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Abstract Background Whether an association between alcohol consumption and dental caries exists is still unclear. Chinese Baijiu is the most common alcohol consumed by middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. This study aimed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption (Chinese Baijiu) and dental caries in Guangdong Province, southern China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province using a multistage, stratified, equal-sized, random sampling strategy. In total, 576 individuals aged 55–74 were recruited to fill out a questionnaire through face-to-face and one-on-one interviews and to undergo a series of dental examinations with a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of dental caries was determined by the DFT/DFRoot (decayed-filled tooth/root) index. The ratios of males to females and urban people to countrymen were both 1:1. Then, the chi-square test and rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences in caries between subgroups, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, as well as negative binomial regression analyses, were executed to identify the potential relationship between alcohol consumption and caries. Results The prevalence of crown caries was 79.17% with a DFT index of 3.19, while that of root caries was 61.28% with a DFRoot index of 2.08. The prevalence and mean tooth of crown caries of females were higher than those of males. The prevalence and mean DFRoot of root caries in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the consumption frequency of Chinese Baijiu and caries (often vs. never/rarely, crown caries: odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26–1.13, P = 0.103, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.92, P = 0.015; root caries: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24–0.93, P = 0.030, IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.54, P = 0.008). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, frequent consumption of Chinese Baijiu was a protective factor for caries in middle-aged and elderly people in Guangdong Province. However, considering the harm of alcohol to one’s general health, it is recommended to drink moderately and avoid alcohol abuse.

Abstract Background Dental caries of deciduous teeth (Early Childhood Caries, ECC) has become a crucial oral health problem over the decades in China. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and severity of ECC among preschool children from Guangdong Province, Southern China. In addition, to assess the association of ECC with reported oral health-related behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 2592 participants was carried out in Guangdong Province by means of an equal-sized, stratified, multistage random sampling method during December 2015 and April 2016. The participants were divided into three groups according to their ages (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds). Half of the participants were derived from urban areas, while the other from rural areas. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of ECC was determined by the dmft (decayed-missing-filled tooth) index using a CPI (Community Periodontal Index) probe. A questionnaire about caries-related factors was completed by each of the participants’ parents or grandparents through a face-to-face and one-on-one interview. Then, t-test, Chi2 tests, One-Way ANOVA served for statistical analysis, and logistic regression analysis as well as covariance analysis were executed to identify potential associated factors for ECC. Results The prevalence (% dmft > 0) of ECC was 68.3 (95% CI: 66.5–70.1), the mean dmft was 4.36 (95% CI: 4.17–4.55), and the filled rate was 1.2%. In multivariable modeling, associated factors for both prevalence and mean dmft were older age, rural areas, consumption of sweets before sleep, dental visit history, low household income, and low parental education level. Initiating toothbrushing after 3 years of age and being exclusively/ predominantly breastfed indicated only the prevalence; being female and frequently consuming sweetened milk/powdered milk indicated only the mean dmft. Conclusions Preschool children in Guangdong Province, especially children from rural areas, experienced a significant amount of ECC. Associated factors for ECC included demographics, oral health measures, dietary factors, and socioeconomic factors. More attention should be given to prevention of ECC from early life. The construction of social support for oral health should be strengthened. Oral health education and promotion, especially of rural areas, should be intensified to reduce the inequality between urban and rural areas.

