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1. Association between human leukocyte antigen alleles and COVID-19 disease severity.

Author

Hajeer A, Jawdat D, Massadeh S, Aljawini N, Abedalthagafi MS, Arabi YM, and Alaamery M

Subjects
Humans, Saudi Arabia, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Adult, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Aged, Young Adult, Cohort Studies, Adolescent, Polymorphism, Genetic, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Histocompatibility Testing, COVID-19 genetics, COVID-19 immunology, Alleles, Severity of Illness Index, HLA Antigens genetics, Gene Frequency, SARS-CoV-2 immunology
Abstract

Background: the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been widely characterized to be associated with viral infectious diseases. Several studies including various ethnic groups and populations suggested associations between certain HLA alleles and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite the numerous associations identified, the role of HLA polymorphisms in determining the individual response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is controversial among different Saudi populations., Method: Here, we performed HLA typing by next-generation sequencing to investigate if variations in polymorphic HLA genes are linked to COVID-19 severity in the Saudi population. Namely, we analyzed HLA loci at allele level in 575 Saudi patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. HLA class I and class II frequencies in patients were compared with allele frequency data from healthy Saudi population., Results: in our cohort HLA-A* 02:01:01 G was associated with mild disease but was not associated with moderate and severe disease. HLA-B* 51:01:01 G was protective from severe disease while HLA-B* 50:01:01 G, HLA-C* 06:02:01 G and HLA-DRB1 * 07:01:01 G were associated with risk to severe disease as well as the total COVID-19 cohort. HLA-DRB1 * 15:01:01 G was associated with risk to all severity groups., Conclusion: in conclusion, we found significant associations between HLA alleles and COVID-19 disease severity in Saudis. Further studies are warranted to include HLA typing in the workup for any new COVID-19 patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Published
2024
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2. Exome-wide association study to identify rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes: Results from the Host Genetics Initiative.

Author

Butler-Laporte G, Povysil G, Kosmicki JA, Cirulli ET, Drivas T, Furini S, Saad C, Schmidt A, Olszewski P, Korotko U, Quinodoz M, Çelik E, Kundu K, Walter K, Jung J, Stockwell AD, Sloofman LG, Jordan DM, Thompson RC, Del Valle D, Simons N, Cheng E, Sebra R, Schadt EE, Kim-Schulze S, Gnjatic S, Merad M, Buxbaum JD, Beckmann ND, Charney AW, Przychodzen B, Chang T, Pottinger TD, Shang N, Brand F, Fava F, Mari F, Chwialkowska K, Niemira M, Pula S, Baillie JK, Stuckey A, Salas A, Bello X, Pardo-Seco J, Gómez-Carballa A, Rivero-Calle I, Martinón-Torres F, Ganna A, Karczewski KJ, Veerapen K, Bourgey M, Bourque G, Eveleigh RJ, Forgetta V, Morrison D, Langlais D, Lathrop M, Mooser V, Nakanishi T, Frithiof R, Hultström M, Lipcsey M, Marincevic-Zuniga Y, Nordlund J, Schiabor Barrett KM, Lee W, Bolze A, White S, Riffle S, Tanudjaja F, Sandoval E, Neveux I, Dabe S, Casadei N, Motameny S, Alaamery M, Massadeh S, Aljawini N, Almutairi MS, Arabi YM, Alqahtani SA, Al Harthi FS, Almutairi A, Alqubaishi F, Alotaibi S, Binowayn A, Alsolm EA, El Bardisy H, Fawzy M, Cai F, Soranzo N, Butterworth A, Geschwind DH, Arteaga S, Stephens A, Butte MJ, Boutros PC, Yamaguchi TN, Tao S, Eng S, Sanders T, Tung PJ, Broudy ME, Pan Y, Gonzalez A, Chavan N, Johnson R, Pasaniuc B, Yaspan B, Smieszek S, Rivolta C, Bibert S, Bochud PY, Dabrowski M, Zawadzki P, Sypniewski M, Kaja E, Chariyavilaskul P, Nilaratanakul V, Hirankarn N, Shotelersuk V, Pongpanich M, Phokaew C, Chetruengchai W, Tokunaga K, Sugiyama M, Kawai Y, Hasegawa T, Naito T, Namkoong H, Edahiro R, Kimura A, Ogawa S, Kanai T, Fukunaga K, Okada Y, Imoto S, Miyano S, Mangul S, Abedalthagafi MS, Zeberg H, Grzymski JJ, Washington NL, Ossowski S, Ludwig KU, Schulte EC, Riess O, Moniuszko M, Kwasniewski M, Mbarek H, Ismail SI, Verma A, Goldstein DB, Kiryluk K, Renieri A, Ferreira MAR, and Richards JB

