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The aims of this study were to characterize black oat populations by estimating between- and within-populations variance components and genetic parameters, as well as to distinguish the populations using multivariable statistics. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks design with three repetitions, with 14 black oat populations collected in several municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state. Agronomic important traits were assessed at physiological maturation stage. Variance components and genetic parameters were estimated considering within-block information. In addition, Mahalanobis distance, relative contribution of traits, and canonical variables were used to distinguish the populations. Selection based on panicle length, number of grains per panicle, panicle weight and panicle grain weight may result in higher selection gains. Panicle grain weight presents a greater contribution to genetic divergence between studied populations. The formation of distinct groups indicated the presence of genetic variability among black oat populations in the northwestern of the Rio Grande do Sul state. Directed crosses between individual plants of populations from (i) Alto Alegre and Salvador das Missoes, Chapada, or Santa Rosa or (ii) between plants of populations from Salvador das Missoes and Campos Borges or Santa Rosa can generate segregating populations with great genetic variability. The predominance of between-phenotypic variance and a within-genetic variance indicate prospects for success in selection gain and possible selection of a new cultivar with fewer efforts compared to a cross-based method. This is supported by the high values of within-population heritability.

CD 1705 is a cultivar indicated for the wheat-producing regions 1, 2 and 3 of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. It is appropriate for biscuit manufacturing, has good plant health and high production potential (mean yield of 4308 kg ha-1).

Several studies have shown a significant increase in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield (GY) worldwide during the 20th century as a result of genetic and environmental improvement. The objective of this study was to measure the genetic gains achieved in a wheat breeding program maintained by the Central Cooperative of Agricultural Research (COODETEC) in Brazil through the annual evaluation of lines in multienvironment trials. The dataset was composed of 836 advanced trials and was evaluated in 40 representative locations to assess the value for cultivation and use (VCU) regions in the south, southeast, and central-west areas of the country from 2004 to 2013. Each trial consisted of 25 treatments (lines + checks) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. A linear mixed model was fitted to predict the genetic values of each genotype per year and a restricted maximum likelihood algorithm to estimate the variance components. These genetic values were used to compute the genetic gain over the years. The overall estimated genetic gain of the breeding program was 61.59 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (1.68% yr⁻¹) for GY, although it was partially counterbalanced by the estimated negative environmental effects. The genetic gain per VCU region ranged from 31.38 (VCU 4) to 115.33 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (VCU 1). After accounting for the environmental changes over years, the yield gain was 39.40 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (1.10% yr⁻¹), ranging from −0.82 (VCU 3) to 3.35% yr⁻¹ (VCU 1). The assessment of Brazilian cultivars released between 1998 and 2014 showed genetic gains in GY of 34.8 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (1% yr⁻¹), demonstrating that the efforts of Brazilian research institutions to develop cultivars have produced additive results. The implications of genetic gain estimates on breeding programs are discussed.

CD 1303 is a cultivar indicated for the wheat-producing regions 1, 2 and 3 of the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. It has an early cycle, a short stature and high productive potential (mean of 4311 kg ha-1).

The objectives of this study were to investigate the pattern of genotype environment interaction and identify megaenvironments (ME), essential test locations, and suitable genotypes for each ME. The genotype plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis (AMMI) were used to demonstrate the potential of using a graphical biplot to analyze the genotype by environment interaction (GEI) in data of multienvironment trials (MET). These trials of the Central Cooperative Agricultural Research (COODETEC) evaluated 36 advanced breeding lines and 27 check cultivars for 3 years (2008– 2010) at 12 test locations. Yield data were analyzed using the genotype plus GGE and AMMI biplot methods. The test environments were classified into two ME (i.e. ME1: Castro, Gua rapuava, Nao-Me-Toque, Abelardo Luz, and Cachoeira do Sul; and ME2: Campo Mourao, Dourados, Palmital, Palotina, Ponta Pora ,and Rolândia. In ME1, the locations Guarapuava, Cachoeira do Sul, and Abelardo Luz were classified as ideal, while in ME2, Ponta Pora, Dou rados and Palotina were close to ideal. Guarapuava was the essential test location in ME1; however the identification of an essential test location in ME2 was unclear. Superior cultivars and advanced lines were identified in both ME that could be valuable for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement or cultivars released.

