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In the first edition of LADM the land administration processes were omitted as they were considered to be country specific. This view is now under reconsideration as the future extensions of LADM are planned and developed. The processes within land administration domain are, namely, registration and dissemination. The research concerning modeling of the LAS processes is somewhat in a scarce state as the majority of the research was directed towards registration activities such as subdivision, real-property transfers, and property formation. The authors deem that the proper dissemination of LAS data is a prerequisite to above-mentioned processes, and it could be stated that this domain of the land administration dynamism is relatively poorly researched. The research presented in this paper analyzes one use-case scenario of land administration data dissemination process in Croatia. The analyzed use-case depicts the process in which cadastral certificates are utilized to gain additional land-related information, which in this case study, was the spatial planning data concerning one cadastral parcel. The aim of this research was to examine how the land administration data dissemination processes could be optimized and improved in a standardized formal manner. The model outlining the process of disseminating both cadastral and spatial planning certificates was formalized by means of usecase diagram. From the formalized process, the elements, such as actors, activities, input/output data were determined and matched with existing LADM classes, while the importance of data interoperability and timeframe of the said processes were also addressed. The paper also discussed how would the formalized process look if the LAS data was interoperable within one service, pointing out that this would lead to a much more timeefficient and user-friendly access to the disseminated LAS data for the current and future LAS users.

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the regulations regarding the registration of buildings with several separate parts (flats, apartments, offices etc.). Current overview of the legislation, method and scope of cadastral data collection is given. Effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land book are considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional and some technical solutions implemented in Croatian Land Administration System and possibilities for upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option for establishment of 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, it is needed to consider legislation and technological options in order to find solution which will be possible to implement.

Nikola Vučić obranio je 6. studenoga 2015. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Podrška prijelazu iz 2D u 3D katastar u Republici Hrvatskoj. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Vlado Cetl i prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić (mentor) oba s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, te doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Matijević iz tvrtke IGEA d.o.o. Varaždin. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., Nikola Vučić defended his doctoral thesis Support to the Transition from 2D to 3D Cadastre in the Republic of Croatia at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb on November 6, 2015. He defended his thesis in front of the Committee for defending the doctoral thesis, which consisted of Prof. Dr. Vlado Cetl and Prof. Dr. Miodrag Roić (mentor), both from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, and Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Matijević from IGEA Ltd. Varaždin. The Committee for grading the doctoral thesis consisted of the same members.

Cadastral systems need to be designed and supported from three dimensional spatial perspectives. Previous researches of Croatian 3D cadastre through relevant use case examples suggest better real property separate parts registration as well as 3D building visualization (apartments, office spaces, etc.). Next to the 3D aspects of rights and restrictions, the temporal aspect, the fourth dimension of interests in real property, is an important aspect of cadastral registration. History of changes on the cadastral parcels is subject of interest for key users, mostly parties. For this purpose, Croatian Land Administration System was adapted to become a four-dimensional (4D cadastre). In the land book and cadastre all changes since their inception are recorded with the time component and date of the change. Previous researches have shown that Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152) is good basis for the Croatian 3D cadastre. This paper discussed that legal and institutional aspects of Croatian 3D cadastre should be considered in 3D cadastre development for each jurisdiction. Legal support to register and represent 3D properties (legal aspect), institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties (institutional aspect), and technical support to realise 3D cadastre (technical aspect) are basis for 3D cadastre development. This paper presents some 4D cadastre situations in Croatia. Goals of the new Law on Cadastre and State Survey are legal regulation of 3D cadastre, as well as the central repository establishment of Utility cadastre under the authority of the State Geodetic Administration. This paper also suggests better public utility infrastructure registration by overlapping Land cadastre and Utility cadastre and unifying records at the state level, because Utility cadastre in local government despite statutory obligation from 1999 was not developed in the past 15 years.

This paper describes method of registering real property and parts of real property (apartments, etc.) in the cadastre and land books. Approach to registering particular structures and corresponding rights is delineated based on existing legislation. For example, tunnels, bridges and other 3D cadastre relevant structures are considered. Bylaw on Utility Cadastre regulates registration of public utility lines in Croatia. The paper portrays development of the utility cadastre and depicts current maintenance and management. The utility cadastre contains data about the type, purpose, basic technical features, and location of built utility lines, and lists the names and addresses of their managers. The following topics are covered: key 3D real world situations, infrastructural and utility networks, buildings, X/Y coordinates and Z coordinates. Legislation regulating that bodies of local government must establish and manage the utility cadastre was passed already in 1999, but few of these bodies assumed this responsibility since. Future development of Croatian 3D cadastre is proposed based on current situation and demand for establishing the 3D cadastre.

This paper gives an overview of the conducted Web research at national level in Croatia, which was to recognize the needs and expectations of spatial data producers and users at national level in the process of improvement of the existing NSDI. The results of the research make groundwork for creating an NSDI vision and an efficient national improvement strategy. For building such a strategy, a general model of improvement was devised, applicable in Croatia and in countries with similar circumstances. There are no two identical NSDIs in the world and it is important that each country, at national level, develops a strategy by itself, whereby experiences from countries with a developed NSDI can be of great help.

There is no doubt that the set-up of the national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI) worldwide has benefits for both producers and users of spatial data, as for the society in general. The benefits are a faster and simpler dissemination of spatial data and a more efficient use of these at all society levels. This is supported by experiences of many countries in which, according to the level of development, the NSDI is about to reach, or has already reached the second generation. Developing countries and countries in transition are challenged to improve their NSDI and provide access to information, in line with sustainable development. Croatia, being on its way to the EU, is among these countries, and it has to improve the existing NSDI and become part of the INSPIRE. Therefore, the Chair of Spatial Information Management, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, conducted a Web research at global and national level, aiming at gathering data and opinion of different subjects for improvement of the existing NSDI. At global level, an invitation to fill the questionnaire was sent to world-renown experts in different countries. Mostly, these are people working at academic institutions, who successfully research the SDI. The choice of particular countries was based on the research data, aiming at a further comparison of specific indicators and an analysis of current trends in improvement of the NSDI worldwide. At national level, the questionnaire aimed at gathering relevant data and opinion from the producers and users of spatial data on the need to improve the NSDI and their role in the process. The choice of particular producers and users was based on the importance of their role in the NSDI. The results of the data gathered from the Web questionnaire show that improvement of the NSDI should be a permanent public project. For the implementation it is necessary to devise an efficient strategy which will review the existing state and evaluate the development level of the existing NSDI, examine the needs of spatial data producers and users, define goals of the improvement clearly, and plan the activities, an initial time-limit and the necessary resources. The conducted research shows that each country, at national level, has to develop such a strategy by itself, whereby experiences from countries with a developed spatial data infrastructure can be of great help. The NSDI must not be developed hastily, but a clear and efficient vision is needed, which takes into consideration the organizational, human and financial resources.