Subjects
Humans, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Toll-Like Receptor 7 genetics, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, Exome genetics, COVID-19 genetics
Abstract

Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5,085 severe disease cases and 571,737 controls, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75-10.05, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: Biobanque Québécoise de la Covid-19: Brent Richards’s institution has received investigator-initiated grant funding from Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline and Biogen for projects unrelated to this research. He is the CEO of 5 Prime Sciences Inc (www.5primesciences.com). DeCOI: Oliver Witzke has received research grants for clinical studies, speaker’s fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Amgen, Alexion, Astellas, Basilea, Biotest, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Correvio, Chiesi, Gilead, Hexal, Janssen, Dr. F. Köhler Chemie, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, TEVA and UCB. Kerstin U. Ludwig is co-founder and holds equity in the LAMPseq Diagnostics GmbH. UP serves as ad hoc advisor for Sanofi-Pasteur, BioNtech and Sobi and is member of the SAB of Leukocare. Christoph D. Spinner reports grants, personal fees from AstraZeneca, personal fees and non-financial support from BBraun Melsungen, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Gilead Sciences, grants and personal fees from Janssen-Cilag, personal fees from Eli Lilly, personal fees from Formycon, personal fees from Roche, other from Apeiron, grants and personal fees from MSD, grants from Cepheid, personal fees from GSK, personal fees from Molecular partners, other from Eli Lilly, personal fees from SOBI during the conduct of the study; personal fees from AbbVie, personal fees from MSD, grants and personal fees from ViiV Healthcare, outside the submitted work. Jochen Schneider received grants and/or personal fees from Gilead Sciences, Janssen-Cilag, and from AbbVie outside the submitted work. Philipp Koehler reports grants or contracts from German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) B-FAST (Bundesweites Forschungsnetz Angewandte Surveillance und Testung) and NAPKON (Nationales Pandemie Kohorten Netz, German National Pandemic Cohort Network) of the Network University Medicine (NUM) and the State of North Rhine-Westphalia; Consulting fees Ambu GmbH, Gilead Sciences, Mundipharma Resarch Limited, Noxxon N.V. and Pfizer Pharma; Honoraria for lectures from Akademie für Infektionsmedizin e.V., Ambu GmbH, Astellas Pharma, BioRad Laboratories Inc., European Confederation of Medical Mycology, Gilead Sciences, GPR Academy Ruesselsheim, medupdate GmbH, MedMedia, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Scilink Comunicación Científica SC and University Hospital and LMU Munich; Participation on an Advisory Board from Ambu GmbH, Gilead Sciences, Mundipharma Resarch Limited and Pfizer Pharma; A pending patent currently reviewed at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office; Other non-financial interests from Elsevier, Wiley and Taylor & Francis online outside the submitted work. Oliver A. Cornely reports grants or contracts from Amplyx, Basilea, BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD (101037867), F2G, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer, Scynexis; Consulting fees from Amplyx, Biocon, Biosys, Cidara, Da Volterra, Gilead, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Noxxon, Octapharma, PSI, Scynexis, Seres; Honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Grupo Biotoscana/United Medical/Knight, Hikma, MedScape, MedUpdate, Merck/MSD, Mylan, Pfizer; Payment for expert testimony from Cidara; Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board from Actelion, Allecra, Cidara, Entasis, IQVIA, Jannsen, MedPace, Paratek, PSI, Shionogi; A patent at the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DE 10 2021 113 007.7); Other interests from DGHO, DGI, ECMM, ISHAM, MSG-ERC, Wiley. Genentech: Amy D Stockwell, Fang Cai, and Brian L Yaspan are, or were at the execution of the study, full time employees of Genentech with stock and stock options in Roche. Helix Exome+ and Healthy Nevada Project COVID-19 Phenotypes: Alexandre Bolze, Kelly M Schiabor Barrett, Simon White, Nicole L Washington, Francisco Tanudjaja, Stephen Riffle, Efren Sandoval, and Elizabeth T Cirulli are employees of Helix. Regeneron: Jack A Kosmicki and Manuel AR Ferreira are current employees and/or stockholders of Regeneron Genetics Center or Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Vanda CALYPSO COVID-19: Bartlomiej Przychodzen and Sandra Smieszek are employees of Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Published
2022
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3. Unlocking capacities of genomics for the COVID-19 response and future pandemics.

