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India's growth is considerably influenced by different economic classes with remarkable financial contribution. This paper attempts to study the consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on investment behaviour of economic classes. Economic class is grouping of individuals on the basis of their earnings. Fundamentally, there are three classes including upper, lower and middle. Population with an annual income of 2.5 lacs to 20 lacs is regarded as middle class and below 2.5 lacs and above 20 lacs are considered as lower and upper class respectively. In finance, investment is procuring any item, commodity or an asset with an intention to generate income and wealth through diverse strategies and it can also be deposition of funds in defined services. During this ongoing pandemic, the fear of unforeseen and financial challenges faced by businesses, salaried employees and others. Therefore, this research focuses on certain objectives like assessing determinants and motivators of investment, investing options normally availed by different classes of people, channels of investment accessible to them and impact of pandemic on investment preferences of investors. Sample is collected from three major states of western India specifically Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan using simple random sampling. Primary data has been collected using questionnaire, telephonic interview etc. and secondary data from internet, journals, and textbooks. Exploratory research method has been used. Researcher has applied chi square test to check the hypothesis whether there is significant impact of COVID-19 on investment behaviour of individuals. From this analysis, it has been observed that only upper-class investors are interested in gold, real estate, stock market and mutual funds while major population of middle and lower class wish to invest in fixed deposits, PPF and insurance. Further, it is discovered that pandemic has significantly affected investment of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the middle of COVID-19 corona virus pandemic situation in India people from academic field are still trying to cope up with the situation by following new normal way of living. The study explores the parents experience about online education system in the state of Maharashtra, India. Study shows both sides of online education system during pandemic. A likert scale questionnaire was designed to distribute amongst the parents of different age group to collect all the need full data for the research. Questionnaire was sent to parents through Google form in defined geographical area and only valid responses considered for study. Also, the study of literature is done through various research papers, articles and journals to understand the concept. It is observed that parents are aware about the importance of online education system in such a pandemic situation. But still there are many parents who are in support of off line education system as they say that it is the only correct method for the academic and social development of children. Furthermore, parents who monitored their children during online education experienced, it resulted better in terms ofunderstandingthetopics,engagementduringtheclass,effectiveutilizationofinternetconnection, not as much of stressful as offline education etc. and felt it is a necessity in current pandemic situation. To summaries the experiences of parents regarding online and off line education, all of them agreed on the fact that it should be mixture of online education and off line education system for the overall development of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 infections and deaths have largely been uneven within and between countries. With 17% of the world's population, India has so far had 13% of global COVID-19 infections and 8.5% of deaths. Maharashtra accounting for 9% of India's population, is the worst affected state, with 19% of infections and 33% of total deaths in the country until 23rd December 2020. Though a number of studies have examined the vulnerability to and spread of COVID-19 and its effect on mortality, no attempt has been made to understand its impact on mortality in the states of India.Method: Using data from multiple sources and under the assumption that COVID-19 deaths are additional deaths in the population, this paper examined the impact of the disease on premature mortality, loss of life expectancy, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in Maharashtra. Descriptive statistics, a set of abridged life tables, YPLL, and DALY were used in the analysis. Estimates of mortality indices were compared pre- and during COVID-19.Result: COVID-19 attributable deaths account for 5.3% of total deaths in the state and have reduced the life expectancy at birth by 0.8 years, from 73.2 years in the pre-COVID-19 period to 72.4 years by the end of 2020. If COVID-19 attributable deaths increase to 10% of total deaths, life expectancy at birth will likely reduce by 1.4 years. The probability of death in 20-64 years of age (the prime working-age group) has increased from 0.15 to 0.16 due to COVID-19. There has been 1.06 million additional loss of years (YPLL) in the state, and DALY due to COVID-19 has been estimated to be 6 per thousand.Conclusion: COVID-19 