CD 1805, indicated for the wheat growing in Regions 1, 2 and 3 in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. The cultivar has quality standards for cookie production and high yield performance with a mean of 3899 kg ha-1, exceeding the controls by 4%.

Industrial wheat quality flour is related to gluten amount in grain. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins obtained by SDS-PAGE and gluten strength (W) obtained by the alveograph test and cropping environmental effect on wheat flour quality for Brazilian industry. Fifty-one cultivars/breeding lines were evaluated in three environments. The W value and HMW glutenin score were evaluated by SDS-PAGE. The environment effects on wheat flour were also evaluated. There was a relationship between the W value used in wheat flour industrial classification and score 10 of HMW glutenins, but there was no relation with scores 9 or lower. Cultivars/breeding lines with score 10 of HMW glutenin are less susceptible to environmental effects and produce breeding type wheat flour (W value ≥300) of interest for industry. The cultivars/breeding lines with score 10 for HMW glutenins is the main choice for a wheat breeding program.

The objective of this work was to verify physiological quality of black oat populations, in order to know and point out the relationships among physiological characters for selection of progenies. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Production, Federal University of Santa Maria, Campus of Frederico Westphalen - RS. Seed samples were collected from 14 black oat populations from small producers in the region, and cultivars BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (populations 15 and 16, respectively). A randomized block design with four replications was used. It was evaluated seed length, seed width, thousand seed weight, percentage of germination, non-germinated seeds, abnormal seedlings, hypocotyl length, root length, dry matter of seedlings. Populations revealed a difference in the physiological quality of seeds, and populations 1, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, with germination within the required standard, have a greater potential to compose progenies. Seed width, thousand seed weight, dry matter of seedlings and hypocotyl length revealed association with germination. It is worth highlighting that seed width and thousand seed weight are characters of easy and immediate measurement that can guarantee greater efficiency of selection.

CD 1104 is a cultivar indicated for the wheat-producing regions 1, 2, 3, 4 (irrigated) and 4 (rainfed) of the states of RS, SC, PR, SP, MS, MG, DF, GO, and MT. Its suitability for the industrial segment of strong flours and yield potential (mean of 4.427 kg ha-1) are high.

The cultivar CD 120, developed by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola (COODETEC) is suitable for cultivation in the VCU wheat-producing regions 1 and 2 of the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. It is tolerant to the major wheat diseases and pre-harvest germination and has soft wheat quality and a 6.5 % higher grain yield (3.678 kg ha-1) than the control.

This study aimed to evaluate direct and indirect effects of agronomic traits importance on grain yield with focus in pre-harvest sprouting. Experiment was conducted in 2017 crop season, and conducted in a randomized block design, with three replications, with eight wheat cultivars (BRS Sábia, CD 105, CD 1104, CD 1440, Frontana, Jadeíte 11, Mirante and ORS Vintecinco). Grain yield and its components were evaluated, as well as other important traits such as pre-harvest sprouting. Data were submitted to variance analysis; and phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations were estimated to understand grain yield expression, direct and indirect effects of its components were evaluated through path analysis. Cultivar BRS Sabiá showed shorter cycle, cultivar CD 1104 was highlighted in number of spikes per area, hectoliter weight and grain yield. And cultivars Frontana, CD 1440 and ORS Vintecinco presented the best tolerances pre-harvest sprouting. Grain yield showed high and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with number of ears per square meter. Furthermore, high positive direct effect of pre-harvest sprouting on grain yield, revels lower tolerance for cultivars with high grain yield. Number of spikes per square meter showed intermediate and positive direct effect and pre-harvest sprouting had the greatest direct effect on grain yield.

Cultivar CD 123 is recommendable for the wheat-growing regions 1, 2 and 3 of the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. It is a white flour wheat destined for production in cooler regions. The mean potential yield is 3514 kg ha-1, exceeding that of the control cultivars by 5%.