Author

Knyazev S, Chhugani K, Sarwal V, Ayyala R, Singh H, Karthikeyan S, Deshpande D, Baykal PI, Comarova Z, Lu A, Porozov Y, Vasylyeva TI, Wertheim JO, Tierney BT, Chiu CY, Sun R, Wu A, Abedalthagafi MS, Pak VM, Nagaraj SH, Smith AL, Skums P, Pasaniuc B, Komissarov A, Mason CE, Bortz E, Lemey P, Kondrashov F, Beerenwinkel N, Lam TT, Wu NC, Zelikovsky A, Knight R, Crandall KA, and Mangul S

Subjects
Genomics, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, COVID-19, Pandemics
Published
2022
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4. Correlation between ABO Blood Group Phenotype and the Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Severity of Disease in a Saudi Arabian Cohort.

Author

Jawdat D, Hajeer A, Massadeh S, Aljawini N, Abedalthagafi MS, and Alaamery M

Subjects
Humans, Phenotype, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, Saudi Arabia epidemiology, Severity of Illness Index, ABO Blood-Group System genetics, COVID-19 epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Disease severity among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 varies remarkably. Preliminary studies reported that the ABO blood group system confers differential viral susceptibility and disease severity caused by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, differences in ABO blood group phenotypes may partly explain the observed heterogeneity in COVID-19 severity patterns, and could help identify individuals at increased risk. Herein, we explored the association between ABO blood group phenotypes and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in a Saudi Arabian cohort., Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we performed ABO typing on a total of 373 Saudi patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and conducted association analysis between ABO blood group phenotype and COVID-19 infection severity. We then performed gender-stratified analysis by dividing the participating patients into two groups by gender, and classified them according to age., Results: The frequencies of blood group phenotypes A, B, AB and O were 27.3, 23.6, 5.4 and 43.7%, respectively. We found that blood group phenotype O was associated with a lower risk of testing positive for COVID-19 infection (OR 0.76 95% CI 0.62-0.95, p = 0.0113), while blood group phenotype B was associated with higher odds of testing positive (OR 1.51 95% CI 1.17-1.93, p = 0.0009). However, blood group phenotype B was associated with increased risk in the mild and moderate group but not the severe COVID-19 infection group. Blood group phenotype O was protective in all severity groups., Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that blood group phenotype B is a risk for COVID-19 disease while blood group phenotype O is protective from COVID-19 infection. However, further studies are necessary to validate these associations in a larger sample size and among individuals of different ethnic groups., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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5. Association of KIR gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 disease.

Author

Hajeer A, Jawdat D, Massadeh S, Aljawini N, Abedalthagafi MS, Arabi YM, and Alaamery M

Subjects
Adult, COVID-19 metabolism, Female, Gene Frequency genetics, Genotype, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural metabolism, Male, Middle Aged, SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity, COVID-19 genetics, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics, Receptors, KIR genetics
Abstract

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role against viruses. NK cells express killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) which regulate their activity and function. The polymorphisms in KIR haplotypes confer differential viral susceptibility and disease severity caused by infections. We investigated the association between KIR genes and COVID-19 disease severity., Methods: 424 COVID-19 positive patients were divided according to their disease severity into mild, moderate and severe. KIR genes were genotyped using next generation sequencing (NGS). Association between KIR genes and COVID-19 disease severity was conducted and significant correlations were reported., Results: In the COVID-19 patients, KIR Bx genotype was more common than AA genotype. The Bx genotype was found more frequently in patients with mild disease, while in severe disease the AA genotype was more common than the Bx genotype. The KIR2DS4 gene carried the highest risk for severe COVID-19 infection (OR 8.48, pc= 0.0084) followed by KIR3DL1 (OR 7.61, pc= 0.0192)., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that KIR2DS4 and KIR3DL1 genes carry risk for severe COVID-19 disease., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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6. Rare loss-of-function variants in type I IFN immunity genes are not associated with severe COVID-19.