has increased premature mortality, YPLL, and DALY and has reduced life expectancy at every age in Maharashtra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This write-up is a brief reflection of a rural doctor couple, Dr. Himmatrao Saluba Bawaskar (HSB) and Dr. Pramodini Himmatrao Bawaskar (PHB), working in the remote area of Maharashtra state of India during COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, rural doctors are routinely exposed to symptomatic COVID-positive cases in the outpatient as well as indoor setting. The authors, both husband and wife, were in compulsory quarantine for twice at home and experienced social stigmas attached to a positive case. Here is a report the details of COVID-19 pattern and its management learned from the published scientific papers on COVID-19, and severe acute respiratory syndrome due to SARS-CoV-2 from December 2019 and their own experience in rural setting and the current literature shared in the form of personal narration. Apart from the personal experience of patients experience regarding quarantine period, COVID-19 is discussed in detail for the benefit of rural practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) refers to the problems of the heart occurring due to narrowed heart arteries. Ischemic Heart Disease is also called as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Coronary artery is responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle. IHD is caused by blockages in the coronary artery due to fat deposits or thrombus. Early diagnosis of IHD is critical. This research involves prediction of IHD in patients diagnosed with Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) or showing symptoms of the same. The dataset used for this research has been collected from nine hospitals across the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is a dataset of patients diagnosed with Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) or showing symptoms of the same. Machine Learning algorithms and ensemble methods have been used for the prediction of IHD. The algorithms used are Decision Tree, Random Forest, AdaBoost, CatBoost, LightGBM and XGBoost. The ensemble methods used are the Majority Voting Ensemble and Stacking. Maximum accuracy of 90.14% is obtained by using Majority Voting Ensemble which is an ensemble of Random Forest, XGBoost and AdaBoost algorithms using voting type as soft voting. Google colab has been used for the implementation of the project and the programming language used is Python. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In University regulated Tier IIB Schools in India, the prominent mode of instruction has been traditional face to face, teaching. The extent of technology to be incorporated in educational pedagogy was always debated. However, with the sudden COVID-19 pandemic, all institutions were compelled to adopt online teaching methodologies. With this background, this paper attempts to analyze the perception of students of Post Graduate Management Programmes from the four different Universities in state of Maharashtra, India, about their online learning experience during the pandemic. The study also attempts to identify various factors that have a bearing on student's perceptions regarding the effectiveness of online teaching. For the purpose of quantitative analysis, factor analysis and multiple regression have been used. Based on the results of quantitative analysis, appropriate qualitative conclusions have been derived. The results of the study in terms of perception of students regarding online learning can contribute significantly in developing a blended approach for management education as per the latest UGC guidelines (2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineering profession for students and diverse students for Engineering Campuses (ECs) is the prestige to have for both. Worldwide higher education has been impacted by COVID-19 pandemic, but particularly pulling padlocked doors of Indian engineering campuses (ECs) down. Students' attitudes regarding choice, liking, and preferences were also affected. Knowing how tough 'college choice' was before the pandemic, one can guess how difficult it will be today. The objective of this study was to explore students' perceptions of choice characteristics related to ECs and diverse students enabling choice decisions under the COVID-19 situation, and to discover any possible relationships among them. Research questions were qualitatively examined with the statistical confirmation of related hypothesizes by utilizing ANOVA and Regression analysis. A self-reported quantitative survey composed of a closed-ended structured questionnaire was administered on the students of first-year engineering who had recently enrolled in ECs of North Maharashtra Region of India, after pandemic hitting India. According to the study, ECs have several characteristics impacting students' selection of ECs under pandemic. The influence of proximity, image and reputation, educational quality, and curriculum delivery was significant in contributing sustainability of ECs. This influence was significant across students' psychological and behavioural biases on likes, choices, and preferences. Furthermore, multiple relationships were noted within the sub-groups of demographic, geographic, socioeconomic, academic performance, and