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Cropping sequences integrating perennial forages and annual crops can generate multidimensional agroeconomic and environmental benefits. A 4-yr cropping sequence study was conducted from 2013 to 2016 to evaluate the relative merits of various cropping sequences. Three forage seed crops (creeping red fescue [Festuca rubra L.], alsike clover [Trifolium hybridum L.], and red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]) and four annual food crops (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], canola [Brassica napus L.], barley [Hordeum vulgare L.], and pea [Pisum sativum L.]) were used to generate eight different cropping sequence treatments, which were split into three levels of nitrogen (N): 0, 45, and 90 kg ha-1. The seed yields of different crops were expressed as canola equivalent yield (CEY) and summed for 4-yr cropping sequences. Economic benefits for 4-yr cropping sequences were calculated using the input-output price scenarios of individual years. The highest CEY, gross return, and gross margin over partial variable costs were obtained from creeping red fescue-based cropping sequences, irrespective of N application rates. Based on CEY and gross margins, the merit order is ranked as creeping red fescue-based sequences > high diversity annual crop sequences ≈ alsike clover-based sequence ≈ wheat-canola alternating sequence > continuous canola sequence. The clover-based sequences had positive effects on the performance of succeeding crops of wheat and canola. Among the annual crop-based sequences, economic profitability increased with the diversification from continuous canola through wheat-canola alternation to pea-barley-wheat-canola in the sequence. Further study investigating soil health and greenhouse gas emissions parameters is warranted to elucidate multidimensional agroecosystem services of diversified perennial forage seed crop-based cropping sequences compared with annual crops-based sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyhouse study was conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different micronutrient fertilizer formulation and application methods on wheat, pea and canola, as indicated by yield response and fate of micronutrients in contrasting mineral soils. The underlying factors controlling micronutrient bioavailability in a soil–plant system were examined using chemical and spectroscopic speciation techniques. Application of Cu significantly improved grain and straw biomass yields of wheat on two of the five soils (Ukalta and Sceptre), of which the Ukalta soil was critically Cu deficient according to soil extraction with DTPA. The deficiency problem was corrected by either soil or foliar application of Cu fertilizers. There were no significant yield responses of pea to Zn fertilization on any of the five soils. For canola, soil placement of boric acid was effective in correcting the deficiency problem in Whitefox soil, while foliar application was not. Soil extractable Cu, Zn, and B concentration in post-harvest soils were increased with soil placement of fertilizers, indicating that following crops in rotation could benefit from this application method. The chemical and XANES spectroscopic speciation indicates that carbonate associated is the dominant form of Cu and Zn in prairie soils, where chemisorption to carbonates is likely the major process that determines the fate of added Cu and Zn fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]