The cultivar CD 122 was tested in the wheat-producing regions VCU 1, 2 and 3, with an average grain yield of 3,527 kg ha-1 when fungicide-treated, exceeding the average of the control cultivars by 5%. CD 122 is resistant to leaf rust and was classified as bread wheat.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de tolerância à germinação na pré-colheita em espigas de cultivares de trigo, submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Foram realizados experimentos em duas localidades do Paraná (Palotina e Cascavel) com 12 cultivares. Quando as cultivares atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, as espigas foram colhidas e secadas em temperatura ambiente por um período de 20 dias. Foram analisadas 10 espigas por cultivar e submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Após o período de molhamento, foram realizadas leituras pela escala de notas de 1 a 11. As espigas foram então debulhadas e submetidas à contagem de grãos germinados e não germinados. Esses resultados possibilitaram identificar as cultivares 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' e 'IPR 85' como as de maior nível de tolerância. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, 'Frontana' foi a cultivar com maior potencial de utilização no melhoramento genético. O emprego de notas visuais de germinação na espiga foi vantajoso porque permitiu a realização de avaliações rápidas e precisas em um grande número de cultivares, sem comprometer os resultados de seleção dos genótipos tolerantes.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important food staples in the south of Brazil. Understanding genetic variability among the assortment of Brazilian wheat is important for breeding. The aim of this work was to molecularly characterize the thirty-six wheat cultivars recommended for various regions of Brazil, and to assess mutual genetic distances, through the use of microsatellite markers. Twenty three polymorphic microsatellite markers (PMM) delineated all 36 of the samples, revealing a total of 74 simple sequence repeat (SSR) alleles, i.e. an average of 3.2 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC value) calculated to assess the informativeness of each marker ranged from 0.20 to 0.79, with a mean of 0.49. Genetic distances among the 36 cultivars ranged from 0.10 (between cultivars Ocepar 18 and BRS 207) to 0.88 (between cultivars CD 101 and Fudancep 46), the mean distance being 0.48. Twelve groups were obtained by using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means analysis (UPGMA), and thirteen through the Tocher method. Both methods produced similar clusters, with one to thirteen cultivars per group. The results indicate that these tools may be used to protect intellectual property and for breeding and selection programs.

The cultivar CD 115 was developed by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agricola (COODETEC) and is recommended for cultivation in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Parana. The cultivar is tolerant to diseases and pre-harvest sprouting. The mean grain yield in four years of evaluation was 3,420 kg ha-1, exceeding the controls by 7%.

 Wheat breeding programs focus on potential grain yield, industrial quality, low plant height, and disease resistance. Cultivar CD 154 was a result of the search for cultivars with high yield potential and industrial wheat quality. This cultivar was derived from a cross between CD 104 and CDI 200104, by COODETEC, in 1999. Cultivar CD 154 was included in preliminary grain yield trials in 2005 and 2006, and was then tested to determine the Value of Cultivation and Use (VCU) from 2007 to 2012, with the acronym CD 0705. All trials were arranged in an experimental design of randomized blocks with three replications. The yield of cultivar CD 154 was 16 %, 10 % and 4 % higher than the mean yield of the two best controls, respectively, in the wheat-growing regions VCU 2, 3 and 4. The analysis of industrial quality, resulted in a mean gluten strength of 364 and mean stability of 17.1 min, which allows the inclusion cultivar CD 154 in the cultivar group of strong gluten wheat. The cultivar is classified as strong gluten wheat, has a high yield potential and good lodging resistance, and is therefore another promising alternative for wheat farmers of the hottest regions of Brazil.

CD 121 is indicated for wheat regions with the classification Value for Cultivation and Use 1 and 2, in the states of PR, SC and RS. The cultivar is tolerant to leaf rust, has good agronomic traits, flour suited for cookie baking and an average grain yield of 3.622 kg ha-1.

The present study aimed to evaluate the associations between agronomic and bread-making quality traits in wheat under different growing environments. Nineteen Brazilian wheat cultivars were evaluated at six locations (Cascavel-PR, Castro-PR, Guarapuava-PR, Palotina-PR, Abelardo Luz-SC, and Nao-Me-Toque-RS) during five years (2007 to 2011). The direction and magnitude of the associations between agronomic and bread-making quality traits were strongly dependent on the test location and year of evaluation. This study discusses the impli­cations of choosing test locations on bread-making quality traits and for breeding purposes, with emphasis on indirect selection.

Cultivar CD 1550 is well-suited for the wheat-growing regions 1 and 2 of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná and 3 of Paraná. It has the characteristics of bread wheat and high gluten strength. The average potential yield is 3828 kg ha-1, 7% higher than that of the controls.