psychological and behavioural traits due to the impact of ECs' characteristics on sustainability. The study has provided a framework for policymakers and administrators to strengthen repositioning towards sustainability while capturing potentially diverse enrolments. Even if we have to coexist with pandemic forever or with more similar pandemics, the findings of this study may undergo a fundamental transformation for ECs (existing and forthcoming). On the other hand, by understanding the importance and relations of choice characteristics may smoothen the complex nature of "college choice" for prospective students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two years, the COVID-19 pandemic has seen multiple waves with high morbidity and mortality. Lockdowns and other prompt responses helped India's situation become less severe. Although Malegaon in the Indian state of Maharashtra has a high population density, poor hygienic standards, and oppositional local community views toward national pandemic addressing measures, it is nevertheless reasonably safe. To understand the possible reasons serosurvey was conducted to estimate the anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels in the Malegaon population. Also, we did SUTRA mathematical modeling to the Malegaon daily data on COVID-19 attributable events and compared it with the National and state level. The case fatality rate (CFR) in Malegaon city for the first, second, and third waves was 3.25%, 2.25%, and 0.39%, respectively. The crude death rate (CDR) for Maharashtra ranked first for the initial two waves and India for the third wave. Malegaon, meanwhile, finished second in the first two waves but fared best in the third. The Vaccination coverage for the first dose before the second wave was only 0.34% but had risen to 64.46% by 12 Oct 2022. By then, the second and booster dose coverage was 27.55% and 2.38%, respectively. Serosurvey did between 12 and 18 Jan 2022 showed a 93.93% anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody presence. SUTRA modeling elucidated the high levels of antibodies due to the pandemic-reach over 102% by the third wave. The serosurvey and the model explain why the pandemic severity in terms of duration and CFR during the subsequent waves, especially third wave, was milder compared to the first wave in spite of low vaccination rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel coronavirus has affected almost all countries and impacted the economy, environment, and social life. The short-term impact on the environment and human health needs attention to correlate the Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and health assessment for pre-, during, and post lockdowns. Therefore, the current study demonstrates VOC changes and their effect on air quality during the lockdown. The findings of result, the levels of the mean for total VOC concentrations were found to be 15.45 ± 21.07, 2.48 ± 1.61, 19.25 ± 28.91 µg/m3 for all monitoring stations for pre-, during, and post lockdown periods. The highest value of TVOCs was observed at Thane, considered an industrial region (petroleum refinery), and the lowest at Bandra, which was considered a residential region, respectively. The VOC levels drastically decreased by 52%, 89%, 80%, and 97% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively, during the lockdown period compared to the previous year. In the present study, the T/B ratio was found lower in the lockdown period as compared to the pre-lockdown period. This can be attributed to the complete closure of non-traffic sources such as industries and factories during the lockdown. The Lifetime Cancer Risk values for all monitoring stations for benzene for pre-and-post lockdown periods were higher than the prescribed value, except during the lockdown period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Indian electricity demand reduced by 11 % vis-à-vis 2019 during the lockdown. • Sectoral demand reduction—73 % industrial, remaining 27 % commercial. • Pan India lights-off event—hydropower provides the bulk of the flexibility (60 %). • The plant load factor of coal dropped to a record low of 35 % during phase-1. • Power sector emissions reduced by 16 % (86 MtCO2) compared to 2019. This paper aims to understand the responsiveness of the power sector during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic beginning from March 25, 2020 and analyses its impact on the demand, operation and supply of electricity in the Indian power system. The role of the C&I load share in reducing the electricity demand of the different states in India has been examined using multi-sectoral regression analysis. The impact of the pan India lights-off event on the short-term operational flexibility response of the power system has also been analysed using high-temporal resolution data. The results indicate that there has been a reduction of nearly 70 TWh of electricity demand during the lockdown period, an 11 % reduction compared to 2019. The top three states recording the highest reduction were Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu at 11 TWh, 10.6 TWh and 8.4 TWh, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that out of the total drop in load demand — 73 % is owed to the industrial sector, while the remaining 27 % is to the commercial sector. This demand drop also