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Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest A.P.F. has received fees from AbbVie (research, consulting and speaking); Biogen (consulting); BMS (consulting); Novartis (research, consulting); Mallinckrodt (research, consulting, unbranded speaking); Kyowa Kirin (unbranded speaking); Pfizer (grant support); and UCB (­consulting). The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

Hospitalized patients have an increased risk of developing hospital-acquired sacral pressure injury (HASPI). However, it is unknown whether SARS-CoV-2 infection affects HASPI development. To explore the role of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HASPI development, we conducted a single institution, multi-hospital, retrospective study of all patients hospitalized for ≥5 days from March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Patient demographics, hospitalization information, ulcer characteristics, and 30-day-related morbidity were collected for all patients with HASPIs, and intact skin was collected from HASPI borders in a patient subset. We determined the incidence, disease course, and short-term morbidity of HASPIs in COVID-19(+) patients, and characterized the skin histopathology and tissue gene signatures associated with HASPIs in COVID-19 disease. COVID-19(+) patients had a 63% increased HASPI incidence rate, HASPIs of more severe ulcer stage (OR 2.0, p<0.001), and HASPIs more likely to require debridement (OR 3.1, p=0.04) compared to COVID-19(-) patients. Furthermore, COVID-19(+) patients with HASPIs had 2.2x increased odds of a more severe hospitalization course compared to COVID-19(+) patients without HASPIs. HASPI skin histology from COVID-19(+) patients predominantly showed thrombotic vasculopathy, with the number of thrombosed vessels being significantly greater than HASPIs from COVID-19(-) patients. Transcriptional signatures of a COVID-19(+) sample subset were enriched for innate immune responses, thrombosis, and neutrophil activation genes. Overall, our results suggest that immunologic dysregulation secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including neutrophil dysfunction and abnormal thrombosis, may play a pathogenic role in development of HASPIs in patients with severe COVID-19., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Narang, Jatana, Ponti, Musich, Gallop, Wei, Seck, Johnson, Kokoczka, Nowacki, McBride, Mireles-Cabodevila, Gordon, Cooper, Fernandez and McDonald.)

Viruses are the potential cause of several diseases including novel corona virus-19, flu, small pox, chicken pox, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome etc. The objectives of this review article are to summarize the reasons behind the epidemics caused by several emerging viruses and bacteria, how to control the infection and preventive strategies. We have explained the causes of epidemics along with their preventive measures, the impact of lockdown on the health of people and the economy of a country. Several reports have revealed the transmission of infection during epidemic from the contact of an infected person to the public that can be prevented by implementing the lockdown by the government of a country. Though lockdown has been considered as one of the significant parameters to control the diseases, however, it has some negative consequences on the health of people as they can be more prone to other ailments like obesity, diabetes, cardiac problems etc. and drastic decline in the economy of a country. Therefore, the transmission of diseases can be prevented by warning the people about the severity of diseases, avoiding their public transportation, keeping themselves isolated, strictly following the guidelines of lockdown and encouraging regular exercise., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Ongoing pandemic coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected over 218 countries and infected 88,512,243 and 1,906,853 deaths reported by Jan. 8, 2021. At present, vaccines are being developed in Europe, Russia, USA, and China, although some of these are in phase III of trials, which are waiting to be available for the general public. The only option available now is by vigorous testing, isolation of the infected cases, and maintaining physical and social distances. Numerous methods are now available or being developed for testing the suspected cases, which may act as carriers of the virus. In this review, efforts have been made to discuss the conventional as well as fast, rapid, and efficient testing methods developed for the diagnosis of 2019-nCoV.Testing methods can be based on the sensing of targets, which include RNA, spike proteins and antibodies such as IgG and IgM. Apart from the development of RNA targeted PCR, antibody and VSV pseudovirus neutralization assay along with several other diagnostic techniques have been developed. Additionally, nanotechnology-based sensors are being developed for the diagnosis of the virus, and these are also discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 American Chemical Society.)