A demanda por alimentos com maior qualidade e valor nutritivo propiciou à aveia se destacar como uma importante cultura para alimentação humana e animal. Assim, caracteres que conferem a qualidade do grão como o percentual de cariopse, passaram a receber maior atenção nos programas de melhoramento. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a herança genética do caráter percentual de cariopse, um dos principais caracteres responsável pela qualidade do grão. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos de 1999 e 2000, na Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Foram utilizados quatro cultivares para realizar os cruzamentos e obter a geração F1. Uma nova semeadura em telado (janeiro/2000) foi realizada com os genitores e a F1 para produzir a 1ª geração de retrocruzamentos. As sementes produzidas por autofecundação de plantas F1, originaram a geração F2. Os genitores (P1 e P2) e as gerações F1, F2, RC1F1 e RC2F1, foram semeadas separadamente a campo em junho/2000. As seis gerações obtidas foram conduzidas a campo e, em cada geração, uma amostra de 20 sementes de cada panícula foi selecionada, pesada e descascada para determinar o percentual de cariopse. Os cruzamentos entre CTC 5 × OR 2 e UPF 7 × UFRGS 19 evidenciaram as maiores variâncias fenotípicas e genéticas propiciando estimar valores altos de herdabilidade nestes cruzamentos. Os resultados indicaram que a aditividade é a de maior participação no controle do caráter. A observação de segregação transgressiva confirma a idéia de diferentes genes com a manifestação de 1 a 3 genes conforme os cruzamentos. Estes resultados indicam que a seleção para indivíduos superiores poderá ter sucesso mesmo ocorrendo em gerações altamente segregantes. The demand for foods with better quality and nutritional value, propitiated to the oats to be an important culture for human and animal feeding. Traits that check the quality of the grain, as the percentage of caryopsis, has been receiving larger attention in the oat breeding programs. The objective of the present work was to determine the inheritance of number of genes, gene action and the heritability of the trait percentage of caryopsis. The experiment was made in the years of 1999 and 2000 in the Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel - Brazil. Four cultivar were used to do the crossings and to obtain the generation F1. A new sowing in greenhouse (january/2000) was done with the parents and F1 to produce the first backcrosses generation. The seeds produced by self-polinization of plants F1, originated the generation F2. The parents (P1 and P2) and the generations F1, F2, BC1F1 and BC2F1, were sowed separately in the field in june/2000. The six generations obtained were driven and in each generation, a sample of 20 seeds of each panicle was selected, weighted and husked to determine the percentage of caryopsis. The crosses CTC 5 × OR 2 and UPF 7 × UFRGS 19 evidenced the largest phenotypic and genetics variances propitiating high values of heritability in these crossings. The results indicated that the aditive is the most important in the control of the trait. The observation of transgressive segregation confirms the idea of different genes with the manifestation of 1 to 3 genes according to the crosses. These results indicate that the selection for superior individuals can be done in early generations.

Cultivar CD 1 16 was developed by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agricola (COODETEC) and is suitable for cultivation in the states of Parana, Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Goias, and Distrito Federal. CD 116 is tolerant to the major diseases, particularly blast, has a high industrial grain quality and mean yield of 3908 kg ha -1 , exceeding the control cultivars by 6%.

The industrial quality and lodging resistance of CD 150, a cross between CD104 and CD108, are high and the plant height is short. The average yield was 10 % higher than of the controls in the regions II, III and IV. It is suitable for cultivation in the states of PR, SP, MS and GO, MG, and DF.

A aptidão tecnológica representa uma oportunidade de agregar valor de mercado ao trigo, principalmente em face do mercado internacional e do setor industrial, o qual busca diferencial de qualidade aos seus produtos. Os fatores genéticos, meteorológicos e de manejo são determinantes para a obtenção da qualidade desejada. Nesse sentido, a adequada escolha da cultivar, o conhecimento das limitações climáticas da região de cultivo e da fertilidade do solo e a execução dos tratos culturais recomendados pela pesquisa podem contribuir substancialmente para a obtenção das características físicas, químicas e biológicas que conferem qualidade à farinha e aos produtos derivados de farinha, conforme abordado nesta revisão. Technological performance represents an opportunity to add market value to wheat, especially considering international market and industrial sector which seek to achieve distinctive quality of their products. Genetic, metereological, and management factors are crucial to obtain the desired quality. With respect to the selection of an adequate cultivar, knowledge about the climatic limitations of the wheat-growing region and soil fertility, and accomplishing the management practices recommended by research can substantially contribute toward obtaining the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that lend quality to flour and flour-based products, as discussed in this review.