Background: Whether an association between alcohol consumption and dental caries exists is still unclear. Chinese Baijiu is the most common alcohol consumed by middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. This study aimed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption (Chinese Baijiu) and dental caries in Guangdong Province, southern China.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province using a multistage, stratified, equal-sized, random sampling strategy. In total, 576 individuals aged 55-74 were recruited to fill out a questionnaire through face-to-face and one-on-one interviews and to undergo a series of dental examinations with a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of dental caries was determined by the DFT/DFRoot (decayed-filled tooth/root) index. The ratios of males to females and urban people to countrymen were both 1:1. Then, the chi-square test and rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences in caries between subgroups, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, as well as negative binomial regression analyses, were executed to identify the potential relationship between alcohol consumption and caries.Results: The prevalence of crown caries was 79.17% with a DFT index of 3.19, while that of root caries was 61.28% with a DFRoot index of 2.08. The prevalence and mean tooth of crown caries of females were higher than those of males. The prevalence and mean DFRoot of root caries in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the consumption frequency of Chinese Baijiu and caries (often vs. never/rarely, crown caries: odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26-1.13, P = 0.103, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92, P = 0.015; root caries: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24-0.93, P = 0.030, IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32-0.54, P = 0.008).Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, frequent consumption of Chinese Baijiu was a protective factor for caries in middle-aged and elderly people in Guangdong Province. However, considering the harm of alcohol to one's general health, it is recommended to drink moderately and avoid alcohol abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the dental fluorosis status of permanent teeth of a 12⁃year⁃old population of Guangdong Province to provide informational support for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods An equal ⁃ sized cross⁃sectional random⁃sample assessment was carried out among 1 920 urban and rural residents of Guangdong Prov⁃ ince, half male and half female, aged 12 years. We examined the dental fluorosis status of complete permanent teeth crown based on a health survey and the criteria of clinical dental fluorosis from the fourth national oral health survey. The data were analyzed by SAS9.2 to investigate the prevalence and community fluorosis index as well as gender and ur⁃ ban and rural differences, and compared with the prevalence of fluorosis in Guangdong Province in 2005 and 1995. Re⁃ sults In the 12⁃year⁃old population, the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 5.05%, and the community fluorosis index was 0.108. There was no significant difference between genders（P > 0.05）, but there was a significant difference be⁃ tween subjects from urban and rural areas（P < 0.05）. There were significant differences among prevalence of dental flu⁃ orosis and community fluorosis index in 1995, 2005 and 2015—2016（P < 0.05）. Conclusion The prevalence of den⁃tal fluorosis and the community fluorosis index of 12 ⁃ year ⁃ old people of Guangdong Province are relatively low, but there is an upward trend.

Objective To investigate current status of periodontal health in the population at the age of 15⁃74 in Guangdong province and provide information for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods A stratified multistage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain 4 provincially representative sample groups consisted of 2784 Guangdong residents, aged at 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 respectively, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of probing depth (PD) and loss of attachment (LOA) of the whole mouth were assessed according to the Guideline for the fourth National Oral Health Survey by using a CPI probe, and the data obtained were analyzed with SAS9.2 package. Results The prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket in the 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 years old group were 0.52%, 38.54%, 49.65%, 47.22% with 0.02, 2.05, 3.74, 2.80 affected teeth on average. The corresponding percentages of deep periodontal pocket in the 4 groups were 0.05%, 3.47%, 15.97%, 9.03% with 0, 0.07, 0.31, 0.16 affected teeth on average. Prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 4⁃5 mm LOA were 0.10%, 26.74%, 33.68%, 35.07% and 0, 1.54, 4.33, 4.05. The prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 6⁃8 mm LOA were 0, 6.94%, 32.29%, 27.08% and 0, 0.24, 1.23, 0.97. The prevalence of LOA≥4 mm were 0.10%, 35.07%, 79.17%, 74.65% and the prevalence of LOA≥6 mm were 0, 8.33%, 45.49%, 39.58%. In the 35⁃74 years old group, the prevalence and the mean teeth with PD and LOA increased with age and reached a peak in 55⁃64 years old group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the prevalence and the mean teeth of PD and LOA between urban and rural areas. The mean teeth of PD in 35⁃44 and 55⁃64 years old groups were significant higher in the male than the female. The prevalence and the mean teeth with LOA were both significant higher in the male than the female. Conclusion The periodontal diseases indications are common in 35⁃74 years old people and most necessary at the age of 55⁃64 in Guangdong. The periodontal health may have extensive influence on oral health status in the middle⁃aged and the elder population in Guangdong.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in a population of 55⁃74⁃year⁃ old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guang⁃ dong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at either 55⁃64 or 65⁃74 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to "The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey"; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculated. Results In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 77.08%, with a mean DFT of 2.94, and a filled rate of 21.87%; while the prevalence of root caries was 59.38%, with a mean DFT of 1.82, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 46.18%. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 81.25%, with a mean DFT of 3.45, and a filled rate of 16.40%; while the prevalence of root caries was 63.19%, with a mean DFT of 2.34, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 50.35%. In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence and the mean DFT of crown caries were higher in female when compared to male. And the mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban oppo⁃ nents. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the female had higher mean DFT score in crown caries than that in male. And the prevalence of caries of root and mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside than that in the urban oppo⁃ nents. Conclusion There was a high level of crown and root caries in Guangdong adults, while the filling rate was low, most of the involved teeth were not filled.