Author

Povysil G, Butler-Laporte G, Shang N, Wang C, Khan A, Alaamery M, Nakanishi T, Zhou S, Forgetta V, Eveleigh RJ, Bourgey M, Aziz N, Jones SJ, Knoppers B, Scherer SW, Strug LJ, Lepage P, Ragoussis J, Bourque G, Alghamdi J, Aljawini N, Albes N, Al-Afghani HM, Alghamdi B, Almutairi MS, Mahmoud ES, Abu-Safieh L, El Bardisy H, Harthi FSA, Alshareef A, Suliman BA, Alqahtani SA, Almalik A, Alrashed MM, Massadeh S, Mooser V, Lathrop M, Fawzy M, Arabi YM, Mbarek H, Saad C, Al-Muftah W, Jung J, Mangul S, Badji R, Thani AA, Ismail SI, Gharavi AG, Abedalthagafi MS, Richards JB, Goldstein DB, and Kiryluk K

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Female, Genetic Association Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Interferon Regulatory Factor-7 genetics, Male, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Toll-Like Receptor 3 genetics, Exome Sequencing, Whole Genome Sequencing, Young Adult, COVID-19 genetics, COVID-19 immunology, Interferon Type I genetics, Interferon Type I immunology, Loss of Function Mutation, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

A recent report found that rare predicted loss-of-function (pLOF) variants across 13 candidate genes in TLR3- and IRF7-dependent type I IFN pathways explain up to 3.5% of severe COVID-19 cases. We performed whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing of 1,864 COVID-19 cases (713 with severe and 1,151 with mild disease) and 15,033 ancestry-matched population controls across 4 independent COVID-19 biobanks. We tested whether rare pLOF variants in these 13 genes were associated with severe COVID-19. We identified only 1 rare pLOF mutation across these genes among 713 cases with severe COVID-19 and observed no enrichment of pLOFs in severe cases compared to population controls or mild COVID-19 cases. We found no evidence of association of rare LOF variants in the 13 candidate genes with severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Published
2021
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7. Exome-wide association study to identify rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes: Results from the Host Genetics Initiative

