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1. Immune Responses after Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Cytokine Concentrations in Hangover-Sensitive and Hangover-Resistant Drinkers

Author

Aurora JAE van de Loo, S. Jorinde Raasveld, Anna Hogewoning, Raymond de Zeeuw, Else R Bosma, Noor H Bouwmeester, Melanie Lukkes, Karen Knipping, Marlou Mackus, Aletta D Kraneveld, Karel A Brookhuis, Johan Garssen, Andrew Scholey, and Joris C Verster

Subjects
alcohol, hangover, immune system, cytokine, hangover severity, Medicine
Abstract

This study investigated immunological changes during an alcohol hangover, and the possible difference between hangover-resistant and hangover-sensitive drinkers in terms of immune reactivity. Using a semi-naturalistic design, N = 36 healthy social drinkers (18 to 30 years old) provided saliva samples on a control day (after drinking no alcohol) and on a post-alcohol day. Hangover severity was rated directly after saliva collection. Cytokine concentrations, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and hangover severity were compared between both test days and between hangover-sensitive and -resistant drinkers. Data from N = 35 drinkers (17 hangover-sensitive and 18 hangover-resistant) were included in the statistical analyses. Relative to the control day, there were significant increases in saliva IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations on the post-alcohol day. No significant differences in cytokine concentrations were found between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did any change in cytokine concentration correlate significantly with hangover severity. In line with previous controlled studies assessing cytokines in blood, the current naturalistic study using saliva samples also demonstrated that the immune system responds to high-level alcohol intake. However, further research is warranted, as, in contrast to previous findings in blood samples, changes in saliva cytokine concentrations did not differ significantly between hangover-sensitive and hangover-resistant drinkers, nor did they correlate significantly with hangover severity.

Published
2021
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2. P.1.f.006 Cytokine concentrations after heavy alcohol consumption in people with and without a hangover

Author

Karen Knipping, R. De Zeeuw, Else R. Bosma, S. J. Raasveld, N. H. Bouwmeester, A.J.A.E. Van de Loo, Joris C. Verster, Anna Hogewoning, Johan Garssen, Karel Brookhuis, and Melanie Lukkes

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Saliva, Evening, Urinalysis, medicine.medical_treatment, Physiology, Alcohol, Hangovers, Urine, Placebo, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Biological Psychiatry, Pharmacology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Endocrinology, Cytokine, Neurology, chemistry, Neurology (clinical), business
Abstract

Purpose: After an evening of heavy alcohol consumption, next day alcohol hangovers are commonly experienced. However, about 20 to 25% of the people claim not to have a hangover, despite heavy alcohol consumption [1]. It has been suggested that not experiencing alcohol hangovers may increase the risk of continuing harmful drinking behavior. Therefore, further research on this topic is warranted. Although the causes of alcohol hangovers are unknown, it has been suggested that the immune system might play a role [2]. Previous research has found significant increases in IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ concentrations in during the hangover state [3]. Whereas these findings were observed in blood, the aim of the current study was to investigate cytokines levels in saliva and urine, determined after an evening of alcohol consumption in people who report a hangover compared to people who do not report a hangover (hangover resistant). Methods: N= 36 healthy subjects (22 female, 14 male), aged 18 to 35 years old, participated in this naturalistic study. N= 17 reported being hangover resistant and N= 19 reported having hangovers after heavy alcohol consumption. Of both groups, saliva and urine samples were collected on a control day (no alcohol consumed) and approximately 9 hours after stopping alcohol consumption on a hangover day (the day after an evening consuming alcohol). Cytokine concentrations (IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-γ and TNF-α) on the hangover and control day were determined using Multiplex Bead Immuno-essays (Invitrogen by Life Technologies, California, USA) according to manufacturer's instructions. Difference scores (hangover - placebo) of cytokine concentrations were compared between subjects with a hangover and the hangover resistant group. Results: On average, participants consumed 11.6 (4.6) alcoholic drinks in the alcohol condition (hangover resistant group: 11.0 (4.6) drinks, hangover group: 12.1 (7.2) drinks. The difference in total alcohol consumed was not significant (p = 0.61). In saliva, significant increases in IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α concentrations were found in the hangover condition. In urine, significant increases were found for Il-4 and IL-6 in the hangover condition, whereas a significant decrease was found for IL-8. No significant differences were found between subjects with a hangover and hangover resistant subjects. Cytokine levels in urine were less pronounced when compared to those determined in saliva samples. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with previous research, showing significant increases in cytokine concentrations during alcohol hangover. The results were consistent in both saliva and urine samples, although the observed effects in saliva were more clear. No significant differences were found between subjects with a hangover and hangover resistant subjects. Further research should investigate the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of alcohol hangover, and why some drinkers claim to be hangover resistant despite heavy alcohol consumption.

Published
2015

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