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T he American modernist Marsden Hartley made a first, short visit to Berlin, Germany, in early 1913. Immediately he began plotting his relocation to the imperial Wilhelmine capital, which was for him "without question the finest modem city in Europe."' He moved there in April 1913 and stayed until December 1915. Arnold 62 Riinnebeck, a sculptor, and Karl von Freyburg, Rinnebeck's cousin and a lieutenant in the German army, were friends he had met in Paris who introduced him to Berlin.