impacted the upstream electricity supply mix where 96 % of the reduction in supply was borne by the coal generating units, recording its lowest national plant load factor at 35 % with a 16 % reduction in overall CO 2 emission compared to the same period in 2019. In conclusion, a case study of Maharashtra has been used to analyse the impact of this reduction in electricity demand on the supply mix, hourly load profile and cost of supply under the different lockdown phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic brought various changes in the manner we work and the teaching-learning profession is not an exception. It is essential to understand the impact which the pandemic has had on the physical and mental well -being of the major stakeholders of the academic ecosystem. OBJECTIVES: This study discusses the condition of educational institutes due to the pandemic and its impact on the mental and physical well-being of the faculty members and students. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: In order to understand the viewpoint of the students and faculty primary data collection was undertaken in graduate and postgraduate colleges in four Indian states namely Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. There are approximately seven to eight thousand colleges in these four states which offer graduate and post-graduate courses. More than 80,000 students' study in these colleges. Due to the pandemic, it was not feasible to collect data from all of the colleges. In total, 25 colleges were contacted from these four states. Hence, the method of convenience sampling was used to collect the data. A structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to 1,750 students. 1,500 undergraduate and post-graduate students completed the questionnaire (85.7% response rate). From the same institutes, around 715 faculty were given a questionnaire to complete about issues faced in shifting to online teaching from offline teaching due to COVID-19. 600 faculty members completed the questionnaire (83.9% response rate). RESULTS: According to the findings, online learning has progressed but is resulting in a rise in loneliness and isolation among students and teachers. When one-on-one communication between instructors and students is disrupted, the majority of students felt isolated, which can lead to poor mental and physical health in pandemics. CONCLUSION: Research outcomes can help institute, university, and policymakers in designing effective mental and physical health policies or developing programs to mitigate the negative effects of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings can help researchers discover that mental health is just as vital as physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, SARS-CoV-2 has moved from one tide to another with ebbs in between. Genomic surveillance has greatly aided the detection and tracking of the virus and the identification of the variants of concern (VOC). The knowledge and understanding from genomic surveillance is important for a populous country like India for public health and healthcare officials for advance planning. An integrative analysis of the publicly available datasets in GISAID from India reveals the differential distribution of clades, lineages, gender, and age over a year (Apr 2020–Mar 2021). The significant insights include the early evidence towards B.1.617 and B.1.1.7 lineages in the specific states of India. Pan-India longitudinal data highlighted that B.1.36* was the predominant clade in India until January–February 2021 after which it has gradually been replaced by the B.1.617.1 lineage, from December 2020 onward. Regional analysis of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 indicated that B.1.617.3 was first seen in India in the month of October in the state of Maharashtra, while the now most prevalent strain B.1.617.2 was first seen in Bihar and subsequently spread to the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and West Bengal. To enable a real time understanding of the transmission and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, we built a transmission map available on https://covid19-indiana.soic.iupui.edu/India/EmergingLineages/April2020/to/March2021. Based on our analysis, the rate estimate for divergence in our dataset was 9.48 e-4 substitutions per site/year for SARS-CoV-2. This would enable pandemic preparedness with the addition of future sequencing data from India available in the public repositories for tracking and monitoring the VOCs and variants of interest (VOI). This would help aid decision making from the public health perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge, awareness, and practices (KAP) about COVID-19 among the marine fishers who are engaged in the high-risk occupations and depend on the vulnerable sources of income in the Maharashtra state of India, were investigated to understand the behavioral changes and vulnerability among the respondents because of COVID-19. Data were collected through an online survey from 1st July to 30th July 2020 during the first peak of COVID-19 in the study area by using the questionnaire. Authors based on the latest recommendations by the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the questionnaire and covered the KAP aspects under study. The questionnaire was administered through