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Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection affects the cardiovascular system at many levels. It initially infects endothelial cells, inducing marked endothelial damage and inflammation. However, there was no empirical evidence of functional compromise of arterial walls. Aims and objective: Our primary objective was to study functional arterial damage in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and establish the noninvasive measurement of arterial stiffness as an independent marker of disease severity. Materials and methods: We recorded the arterial stiffness of 23 mild, 21 moderate, and 20 severe COVID-19 patients grouped on the latest National Institute of Health (NIH) severity criteria. We observed arterial stiffness of COVID-19 patients with standard parameters like noninvasive estimated carotid--femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), age-normalized increase in cfPWV (ANI&lowbar;cfPWV), age-normalized increase in aortic augmentation pressure (ANI&lowbar;AugP), and heart rate-normalized augmentation index (HRN_ AIx). All the parameters were also corrected for statistically significant confounding factors. Results: Moderate and severe COVID-19 patients have extremely significantly elevated arterial stiffness than mild patients. In mild patients, cfPWV (829.1 ± 139.2 cm/second) was significantly lower than both moderate (1067 ± 152.5 cm/second, p <0.0001) and severe (1416 ± 253.9 cm/second, p <0.0001) patients. ANI&lowbar;cfPWV in moderate and severe patients was significantly higher than mild patients (mild: 101.2 ± 126.1 cm/second; moderate: 279 ± 114.4 cm/second; severe: 580.1 ± 216.4 cm/second; intergroup p <0.0001). The results even after correction for significant confounding factors did not show any considerable change in the increasing trend of arterial stiffness. Conclusion: This study establishes the functional deterioration of arteries in proportion to the severity of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 5-6% of patients diagnosed to have COVID-19 infection present with severe hypoxemia requiring invasive ventilation or noninvasive ventilation (NIV). Additional oxygen to patients on NIV can be given by nasal prong or by connecting oxygen tubing directly to the O2 pick-off port of the NIV mask or by connecting oxygen tubing to the single-limb circuit in between ventilator and patient. Dual oxygen therapy improves oxygenation in COVID-19 patients on NIV. This method may make the patient more comfortable, increase tolerance to NIV, increase the usefulness of NIV for moderate and severe COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]