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Reflectance-based vegetation indices can be valuable for assessing crop nitrogen (N) status and predicting grain yield. While proximal sensors have been widely studied in agriculture, there is increasing interest in utilizing aerial sensors. Given that few studies have compared aerial and proximal sensors, the objective of this study was to quantitatively compare the sensitivity of aerially sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Red-Edge Index (NDRE) and proximally sensed NDVI for assessing total N uptake at panicle initiation (PI-NUP) and predicting grain yield in rice. Nitrogen response trials were established over a 3-year period (10 site-years) at various locations throughout the Sacramento Valley rice growing region of California. At PI, a multispectral unmanned aircraft system (UAS) was used to measure NDVIUAS and NDREUAS (average ground sampling distance: 3.7 cm pixel−1), and a proximal GreenSeeker (GS) sensor was used to record NDVIGS. To enable direct comparisons across the different indices on an equivalent numeric scale, each index was normalized by calculating the Sufficiency-Index (SI) relative to a non-N-limiting plot. Kernel density distributions indicated that NDVIUAS had a narrower range of values that were poorly differentiated compared to NDVIGS and NDREUAS. The critical PI-NUP where yields did not increase with higher PI-NUP averaged 109 kg N ha−1 (±4 kg N ha−1). The relationship between SI and PI-NUP for the NDVIUAS saturated lower than this critical PI-NUP (96 kg N ha−1), whereas NDVIGS and NDREUAS saturated at 111 and 130 kg N ha−1, respectively. This indicates that NDVIUAS was less suitable for making N management decisions at this crop stage than NDVIGS and NDREUAS. Linear mixed effects models were developed to evaluate how well each SI measured at PI was able to predict grain yield. The NDVIUAS was least sensitive to variation in yields as reflected by having the highest slope (2.4 Mg ha−1 per 0.1 SI). In contrast, the slopes for NDVIGS and NDREUAS were 0.9 and 1.1 Mg ha−1 per 0.1 SI, respectively, indicating greater sensitivity to yields. Altogether, these results indicate that the ability of vegetation indices to inform crop management decisions depends on the index and the measurement platform used. Both NDVIGS and NDREUAS produced measurements sensitive enough to inform N fertilizer management in this system, whereas NDVIUAS was more limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]