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In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that Coronavirus (2019) (Covid-19) was recognized as a global epidemic. In late 2019, a new type of the coronavirus family, known as Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, China, called Covid-19. The Covid-19 epidemic has plunged the world into an unprecedented crisis, causing massive human and economic losses. As of July 6, 2020, this global outbreak has caused more than 167 million confirmed cases and more than 3.4 million deaths worldwide. The high rate of lung infection, long latency period, mild to moderate symptoms, cases that many people experience, or even cases of asymptomatic patients, has made Covid-19 a worrying disease. Challenges in addressing the illness involve the creation of vaccines, efficient large-scale manufacturing, and equitable global distribution. Nanotechnology can be regarded as a potential approach for both diagnosing and treating this hazardous virus. Nanoparticles, with their physicochemical properties, can be a promising treatment method to win the battle against coronaviruses. This review article aims to explore the disease of Covid-19 and the potential of nanotechnology as a bright and promising pathway for the diagnosis, drug delivery, and treatment of Covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late December 2019, a new kind of Coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was officially identified in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it has infected millions of people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious Coronavirus, which has led to an outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection called "Coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19), resulting in mild to severe respiratory infections in humans. The design of appropriate therapeutic approaches is dependent on the understanding of molecular and cellular pathways of Coronavirus infections. In this study, we summarized the characteristic features of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we considered the recent information regarding COVID-19 molecular immune pathogenesis, diagnosis, and potential treatment, which may provide novel perspectives and therapeutic goals in combating SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Clinical manifestations occur mainly in respiratory system, however some studies have reported extra-pulmonary changes, such as oral and maxillofacial implications. This study aims to verify the possible oral and maxillofacial implications of COVID-19. Therefore, an integrative literature review was carried out. Systematic searches were carried out in SciELO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar from June 6 to 8, 2020. Inclusion criteria were studies that evaluated oral and / or maxillofacial manifestations of COVID-19 and portrayed clinical cases of patients with the disease. Exclusion criteria were studies that were unavailable for reading in full, literature reviews and letters to the editor. Twelve studies were selected, in which the main manifestations were changes in taste and smell, dry mouth, ulcers in the oral mucosa and increase in cervical and submandibular lymph nodes, which may present together with other respiratory symptoms or in isolation. Because of this, the identification of some of these changes can contribute to the early diagnosis of the disease, however more studies are needed to improve the scientific evidence on the subject, to clarify whether part of these changes are manifestations of the disease or a consequence of the immune status of the patient. patient who favors the development of opportunistic infections and neglect of oral hygiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Full therapeutic low molecular weight heparin to be considered if platelets >50,000. • Blood products for overt disseminated intravascular coagulation with active bleeding. • Anti-coagulation dose should be half of the therapeutic dose if platelets <50,000. • Only prophylactic dose if platelets <30,000. • Platelet transfusion and an inferior vena cava filter considered if platelets <30,000. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), a novel coronavirus, originated as an epidemic respiratory illness in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 eventually spread to almost all countries and has now been declared a global pandemic disease by the World Health Organisation. A plethora of research has explored the dynamics of different clinical entities related to SARS-COV-2, in particular, COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. A large scale of patients have been reported to have developed pulmonary embolism without any other standard triggers or risk factors, leading to speculation that COVID-19 is an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. In addition to the development of thromboembolic complications such as pulmonary embolism, COVID-19 has also been reported to have triggered disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); however, it is unclear whether pulmonary embolism was due to COVID-19-induced thrombosis or a result of coagulopathy secondary to DIC. We describe a unique case of a COVID-19 associated coagulopathy in a patient with confirmed pulmonary embolism along with an overt DIC. Following diagnosis, the challenge was to identify the appropriate treatment modality for this unique situation. The patient was treated with anticoagulants and steroids along with blood products. The patient's condition markedly improved and was clinically stable on discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of December 2019, a novel acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) appeared as the third unheard of outbreak of human coronavirus infection in the 21st century. First, in Wuhan, China, the novel SARS‐CoV2 was named by the World Health Organization (WHO), as 2019‐nCOV (COVID‐19), and spread extremely all over the world. SARS‐CoV2 is transmitted to individuals by human‐to‐human transmission leading to severe viral pneumonia and respiratory system injury. SARS‐CoV2 elicits infections from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and other organ destruction. There is a possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic cases as active carriers, in addition to symptomatic ones, which is a crucial crisis of COVID‐19 that should be considered. Hence, paying more attention to the accurate and immediate diagnosis of suspected and infected cases can be a great help in preventing the rapid spread of the virus, improving the disease prognosis, and controlling the pandemic. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the different types of Clinical and Para‐clinical diagnostic methods and their practical features, which can help understand better the applications and capacities of various diagnostic approaches for COVID‐19 infected cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On December 31, 2019, a novel coronavirus, being the third highly infective CoV and named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the city of Wuhan, was announced by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 has a 2% mortality rate, is known as the third extremely infective CoV infection, and has a mortality rate less than MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. The CoV family comprises a chief number of positive single-stranded ss (+) RNA viruses that are recognized in mammals. The 2019-nCoV patients showed that the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) was the same for SARS-CoV. Structural proteins have an essential role in virus released and budding to various host cells. Notably, evidence indicated human-to-human transmission, along with several exported patients of virus infection worldwide. Nowadays, no licensed antivirals drugs or vaccines for being utilized against these coronavirus infections are recognized. There is an urgent requirement for an extensive research of CoV infections to disclose the route of extension, pathogenesis, and diagnosis and then to recognize the therapeutic targets to facilitate disease control and surveillance. In this article, we present an overview of the common biological criteria of CoVs and explain pathogenesis with a focus on the therapeutic approach to suggest potential goals for treating and monitoring this emerging zoonotic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2019, cases of unidentified pneumonia with a history of exposure in the Huanan Seafood Market were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province. A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified to be accountable for this disease. Human-to-human transmission is confirmed, and this disease (named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO)) spread rapidly around the country and the world. As of 18 February 2020, the number of confirmed cases had reached 75,199 with 2009 fatalities. The COVID-19 resulted in a much lower case-fatality rate (about 2.67%) among the confirmed cases, compared with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Among the symptom composition of the 45 fatality cases collected from the released official reports, the top four are fever, cough, short of breath, and chest tightness/pain. The major comorbidities of the fatality cases include hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, and chronic bronchitis. The source of the virus and the pathogenesis of this disease are still unconfirmed. No specific therapeutic drug has been found. The Chinese Government has initiated a level-1 public health response to prevent the spread of the disease. Meanwhile, it is also crucial to speed up the development of vaccines and drugs for treatment, which will enable us to defeat COVID-19 as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]