1. Design, synthesis and evaluation of some pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as anti-inflammatory agents.
- Author
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Tageldin GN, Fahmy SM, Ashour HM, Khalil MA, Nassra RA, and Labouta IM
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal chemical synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal chemistry, Anti-Ulcer Agents chemical synthesis, Anti-Ulcer Agents chemistry, Cyclooxygenase 1 metabolism, Cyclooxygenase 2 metabolism, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors chemical synthesis, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Design, Edema chemically induced, Edema metabolism, Female, Formaldehyde, Molecular Structure, Pyrazoles chemical synthesis, Pyrazoles chemistry, Pyrimidines chemical synthesis, Pyrimidines chemistry, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Stomach Ulcer chemically induced, Stomach Ulcer metabolism, Structure-Activity Relationship, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal pharmacology, Anti-Ulcer Agents pharmacology, Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors pharmacology, Edema drug therapy, Pyrazoles pharmacology, Pyrimidines pharmacology, Stomach Ulcer drug therapy
- Abstract
New pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines substituted with various functionalities or attached to a substituted pyrazole ring through different linkages were synthesized. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro COX-1/COX-2 inhibition assay and in vivo formalin induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma assays. Results revealed that compounds 17b and 18 possessed COX-1/COX-2 selectivity indices higher than diclofenac sodium and celecoxib. However, compounds 16a,b exhibited selectivity indices higher than diclofenac sodium and nearly equivalent to celecoxib, whereas, 9b displayed selectivity index comparable to diclofenac sodium. In vivo anti-inflammatory data showed that compounds 9b, 16a, 18 displayed anti-inflammatory activity higher than both references in the formalin induced paw edema model. On the other hand, the pyrazolyl derivatives 9b, 16b and 17b displayed anti-inflammatory activity about 2-2.5-fold that of diclofenac sodium and nearly 8-10.5-fold that of celecoxib in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma assay. The ulcerogenic effect of the active compounds was also investigated and results revealed that compounds 16a, 17a,b and 18 showed good gastrointestinal safety profile. Based on this, compounds 16a and 18 were considered as safe and effective leads in managing acute inflammation, while, 17b was prominent in controlling chronic inflammation., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
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