Author

Guillaume, Butler-Laporte, Gundula, Povysil, Kosmicki, Jack A., Cirulli, Elizabeth T., Theodore, Drivas, Furini, Simone, Chadi, Saad, Axel, Schmidt, Pawel, Olszewski, Urszula, Korotko, Mathieu, Quinodoz, Elifnaz, Çelik, Kousik, Kundu, Klaudia, Walter, Junghyun, Jung, Stockwell, Amy D., Sloofman, Laura G., Jordan, Daniel M., Thompson, Ryan C., Diane Del Valle, Nicole, Simons, Esther, Cheng, Robert, Sebra, Schadt, Eric E., Seunghee, Kim-Schulze, Sacha, Gnjatic, Miriam, Merad, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Beckmann, Noam D., Charney, Alexander W., Bartlomiej, Przychodzen, Timothy, Chang, Pottinger, Tess D., Ning, Shang, Fabian, Brand, Fava, Francesca, Mari, Francesca, Karolina, Chwialkowska, Magdalena, Niemira, Szymon, Pula, J Kenneth Baillie, Alex, Stuckey, Antonio, Salas, Xabier, Bello, Jacobo, Pardo-Seco, Alberto, Gómez-Carballa, Irene, Rivero-Calle, Federico, Martinón-Torres, Andrea, Ganna, Karczewski, Konrad J., Kumar, Veerapen, Mathieu, Bourgey, Guillaume, Bourque, Robert JM Eveleigh, Vincenzo, Forgetta, David, Morrison, David, Langlais, Mark, Lathrop, Vincent, Mooser, Tomoko, Nakanishi, Robert, Frithiof, Michael, Hultström, Miklos, Lipcsey, Yanara, Marincevic-Zuniga, Jessica, Nordlund, Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M., William, Lee, Alexandre, Bolze, Simon, White, Stephen, Riffle, Francisco, Tanudjaja, Efren, Sandoval, Iva, Neveux, Shaun, Dabe, Nicolas, Casadei, Susanne, Motameny, Manal, Alaamery, Salam, Massadeh, Nora, Aljawini, Almutairi, Mansour S., Arabi, Yaseen M., Alqahtani, Saleh A., Al Harthi, Fawz S., Amal, Almutairi, Fatima, Alqubaishi, Sarah, Alotaibi, Albandari, Binowayn, Alsolm, Ebtehal A., Hadeel El Bardisy, Mohammad, Fawzy, Fang, Cai, Nicole, Soranzo, Adam, Butterworth, COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, DeCOI Host Genetics Group, GEN-COVID Multicenter Study (Italy), Daga, Sergio, Meloni, Ilaria, Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, GEN-COVID consortium (Spain), Genomicc, Consortium, Japan COVID-19 Task Force, Regeneron Genetics Center, Geschwind, Daniel H., Stephanie, Arteaga, Alexis, Stephens, Butte, Manish J., Boutros, Paul C., Yamaguchi, Takafumi N., Shu, Tao, Stefan, Eng, Timothy, Sanders, Tung, Paul J., Broudy, Michael E., Pan, Yu, Alfredo, Gonzalez, Nikhil, Chavan, Ruth, Johnson, Bogdan, Pasaniuc, Brian, Yaspan, Sandra, Smieszek, Carlo, Rivolta, Stephanie, Bibert, Pierre-Yves, Bochud, Maciej, Dabrowski, Pawel, Zawadzki, Mateusz, Sypniewski, Elżbieta, Kaja, Pajaree, Chariyavilaskul, Voraphoj, Nilaratanakul, Nattiya, Hirankarn, Vorasuk, Shotelersuk, Monnat, Pongpanich, Chureerat, Phokaew, Wanna, Chetruengchai, Katsushi, Tokunaga, Masaya, Sugiyama, Yosuke, Kawai, Takanori, Hasegawa, Tatsuhiko, Naito, Namkoong, Ho, Ryuya, Edahiro, Akinori, Kimura, Seishi, Ogawa, Takanori, Kanai, Koichi, Fukunaga, Yukinori, Okada, Seiya, Imoto, Satoru, Miyano, Serghei, Mangul, Abedalthagafi, Malak S., Hugo, Zeberg, Grzymski, Joseph J., Washington, Nicole L., Stephan, Ossowski, Ludwig, Kerstin U., Schulte, Eva C., Olaf, Riess, Marcin, Moniuszko, Miroslaw, Kwasniewski, Hamdi, Mbarek, Ismail, Said I., Anurag, Verma, Goldstein, David B., Krzysztof, Kiryluk, Renieri, Alessandra, Ferreira, Manuel A. R., J Brent Richards, Butler-Laporte, Guillaume, Povysil, Gundula, Kosmicki, Jack A, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Drivas, Theodore, Furini, Simone, Saad, Chadi, Schmidt, Axel, Olszewski, Pawel, Korotko, Urszula, Quinodoz, Mathieu, Çelik, Elifnaz, Kundu, Kousik, Walter, Klaudia, Jung, Junghyun, Stockwell, Amy D, Sloofman, Laura G, Jordan, Daniel M, Thompson, Ryan C, Del Valle, Diane, Simons, Nicole, Cheng, Esther, Sebra, Robert, Schadt, Eric E, Kim-Schulze, Seunghee, Gnjatic, Sacha, Merad, Miriam, Buxbaum, Joseph D, Beckmann, Noam D, Charney, Alexander W, Przychodzen, Bartlomiej, Chang, Timothy, Pottinger, Tess D, Shang, Ning, Brand, Fabian, Fava, Francesca, Mari, Francesca, Chwialkowska, Karolina, Niemira, Magdalena, Pula, Szymon, Baillie, J Kenneth, Stuckey, Alex, Salas, Antonio, Bello, Xabier, Pardo-Seco, Jacobo, Gómez-Carballa, Alberto, Rivero-Calle, Irene, Martinón-Torres, Federico, Ganna, Andrea, Karczewski, Konrad J, Veerapen, Kumar, Bourgey, Mathieu, Bourque, Guillaume, Eveleigh, Robert Jm, Forgetta, Vincenzo, Morrison, David, Langlais, David, Lathrop, Mark, Mooser, Vincent, Nakanishi, Tomoko, Frithiof, Robert, Hultström, Michael, Lipcsey, Miklo, Marincevic-Zuniga, Yanara, Nordlund, Jessica, Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M, Lee, William, Bolze, Alexandre, White, Simon, Riffle, Stephen, Tanudjaja, Francisco, Sandoval, Efren, Neveux, Iva, Dabe, Shaun, Casadei, Nicola, Motameny, Susanne, Alaamery, Manal, Massadeh, Salam, Aljawini, Nora, Almutairi, Mansour S, Arabi, Yaseen M, Alqahtani, Saleh A, Al Harthi, Fawz S, Almutairi, Amal, Alqubaishi, Fatima, Alotaibi, Sarah, Binowayn, Albandari, Alsolm, Ebtehal A, El Bardisy, Hadeel, Fawzy, Mohammad, Cai, Fang, Soranzo, Nicole, Butterworth, Adam, Geschwind, Daniel H, Arteaga, Stephanie, Stephens, Alexi, Butte, Manish J, Boutros, Paul C, Yamaguchi, Takafumi N, Tao, Shu, Eng, Stefan, Sanders, Timothy, Tung, Paul J, Broudy, Michael E, Pan, Yu, Gonzalez, Alfredo, Chavan, Nikhil, Johnson, Ruth, Pasaniuc, Bogdan, Yaspan, Brian, Smieszek, Sandra, Rivolta, Carlo, Bibert, Stephanie, Bochud, Pierre-Yve, Dabrowski, Maciej, Zawadzki, Pawel, Sypniewski, Mateusz, Kaja, Elżbieta, Chariyavilaskul, Pajaree, Nilaratanakul, Voraphoj, Hirankarn, Nattiya, Shotelersuk, Vorasuk, Pongpanich, Monnat, Phokaew, Chureerat, Chetruengchai, Wanna, Tokunaga, Katsushi, Sugiyama, Masaya, Kawai, Yosuke, Hasegawa, Takanori, Naito, Tatsuhiko, Namkoong, Ho, Edahiro, Ryuya, Kimura, Akinori, Ogawa, Seishi, Kanai, Takanori, Fukunaga, Koichi, Okada, Yukinori, Imoto, Seiya, Miyano, Satoru, Mangul, Serghei, Abedalthagafi, Malak S, Zeberg, Hugo, Grzymski, Joseph J, Washington, Nicole L, Ossowski, Stephan, Ludwig, Kerstin U, Schulte, Eva C, Riess, Olaf, Moniuszko, Marcin, Kwasniewski, Miroslaw, Mbarek, Hamdi, Ismail, Said I, Verma, Anurag, Goldstein, David B, Kiryluk, Krzysztof, Renieri, Alessandra, Ferreira, Manuel A R, Richards, J Brent, Data Science Genetic Epidemiology Lab, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE

Subjects
Infectious Medicine, Cancer Research, Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, Infektionsmedicin, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights, Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5,085 severe disease cases and 571,737 controls, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75-10.05, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, Genetics, Humans, Exome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Medicinsk genetik, SARS-CoV-2, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75-10.05, 1184 Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, COVID-19, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5, 737 controls, Toll-Like Receptor 7, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, 085 severe disease cases and 571, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, Medical Genetics, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract

Publisher Copyright: Copyright: © 2022 Butler-Laporte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5,085 severe disease cases and 571,737 controls, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75–10.05, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights.

Published
2022
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8. Exome-wide association study to identify rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes: Results from the Host Genetics Initiative

Author

Butler-Laporte, Guillaume, Povysil, Gundula, Kosmicki, Jack A, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Drivas, Theodore, Furini, Simone, Saad, Chadi, Schmidt, Axel, Olszewski, Pawel, Korotko, Urszula, Quinodoz, Mathieu, Çelik, Elifnaz, Kundu, Kousik, Walter, Klaudia, Jung, Junghyun, Stockwell, Amy D, Sloofman, Laura G, Jordan, Daniel M, Thompson, Ryan C, Del Valle, Diane, Simons, Nicole, Cheng, Esther, Sebra, Robert, Schadt, Eric E, Kim-Schulze, Seunghee, Gnjatic, Sacha, Merad, Miriam, Buxbaum, Joseph D, Beckmann, Noam D, Charney, Alexander W, Przychodzen, Bartlomiej, Chang, Timothy, Pottinger, Tess D, Shang, Ning, Brand, Fabian, Fava, Francesca, Mari, Francesca, Chwialkowska, Karolina, Niemira, Magdalena, Pula, Szymon, Baillie, J Kenneth, Stuckey, Alex, Salas, Antonio, Bello, Xabier, Pardo-Seco, Jacobo, Gómez-Carballa, Alberto, Rivero-Calle, Irene, Martinón-Torres, Federico, Ganna, Andrea, Karczewski, Konrad J, Veerapen, Kumar, Bourgey, Mathieu, Bourque, Guillaume, Eveleigh, Robert Jm, Forgetta, Vincenzo, Morrison, David, Langlais, David, Lathrop, Mark, Mooser, Vincent, Nakanishi, Tomoko, Frithiof, Robert, Hultström, Michael, Lipcsey, Miklos, Marincevic-Zuniga, Yanara, Nordlund, Jessica, Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M, Lee, William, Bolze, Alexandre, White, Simon, Riffle, Stephen, Tanudjaja, Francisco, Sandoval, Efren, Neveux, Iva, Dabe, Shaun, Casadei, Nicolas, Motameny, Susanne, Alaamery, Manal, Massadeh, Salam, Aljawini, Nora, Almutairi, Mansour S, Arabi, Yaseen M, Alqahtani, Saleh A, Al Harthi, Fawz S, Almutairi, Amal, Alqubaishi, Fatima, Alotaibi, Sarah, Binowayn, Albandari, Alsolm, Ebtehal A, El Bardisy, Hadeel, Fawzy, Mohammad, Cai, Fang, Soranzo, Nicole, Butterworth, Adam, COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, DeCOI Host Genetics Group, GEN-COVID Multicenter Study (Italy), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center, GEN-COVID Consortium (Spain), GenOMICC Consortium, Japan COVID-19 Task Force, Regeneron Genetics Center, Geschwind, Daniel H, Arteaga, Stephanie, Stephens, Alexis, Butte, Manish J, Boutros, Paul C, Yamaguchi, Takafumi N, Tao, Shu, Eng, Stefan, Sanders, Timothy, Tung, Paul J, Broudy, Michael E, Pan, Yu, Gonzalez, Alfredo, Chavan, Nikhil, Johnson, Ruth, Pasaniuc, Bogdan, Yaspan, Brian, Smieszek, Sandra, Rivolta, Carlo, Bibert, Stephanie, Bochud, Pierre-Yves, Dabrowski, Maciej, Zawadzki, Pawel, Sypniewski, Mateusz, Kaja, Elżbieta, Chariyavilaskul, Pajaree, Nilaratanakul, Voraphoj, Hirankarn, Nattiya, Shotelersuk, Vorasuk, Pongpanich, Monnat, Phokaew, Chureerat, Chetruengchai, Wanna, Tokunaga, Katsushi, Sugiyama, Masaya, Kawai, Yosuke, Hasegawa, Takanori, Naito, Tatsuhiko, Namkoong, Ho, Edahiro, Ryuya, Kimura, Akinori, Ogawa, Seishi, Kanai, Takanori, Fukunaga, Koichi, Okada, Yukinori, Imoto, Seiya, Miyano, Satoru, Mangul, Serghei, Abedalthagafi, Malak