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (11.0% in stem), viridiflorol (10.7% in stem), β-phellandrene (25.3% in leaves), cubebol (23.9% in leaves) and α-pinene (10.4 % in leaves) were the main constituents of the oils of C. curassavica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inter- and intraspecific variation in hydraulic traits was investigated in nine Cordia (Boraginaceae) species growing in three tropical rainforests differing in mean annual precipitation (MAP). • Interspecific variation was examined for the different Cordia species found at each site, and intraspecific variation was studied in populations of the widespread species Cordia alliodora across the three sites. • Strong intra- and interspecific variation were observed in vulnerability to drought-induced embolism. Species growing at drier sites were more resistant to embolism than those growing at moister sites; the same pattern was observed for populations of C. alliodora. By contrast, traits related to hydraulic capacity, including stem xylem vessel diameter, sapwood specific conductivity ( Ks) and leaf specific conductivity ( KL), varied strongly but independently of MAP. For C. alliodora, xylem anatomy, Ks, KL and Huber value varied little across sites, with Ks and KL being consistently high relative to other Cordia species. • A constitutively high hydraulic capacity coupled with plastic or genotypic adjustment in vulnerability to embolism and leaf water relations would contribute to the ability of C. alliodora to establish and compete across a wide precipitation gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern authors have not agreed on a satisfactory system of generic delimitation among woody Boraginales. Recent treatments have recognized a broadly defined Cordia with 3-7 subgenera or sections. Molecular sequence data suggest an alignment of genera that is consistent with morphological and palynological data. In advance of publication of several major floristic studies on Boraginaceae, generic delimitation of the traditional Cordioideae is reviewed. Coldenia, formerly considered a member of Ehretioideae, is sister to Cordia s.l. Within Cordia s.l., Varronia is sister to the rest of the genus and its resurrection as a distinct genus is proposed. Thus defined, Cordiaceae comprise three genera, all of which are monophyletic and consistent with vegetative, floral, and pollen morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of genetic variation in Cordia africana, a tropical timber species, were evaluated at the population level. Bulk seed samples were collected from six natural populations in Ethiopia and examined for variations in seed morphometric traits, seed germination, and seedling growth at nursery stage. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among provenances in all studied attributes except root collar diameter after 4 months of growth. The provenance effect, as determined by broad sense heritability, was 71-98% for seed morphometric traits, 8000 for germination capacity, 42% for germination energy, 57-58% for seedling height and 3-13% for root collar diameter. Seed weight showed a significant positive correlation with altitude and negative correlation with mean annual temperature of seed origin. Germination energy was significantly correlated with longitude and mean annual rainfall. Seedling parameters and geo-climatic variables of seed origin were fairly correlated. A significant intercharacter correlation was found between seed length and seed weight, between root collar diameter at the age of 4 months and seed length and weight, as well as between seedling height after 4 and 8 months of growth. It can be concluded that the observed patterns of variation will have implications for genetic resources conservation and tree improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]