A cultivar de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) CD 117 foi obtida pela Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola, por meio do cruzamento entre os genótipos PF 87373 e OC 938, a partir de uma linha selecionada na geração F6. Após dois anos de ensaios preliminares e cinco anos de avaliação em ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso, a cv. CD 117 foi indicada para cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal. Essa cultivar de trigo apresenta ampla adaptação, elevada qualidade industrial e rendimento médio de grãos de 3.877 kg ha-1, que supera em 6,3% a média das cultivares testemunhas. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar CD 117 was obtained by the Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola as a result of crossing the PF 87373 and OC 938 genotypes. One selected line from generation F6 originated the referred cultivar. After two years of preliminary assays and five years of value of cultivation and use trials, cultivar CD 117 was recommended for cultivation in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, and Minas Gerais and in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. This wheat cultivar has wide adaptation, high industrial quality and a mean grain yield of 3,877 kg ha-1, which exceeds the control cultivar mean yields in 6.3%.

Vinte genótipos de aveia (Avena sativa L.), testados em 13 ambientes, foram submetidos à análise de adaptabilidade e estabilidade com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da utilização de fungicida nestes parâmetros, através do modelo de regressão segmentado de CRUZ et al. (1989). A aplicação de fungicida afetou os parâmetros de adaptabilidade (b1), responsividade (b1+b2) e estabilidade (), indicando que as estimativas devam ser realizadas em separado nos ambientes com e sem fungicida. Além disso, o uso de fungicida proporcionou efeito favorável sobre a estabilidade de rendimento de grãos, sendo que quatro genótipos testados mostraram ser estáveis (UPF 19, UPF 20, OR-3 e OR-4), enquanto que na ausência de fungicida todos os genótipos revelaram instabilidade de rendimento de grãos. Entretanto, nenhuma cultivar testada evidenciou características de genótipo ideal, conforme preconizado pelo modelo adotado. Twenty oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) tested in thirteen environments were submitted to adaptability and stability analyses aiming at evaluating the effects of fungicide utilization following the segmented regression model of CRUZ et al. (1989). Fungicide application affected the parameters of adaptability (b1), responsiveness (b1 + b²) and stability () indicating that estimatives must be performed individually in environments with and without fungicide. Fungicide application had a favorable effect on the stability of grain yield, inasmuch as four of the tested genotypes were shown to be stable (UPF 19, UPF 20, OR-3 e OR-4); however, all genotypes revealed instability of grain yield in the absence of fungicide. No tested cultivar showed characteristics of the ideal genotype, as predicted by the adopted model.

Em aveia (Avena sativa L.), a utilização de técnicas que minimizem os efeitos de ambiente na expressão do fenótipo e que facilitem a identificação de genótipos de superior rendimento de grãos, baixa estatura e tolerantes ao alumínio tóxico são aspectos de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de cultivares mais promissores e com adaptabilidade a áreas consideradas marginais. Desta forma, genótipos selecionados pelo método colméia de condução de populações segregantes, em três diferentes cruzamentos, foram submetidos a testes simultâneos para tolerância ao alumínio tóxico (Al+3) e insensibilidade ao ácido giberélico (AG3), objetivando a identificação de constituições genéticas superiores. A técnica utilizada possibilitou a seleção de plantas de alto potencial produtivo, menor estatura (insensíveis ao AG3) e mais tolerantes ao Al+3, podendo ser aplicada com sucesso em programas de melhoramento genético com a cultura da aveia hexaplóide cultivada. In oat (Avena sativa L.) techniques that minimize environmental effects on the expression of phenotype and facilitate the identification of high yielding genotypes are useful. Short stature and tolerance to toxic aluminum are important for the development of cultivars with adaptability to marginal areas. Thus, genotypes selected by the honeycomb method, in three different crosses, were subjected to simultaneous tests for aluminum tolerance (Al+3) and insensibility to gibberelic acid (AG3), aiming the identification of superior genotypes. This technique enabled the selection of high yielding, short stature and Al+3 tolerant genotypes and could be applied in plant breeding programs involving cultivated hexaploid oat.

‘CD 110’ was developed by COODETEC and is indicated for cultivation in the State of Parana, Brazil. This cultivar has wide adaptation, tolerance to spike sprouting, and grain yield means of 2883, 2640, and 3768 kg ha-1 in the regions 6 (north), 7 (center-west) and 8 (center-south) in the State of Parana, respectively.