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BiFeO 3 -BaTiO 3 based ceramics with good piezoelectric properties and high Curie temperature are potential candidates for high temperature piezoelectric actuators. In this study, a high strain value of about 0.376 % and the low strain hysteresis of 13.3 % achieved in 0.67Bi 1- x Sm x FeO 3 -0.33BaTiO 3 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 2.0) ceramics. The contribution from the E -induced nanodomains and/or PNRs wall motion by fine-tuning Sm3+ contributes the increased strain; The contribution from the converse piezoelectric effect and the electrostrictive effect enhanced with the increase of x , due to the enlarged lattice shrinkage by replacing Sm3+ with small ionic radius and subsequent lattice distortion under high electric field. The strategy to simultaneously enhance the E -induced lattice distortion and nanodomains and/or PNRs wall motion of strain and balance their fractions to reduce the strain hysteresis may provide new insights to meet the practical applications of high-precision displacement actuators. • The Sm ion doping 0.67BiFeO 3 -0.33BaTiO 3 ceramics are successfully fabricated. • The S uni of 0.376% and the ΔH of 13.3% were achieved in 0.67Bi 1-x Sm x FeO 3 -0.33BaTiO 3 ceramics. • The possible mechanism of the large strain for 0.67Bi 1- x Sm x FeO 3 -0.33BaTiO 3 ceramics is elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiFeO 3 -BaTiO 3 (BF-BT) ceramics are an excellent choice for high-temperature lead-free piezoelectric ceramic due to their high Curie temperature and good piezoelectric properties, but the volatilization of Bi leads to the formation of A-site cationic vacancies and oxygen vacancies, culminating in heightened leakage currents and detrimental effects on piezoelectric properties. In this study, a chemical composition of 0.70Bi (1+ x) Fe 0·97 Al 0·03 O 3 -0.30BaTiO 3 ceramics, abbreviated as B 1+ x FA-BT, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05, were synthesized, with special attention on the effects of Bi compensation and poling process on their insulation and piezoelectric properties. Due to the coexistence of R - PC phases and low leakage current, B 1+ x FA-BT ceramics exhibit excellent piezoelectric properties and high Curie temperature, among which the B 1.02 FA-BT ceramic boasts optimal overall properties: d 33 = 196 pC N−1, T C = 480 °C, k p = 34%, θ max = 49.5° and Q m = 32, under optimal poling parameters E p = 50 kV cm−1 and T p = 100 °C. The poling process is directly linked to the reorientation of domains, the redistribution of positive/negative space charge and the aggregation or injection of holes, which is achieved by tuning the poling field and temperature in a ceramic with optimal integrated piezoelectric properties. The poling process of BF-BT ceramics is significantly influenced by their leakage characteristics, which can have a significant impact on their overall performance. Optimizing electrical poling conditions and minimizing leakage current is crucial to achieving favorable piezoelectric properties in BF-BT ceramics with R - PC coexisting structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]