Google form link and the link was disseminated through social media such as Facebook and What's App. The completed responses (n = 533) received from the eligible sample, excluding those outsides of the fisher community and duplicate entries were considered for analysis. Appropriate statistical tools were used to analyze the data. Among the respondents, 447 men (83.86%) and 86 women (16.14%), with a mean age of 45.4 years (M = 45.4, SD = 1.18). The results revealed that 70.92% of respondents perceived a low risk of infection because of COVID-19 with M = 1.77 and SD = 0.583, but authors found the perceived severity score high (M = 3.95, SD = 1.21) among the 60.97% of respondents. Around 95% of respondents were aware of the COVID-19, while almost all respondents knew the medium of infection and symptoms of COVID-19. The behavior of respondents towards COVID-19 infection was positive and was following sufficient precautionary measures suggested by WHO to protect themselves from COVID-19 infection. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the demographic features of respondents like age, education were significantly contributing to the KAP of the fisher community. The results confirmed the importance of KAP which is reflected in the behavioral responses of the fishers while tackling the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The results regarding the risk perception, severity, KAP about COVID-19 provide a collective understanding of the emerging infectious disease among the marine fishers of Maharashtra state of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by 2019 novel coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan, China. It is a disease of the respiratory system with clinical presentation of fever, cough, breathlessness, headache, fatigue etc. Transmission route is through person to person contact and through direct contact with respiratory droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes. In such cases usage of facemasks is very crucial. At the same time awareness regarding the same in the community is very important. Hence, through this survey authors have assessed and recorded the awareness about facemasks and its usage in the community in the Indian population along with the basic hygiene precautions taken by the people. Aim: To conduct a detailed survey regarding the awareness and usage of facemask in the rural population in Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: The study was a three month crosssectional online survey conducted by Maharashtra Academy of Engineering Education and Research's (MAEER's) Talegaon Dabhade Physiotherapy College in the rural community of western Maharashtra, India, from October to December 2020. A self-administered online questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was prepared regarding the awareness about masks usage and proper methods to be considered with reference to the guidelines given by World Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention and literature reviews. The forms were shared on social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram using Google forms. Statistical analysis was done by descriptive analysis using percentage. Results: Out of total 390 participants, 210 (53.84%) were males and 180 (46.15%) were females. Considering the knowledge about the types of masks available was 67.1%, self-education was 88%. A 44% of the population thinks that one can wear a facemask up to eight hours if worn properly. Similarly knowledge about disinfecting the mask before throwing was 86%. Active efforts to maintain good hygiene by washing hands was 90%. Also, 55% of the population avoids touching their mask frequently. In practice, 56.1% of the population avoids wearing a mask while walking or jogging. Varieties of masks are being used by the people depending on the cost and availability. Conclusion: The coronavirus pandemic has evoked a sense of awareness about self-care, hygienic habits and being updated about one's health. Further work can be done on cost effectiveness and availability of the good quality masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus is spreading globally with an increasing rate of mortality. It is spreading in all state of India with different strains. Maharashtra is one of the most severely impacted states in India, having the highest number of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease) cases. Currently, there is no effective treatment for COVID-19. As social distancing and all other preventive measures are very costly from both social and economic points of view. Therefore, vaccination is now only a critical new tool to make our immune system stronger in the battle against COVID-19. Using geo-visualization tools, this review article aims to investigate the present status of COVID-19 vaccination in Maharashtra, India. The current status is shown through compiled maps of district-wise vaccination by age, vaccination by gender, vaccine category, total vaccination doses, and total vaccination has done in Maharashtra till July 2, 2021. The collected COVID-19 vaccination data is processed for the required results. The special distribution map for a different parameter of the present study has been carried out using Arc GIS software. After processing and combining vaccination and geospatial data, we compiled and