S, Zeberg, Hugo, Grzymski, Joseph J, Washington, Nicole L, Ossowski, Stephan, Ludwig, Kerstin U, Schulte, Eva C, Riess, Olaf, Moniuszko, Marcin, Kwasniewski, Miroslaw, Mbarek, Hamdi, Ismail, Said I, Verma, Anurag, Goldstein, David B, Kiryluk, Krzysztof, Renieri, Alessandra, Ferreira, Manuel AR, Richards, J Brent, Butler-Laporte, Guillaume [0000-0001-5388-0396], Povysil, Gundula [0000-0003-4625-5909], Kosmicki, Jack A [0000-0003-1252-6192], Cirulli, Elizabeth T [0000-0001-7808-2809], Drivas, Theodore [0000-0002-8717-0111], Saad, Chadi [0000-0001-6963-9126], Olszewski, Pawel [0000-0003-1010-8843], Korotko, Urszula [0000-0002-1779-8368], Quinodoz, Mathieu [0000-0002-9841-4433], Çelik, Elifnaz [0000-0002-0324-5228], Kundu, Kousik [0000-0002-1019-8351], Walter, Klaudia [0000-0003-4448-0301], Sloofman, Laura G [0000-0001-7628-4378], Jordan, Daniel M [0000-0002-5318-8225], Thompson, Ryan C [0000-0002-0450-8181], Del Valle, Diane [0000-0001-6983-5362], Simons, Nicole [0000-0002-3952-1458], Chang, Timothy [0000-0002-9225-9874], Brand, Fabian [0000-0003-1885-7021], Chwialkowska, Karolina [0000-0001-8053-8959], Niemira, Magdalena [0000-0002-0701-4961], Pula, Szymon [0000-0002-5684-5358], Stuckey, Alex [0000-0001-8636-737X], Bello, Xabier [0000-0002-4990-8496], Karczewski, Konrad J [0000-0003-2878-4671], Bourgey, Mathieu [0000-0002-8432-834X], Bourque, Guillaume [0000-0002-3933-9656], Eveleigh, Robert Jm [0000-0002-4147-382X], Morrison, David [0000-0001-8380-3615], Langlais, David [0000-0003-4429-0110], Mooser, Vincent [0000-0002-8632-0448], Nakanishi, Tomoko [0000-0001-9510-5646], Frithiof, Robert [0000-0003-2278-7951], Hultström, Michael [0000-0003-4675-1099], Lipcsey, Miklos [0000-0002-1976-4129], Nordlund, Jessica [0000-0001-8699-9959], Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M [0000-0001-6194-787X], Bolze, Alexandre [0000-0001-7399-2766], White, Simon [0000-0001-6375-2363], Dabe, Shaun [0000-0002-2494-962X], Casadei, Nicolas [0000-0003-2209-0580], Motameny, Susanne [0000-0003-1186-1108], Massadeh, Salam [0000-0001-9193-0008], Almutairi, Mansour S [0000-0003-2736-8991], Arabi, Yaseen M [0000-0001-5735-6241], Fawzy, Mohammad [0000-0002-1318-9979], Arteaga, Stephanie [0000-0003-1441-8849], Stephens, Alexis [0000-0002-5979-6838], Yamaguchi, Takafumi N [0000-0003-1082-3871], Eng, Stefan [0000-0002-5245-6507], Gonzalez, Alfredo [0000-0001-8963-3135], Johnson, Ruth [0000-0002-1929-0998], Yaspan, Brian [0000-0002-3787-2510], Smieszek, Sandra [0000-0002-8006-0454], Rivolta, Carlo [0000-0002-0733-9950], Bochud, Pierre-Yves [0000-0002-2208-4757], Dabrowski, Maciej [0000-0003-4150-3985], Zawadzki, Pawel [0000-0002-9032-2315], Kaja, Elżbieta [0000-0003-1277-6140], Chariyavilaskul, Pajaree [0000-0003-1096-6020], Nilaratanakul, Voraphoj [0000-0002-3964-5477], Hirankarn, Nattiya [0000-0003-2224-6856], Shotelersuk, Vorasuk [0000-0002-1856-0589], Pongpanich, Monnat [0000-0003-3228-3351], Phokaew, Chureerat [0000-0002-4246-2604], Chetruengchai, Wanna [0000-0003-2495-6595], Sugiyama, Masaya [0000-0002-9084-7197], Kawai, Yosuke [0000-0003-0666-1224], Hasegawa, Takanori [0000-0001-7251-9950], Namkoong, Ho [0000-0001-6181-4284], Miyano, Satoru [0000-0002-1753-6616], Mangul, Serghei [0000-0003-4770-3443], Zeberg, Hugo [0000-0001-7118-1249], Grzymski, Joseph J [0000-0003-2646-8958], Ossowski, Stephan [0000-0002-7416-9568], Ludwig, Kerstin U [0000-0002-8541-2519], Schulte, Eva C [0000-0003-3105-5672], Verma, Anurag [0000-0002-5063-9107], Goldstein, David B [0000-0001-7627-0259], Kiryluk, Krzysztof [0000-0002-5047-6715], Renieri, Alessandra [0000-0002-0846-9220], Richards, J Brent [0000-0002-3746-9086], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Medicine and health sciences, Research and analysis methods, Physical sciences, Toll-Like Receptor 7, Biology and life sciences, SARS-CoV-2, FOS: Physical sciences, Humans, COVID-19, Exome, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Research Article
Abstract