Objective To explore the dental deciduous teeth caries among 3⁃5⁃ year ⁃ old children in Guangdong Province and to provide information support for oral health care of Guangdong Province. Methods A cross⁃sectional survey was carried out among 2 592 urban and rural residents in Guangdong. Subjects were from three different age groups (aged 3, 4 and 5), with 864 children in each group. Male and female were 1∶1 in each group. An equal sized sampling with stratified multistage method was used. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the dental caries in deciduous teeth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean dmft (decayed ⁃missing ⁃filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. Results The prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth in the three groups of aged 3, aged 4, aged 5 were 58.33%, 68.40%, and 78.47% inde⁃ pendently; the mean dmft were 3.03, 4.34, and 5.69 independently; the filled rate were 0.92%, 1.47%, 1.26% indepen⁃ dently. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean dmft between urban and rural areas and among different age groups. There was no significant difference in the prevalence regarding the gender in each group, The mean dmft in the group of aged 3 in female were higher than that in male, while no gender differences were found in the groups of aged 4 and aged 5. The prevalence and the mean dmft of 5⁃year⁃old children were higher than that in 2005. Conclusion The 3⁃5⁃year⁃old children of Guangdong Province had a really high prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth. More than 98% of the caries are unfilled, treatment need is extremely huge. The 3⁃5⁃year⁃old children are the main target for us to prevent the early childhood caries.

Objective To explore the caries status of permanent teeth among 12⁃15⁃year⁃old population in Guang⁃ dong Province, and to provide information support for oral health care. Methods A cross⁃sectional survey was carried out among 7 680 urban and rural residents in Guangdong Province. Subjects were from four different age groups (aged 12, 13, 14 and 15), with 1 920 people in each group. An equal⁃sized stratified multistage randomly sampling was used, with a gender ratio of half to half in each group. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the crown caries of permanent teeth in the whole mouth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean DMFT (decayed⁃missing⁃filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. Results The preva⁃ lence of crown caries in the groups of aged 12, aged 13, aged 14, aged 15 were 43.07%, 45.31%, 49.69%, 52.86%, re⁃ spectively. The mean DMFTs were 1.06, 1.13, 1.38, 1.59, respectively. The filled rates were 20.19%, 21.50%, 22.86%, 21.33%, respectively. The prevalence and the mean DMFT increased with age (P < 0.001), and both were higher than that in 2005. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean DMFT between urban and rural areas and between male and female (P < 0.001). Conclusion According to the criteria of the mean DMFT in 12⁃year ⁃old population of WHO, the severity of caries of permanent teeth in Guangdong was regarded as "very low". But the severity was higher than that in 2005, and the filled rate was low.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in adult population at the age of 35⁃44 years old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guangdong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain represen⁃ tative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at 35⁃44 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculat⁃ ed. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS9.2 package. Results In 35⁃44 year ⁃old population, the prevalence of crown caries was 71.18%, with a mean DFT of 2.76, and a filled rate of 36.78%; while the prevalence of root caries was 28.47%, with a mean DFT of 0.66, and a filled rate of 4.23%. The prevalence of caries of crown and root and mean DFT of crown caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban opponents. And female had higher prevalence and mean DFT score in crown and root caries when compared to male. However, the mean DFT score of root caries in urban was almost the same as that in countryside. Conclusion There was a high level of crown caries in Guangdong. Although the prevalence of root caries is low, most of the involved roots was not filled.

Summary: Background: Erosive tooth wear (ETW) has become a crucial oral health problem over the decades in China. Objectives: To explore the prevalence and risk indicators of ETW among adolescents in Guangzhou, south China. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey of 720 participants was conducted in Guangzhou, using an equal‐sized, stratified, multistage random sampling approach. The participants were from two different age groups (12‐ and 15‐year‐olds), 360 per group. The ratio of males to females was 1:1 in each group. ETW was recorded utilising the basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) index as the dependent variable. Independent variables included age, gender, region, socioeconomic status, dietary factors, oral health measures and others. Results: The prevalence rates (weighted) of ETW and dentin exposure (DE) were 56.1% and 26.2% among adolescents in Guangzhou, with mean teeth (weighted) of 1.8 ± 2.5 and 0.6 ± 1.5, respectively. No matter the prevalence or the mean teeth, the 15‐year‐olds were higher than the 12‐year‐olds; the mean teeth of ETW of males was higher than that of females; the mean teeth of ETW and DE of the adolescents of low socioeconomic status were higher than those of high socioeconomic status. Medium to high risk levels were found for 10.1%. In the multiple regression model, age, gender and taking acidic foods/drinks before sleep were associated with ETW. Conclusions: Moderate ETW in the permanent dentition was common among adolescents in Guangzhou. However, the teeth involved were low. Dietary factors and demographics were the main risk indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]