generated district-wise graduated colour maps of Maharashtra. This review article briefly covers the Introduction, vaccination and its importance, and district-wise COVID-19 vaccination status of Maharashtra. Some basic advice and suggestions to improve the vaccination rate are also covered. The data and outcomes presented in this review are susceptible to change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to identify the socioeconomic, meteorological, and geographical factors associated with the severity of COVID‐19 pandemic in India. The severity is measured by the cumulative severity ratio (CSR)—the ratio of the cumulative COVID‐related deaths to the deaths in a pre‐pandemic year—its first difference and COVID infection cases. We have found significant interstate heterogeneity in the pandemic development and have contrasted the trends of the COVID‐19 severities between Maharashtra, which had the largest number of COVID deaths and cases, and the other states. Drawing upon random‐effects models and Tobit models for the weekly and monthly panel data sets of 32 states/union territories, we have found that the factors associated with the COVID severity include income, gender, multi‐morbidity, urbanization, lockdown and unlock phases, weather including temperature and rainfall, and the retail price of wheat. Brief observations from a policy perspective are made toward the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originating from Wuhan, China, COVID-19 is spreading rapidly throughout the world. The transmission rate is reported to be high for this novel strain of coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as compared to its predecessors. Major strategies in terms of clinical trials of medicines and vaccines, social distancing, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and so on are being implemented in order to control the spread. The current study concentrates on lockdown and social distancing policy followed by the Indian Government and evaluates its effectiveness using Bayesian probability model (BPM). The change point analysis (CPA) done through the above approach suggests that the states which implemented the lockdown before the exponential rise of cases are able to control the spread of the disease in a much better and efficient way. The analysis has been done for states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi as union territory. The highest value of Δ (delta) is reported for Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh with a value of 9.6 weeks, while the lowest value is 4.7, evidently for Maharashtra which is the worst affected. All of the states indicate a significant correlation (p < 0.05, tstat > tcritical) for Δ, i.e., the difference in the time period of CPA and lockdown with cases per population (CPP) and cases per unit area (CPUA), while weak correlation (p < 0.1 and tstat < tcritical) is exhibited by delta and cases per unit population density (CPD). For both CPP and CPUA, tstat > tcritical indicating a significant correlation, while Pearson's correlation indicates the direction to be negative. Further analysis in terms of identification of high-risk areas has been studied from the Voronoi approach of GIS based on the inputs from BPM. All the states follow the above pattern of high population, high case scenario, and the boundaries of risk zones can be identified by Thiessen polygon (TP) constructed therein. The findings of the study help draw strategic and policy-driven response for India, toward tackling COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 presenting as SARI (severe acute respiratory syndrome) mandates the need for ICU (intensive care unit) hospitalization, increasing healthcare burden. This study aims to determine knowledge of healthcare professionals towards management of SARI in COVID-19 suspected cases. Methods: A total of 313 healthcare professionals from the state of Maharashtra, India completed a questionnaire-based survey study adapted from the WHO interim guidance for management of SARI in COVID-19 suspected cases. Convenience sampling method was used and the distribution of responses was presented as frequencies and percentages. Sub-groups were classified on the basis of gender, age, profession and ICU vs. Non-ICU setting. Descriptive statistics were performed for all groups based on percentage of correct responses and individual pairwise comparisons were done using the Chi-Square test. Results: The median and mean percentage of correct responses for all sub groups was only 66.80% and 58.62% respectively. A higher percentage of total correct responses were those from the ICU setting with a higher overall performance from medical postgraduates. The nursing and allied healthcare professionals had a poor overall performance. Conclusions: The findings indicate lacunae in several aspects of SARI management which calls for nationwide studies and implementation of comprehensive training programmes. A uniform structured training program with team-oriented crisis resource management suitable for all healthcare professionals irrespective of prior training in COVID-19 management must be implemented. Furthermore, the findings of this study can serve as a baseline to develop training resources for healthcare professionals for COVID-19 management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]