Acknowledgements: We thank the patients who volunteered to all participating cohorts, and the researchers and clinicians who enrolled them into the respective studies. A full list of acknowledgments can be found in S1 and S2 Tables., Funder: Lady Davis Institute of the Jewish General Hospital, Funder: Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Funder: NIH Foundation, Funder: Fonds de Recherche Québec Santé (FRQS), Funder: McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity (MI4), Funder: Jewish General Hospital Foundation, Funder: Génome Québec; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013062, Funder: Public Health Agency of Canada, Funder: McGill University; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008582, Funder: Calcul Québec and Compute Canada, Funder: Compute Canada; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013020, Funder: Stiftung Universitätsmedizin Essen; funder-id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010380, Funder: State of Saarland, Funder: Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Foundation, Funder: Munich Clinician Scientist Programm, Funder: Netzwerk-Universitaetsmedizin-COVIM; Grant(s): NaFoUniMedCovid19, FKZ: 01KX2021, Funder: Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Funder: Leenaards Foundation, Funder: Santos-Suarez Foundation, Funder: Carigest, Funder: Istituto Buddista Italiano Soka Gakkai; Grant(s): 2020-2016_RIC_3 via project “PAT-COVID: Host genetics and pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19”, Funder: e-ASIA Joint Research Program (National Science and Technology Development Agency), Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5,085 severe disease cases and 571,737 controls, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75-10.05, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights.

Published
2022

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